Philip I of Heinsberg

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Tomb in Cologne Cathedral

Philipp von Heinsberg (* around 1130 ; † August 13, 1191 near Naples ) was Archbishop of Cologne as Philip I from 1167 to 1191 and Arch Chancellor for Germany and Italy , and since 1180 Duke of Westphalia and Engern.

Life

Philipp was the second eldest son of Goswin II , Lord von Heinsberg and Falkenburg , and his wife Adelheid von Sommerschenburg , a daughter of the Saxon Count Palatine Friedrich V von Sommerschenburg. He received his training at the cathedral schools in Cologne and Reims . Before he became archbishop in Cologne, he was cathedral dean in Cologne and provost in Liège . In the late summer of 1167 he was appointed head of the Reich Chancellery and Archbishop of Cologne and consecrated on September 29, 1168 in Cologne. In 1168 he mediated a dispute between England and France. In May 1169, on the occasion of a dispute between the burgrave and the bailiff of Cologne, Philip confirmed an old wisdom in which their position and the extent of their powers and rights as well as the freedoms of the Cologne citizens were recorded.

Since taking office, he continued his predecessors' policy of increasing power, but above all intensified their measures to expand territorial territory by buying up the castles of his vassals and giving them back as fiefs. Philip remained a fiefdom of the emperor, and the vassals also ultimately held their territories as imperial fiefdoms, but the direct bond with the archbishop had become stronger through the purchase and rejection. When the emperor died, the continued territorial cohesion of the archdiocese would no longer have been dependent solely on the confirmation of the fiefs by the new emperor. Frederick I perceived this approach as a threat and reacted to it by supporting competing nobles in the region, for example Count Heinrich IV of Namur-Luxembourg with his claim to inheritance in the Count's House of Hainaut . In addition, Friedrich Barbarossa granted the cities of Aachen and Duisburg trade privileges in order to weaken Cologne's economic power.

Despite this conflict of interest, Philip I von Heinsberg was one of the emperor's most important princely followers. He took part in several campaigns to Italy. In preparation for such a campaign to Italy, Philip lent 1000 marks from the city of Cologne in 1174 and pledged it the right to mint, which the city used to mint the so-called Eternal Penny , which was no longer subject to the annual revocation of coins. As a result, he was involved in the Battle of Legnano in 1176 , through which the imperial power in Italy collapsed. On June 19, 1178, Pope Alexander III confirmed . all rights to Archbishop Philip I.

Philip was instrumental in the overthrow of the Duke of Saxony, Henry the Lion , against whom an imperial war was waged. Heinrich's fall then led to the Duchy of Westphalia being awarded to the Archbishopric of Cologne on April 13, 1180 in the Gelnhausen document .

In the years 1179/1180 the citizens of Cologne began to expand their city ​​fortifications against the will of the archbishop and thus to double the city area. Philipp von Heinsberg intervened with Kaiser Friedrich against this unauthorized procedure, whereupon he made an arbitration decision, as a result of which the citizenry and the archbishop came to an agreement: the citizens paid 2,000 marks as a sign of their obedience, Philipp accepted the preservation and completion of the city fortifications. From 1187 on, Philip promoted and supported the further expansion of the city wall when he feared attacks due to temporary differences with the emperor.

In Philip's tenure, the emergence of the falls Epiphany shrine in the Cologne cathedral, the bones of the Magi has received and considered the biggest medieval shrine. In the 13th century publication De tribus magis relatio it says: “At the time of Archbishop Philip, who succeeded Rainald, a shrine of marvelous beauty was created for them from gold and the most precious gems. [...] as reported to us by those who were present during their translation ”.

In 1180, Philipp founded the Augustinian monastery ad martyres ( St. Mechtern in Ehrenfeld ), acquired properties for it and made provisions on parish rights and the election of a ruler.

With the fall of Henry the Lion and the takeover of Westphalia, Philipp von Heinsberg had become the most powerful prince in the northern half of the empire. For Barbarossa the danger of a dominant position of Philip I became a problem again. He reacted by announcing the elevation of Baldwin V of Hainaut to margrave at the court festival in Mainz in 1184 . Philip I von Heinsberg began again with Pope Urban III. , who was in a sharp argument with Barbarossa, as well as with King Canute VI. of Denmark to negotiate and supported the Counts of Namur-Luxembourg, who raised a claim to the county of Hainaut. In addition, the archbishop tried in vain to build an opposition to the emperor among the German bishops. Around Pentecost 1187, Philip thwarted Barbarossa's military expedition against the French king, whereupon the emperor brought charges against the archbishop. In March 1188, Philipp finally submitted to the emperor at the court conference in Mainz . In 1190, the archbishop once again played an important political role in settling the fighting between Henry VI. and Henry the Lion.

Death and burial

Philip died of an unexplained plague in the summer of 1191 during the siege of Naples by imperial troops; various sources indicate either the plague or malaria . His bones were brought to Cologne and buried there on September 26, 1191 in the old cathedral . After the choir of the Gothic cathedral was completed, the high grave, which still exists today, was built in the Maternus chapel in the middle of the 14th century and the bones were transferred to the bed. The high grave shows the archbishop in a youthful, idealized form in accordance with the high Gothic ideal of beauty. The framing of the tumba by a miniature city wall with towers and city gates is unusual, probably as a reminder of Philip's services in the medieval fortification of the city.

literature

  • Stefan Burkhardt: With staff and sword. Images, bearers and functions of archbishop rule at the time of Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa. The archbishopric of Cologne and Mainz in comparison. (= Medieval research. Volume 22.). Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2008; ISBN 3-7995-4273-6 .
  • Wolfgang Georgi: Wichmann, Christian, Philipp and Konrad: The peace makers of Venice? In: Stefan Weinfurter (Ed.): Stauferreich im Wandel. Concepts of order and politics in the time of Friedrich Barbarossa. (= Medieval research. Volume 9). Thorbecke, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-7995-4260-4 , pp. 41-84.
  • Hubert Houben : Philipp von Heinsberg, Heinrich VI. and Montecassino. With an excursus on the date of death of Pope Clement III. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries 68, 1988, pp. 52–73.
  • Gerhard Kallen : The Cologne Archbishopric and the "ducatus Westfalie et Angarie" (1180). In: Yearbook of the Cologne History Association. 31/32, 1957, pp. 78-107.
  • Gerhard Kallen: Philipp von Heinsberg, Archbishop of Cologne (1169–1191). In: In the shadow of St. Gereon. (= Publications of the Cologne History Association. Volume 25). Verlag Der Löwe Reykers, Cologne 1960, pp. 183–205.
  • Astrid Kerfs-Lerch: New monasteries and monasteries in the Diocese of Cologne at the time of Philip von Heinsberg (1167–1191). In: Yearbook of the Cologne History Association. 68, 1997, pp. 79-128.
  • Stefan Weinfurter : Archbishop Philipp of Cologne and the fall of Henry the Lion. In: Hanna Vollrath , Stefan Weinfurter (Ed.): Cologne. City and diocese in church and empire of the Middle Ages. Festschrift for Odilo Engels on his 65th birthday. Böhlau, Cologne a. a. Pp. 455-481.
  • Stefan Weiß:  Philipp von Heinsberg. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 20, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-428-00201-6 , p. 381 ( digitized version ).
  • Wilhelm Martens:  Philipp von Heinsberg, Archbishop of Cologne . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 26, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1888, pp. 3-8.

Remarks

  1. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet: Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine. Part 1; Aalen 1966; P. 302ff. ( Memento of the original from June 28, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.historischesarchivkoeln.de
  2. ^ Leonard Ennen, Gottfried Eckertz (ed.): Sources for the history of the city of Cologne. Part 1; Cologne 1860; P. 570f. ( Memento of the original from June 28, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.historischesarchivkoeln.de
  3. ^ Friedrich von Schrötter, N. Bauer, K. Regling, A. Suhle, R. Vasmer , J. Wilcke: Dictionary of Coin Studies. Berlin 1970 (reprint of the original edition from 1930), p. 440.
  4. ^ Johann Suibert Seibertz: Document book on the state and legal history of the Duchy of Westphalia. Volume 1: 799-1300; State and legal history of the Duchy of Westphalia, 2; Arnsberg 1839; P. 101ff. ( Memento of the original from June 28, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.historischesarchivkoeln.de
  5. ^ Carl Dietmar, Werner Jung: Small illustrated history of the city of Cologne. JP Bachem Verlag, Cologne 2002. 9th edition. ISBN 3-7616-1482-9 , p. 58
  6. ^ Photo of the document of the settlement dated July 27, 1180 in the Historical Archive of the City of Cologne ( Memento of the original dated June 28, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.historischesarchivkoeln.de
  7. ↑ Erika Zwierlein-Diehl: The gems and cameos of the Dreikönigenschreins. Studies on Cologne Cathedral 5. Cologne Cathedral Publishing House 1998, ISBN 3-922442-25-0 , p. 13
  8. ↑ quoted from: Erika Zwierlein-Diehl: The gems and cameos of the Dreikönigenschreins. , P. 27
  9. ^ Leonard Ennen, Gottfried Eckertz (ed.): Sources for the history of the city of Cologne. Volume 1, Cologne 1860, pp. 580ff.
  10. ^ Hubert Houben in: Philipp von Heinberg, Archbishop and Imperial Chancellor. Museum publications of the district of Heinsberg volume 12. Self-published by the district of Heinsberg, Heinsberg 1991, ISBN 3-925620-08-7 , p. 86
  11. ^ Heinrich Neu in: Philipp von Heinberg, Archbishop and Imperial Chancellor. Museum publications of the district of Heinsberg volume 12. Self-published by the district of Heinsberg, Heinsberg 1991, ISBN 3-925620-08-7 , p. 96
predecessor Office successor
Rainald von Dassel Archbishop of Cologne
1167–1191 		Bruno III from mountain
personal data
SURNAME Philip I of Heinsberg
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Philip I of Cologne; Philipp von Heinsberg
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Cologne, Arch Chancellor of Italy (1167–1191)
DATE OF BIRTH around 1130
DATE OF DEATH August 13, 1191
Place of death near Naples