Johann Sigismund Zápolya
The coat of arms of Johann II Sigismund Zápolya
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John Sigismund Zápolya ( Hungarian Szapolyai János Zsigmond , Croatian Ivan Žigmund Zapolja also Ivan Žigmund Zapoljski * 7. July 1540 in Buda (closed); † 14. March 1571 in White Castle ) was 1540-1551 and 1556-1570 as Johann II. Elect King of Hungary and from 1570 until his death as John I the first prince of Transylvania . From 1551/1553 to 1556 he was Duke of Opole and Ratibor . He was married to Maria Eleonora, daughter of Duke Wilhelm von Jülich . With him the Zapolya family died out in the name bearer tribe.
Life
Johann Sigismund came from the noble family of the Zápolya . He was the son of Johann Zápolya (1487–1540), King of Hungary, Croatia and Dalmatia , and Isabella , the daughter of Sigismund I "the Old", King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania and his second wife Bona Sforza of Milan .
15 days after his birth in Ofen, his father died suddenly, whose power was supported by the Sultan of the Ottomans , Suleyman I , and he was elected king by a Hungarian noble assembly in Buda . Guardianship was taken over by the Bishop of Oradea , Brother Georg Martinuzzi . His claim to the throne was contested by the later Emperor Ferdinand I of Habsburg. Under the pretext of wanting to protect Johann's interests, the Turkish sultan Suleyman I had his troops march into central Hungary and occupy Buda in 1541 .
On May 25, 1541, the Ottoman Sultan handed control of Transylvania to Johann Zapolya "as a son". Central Hungary with the capital Buda was annexed directly to the Ottoman Empire and brought under Islam , in the west, south and north of the Kingdom of Hungary the Habsburgs asserted themselves as rulers. The regency over the boy in Transylvania had until 1551 Brother George Martinuzzi held. After his death, this was taken over by his mother Isabella. Between 1551 and 1556, Transylvania fell temporarily to Emperor Ferdinand I, who gave Isabella the Silesian duchies of Opole and Ratibor to compensate, which she held until her return to Transylvania in 1556.
King John II Sigismund Zapolya was a scholar. He was fluent in eight languages, supported the musician Valentin Bakfark and was able to play a number of musical instruments. He was initially a Roman Catholic , but as a king exercised a tolerant attitude towards other religions. B. his court doctor Giorgio Biandrata on Protestantism . Later, Franz Davidis had a great effect on the king, under whose influence he professed Unitarianism . 1568 he announced in Turda in Cluj , the freedom of religion (cf.. Edict of Turda ).
As king he strengthened the power of the Voivods of Transylvania. In 1562 a Szekler uprising was bloodily suppressed. In 1566 he concluded an alliance with Sultan Suleyman I, in which an elective monarchy was made possible by the voivods without a Turkish veto .
On August 16, 1570, in the Treaty of Speyer (see: Reichstag zu Speyer 1570), he renounced the Hungarian royal title in favor of Emperor Maximilian II and received in return the Hungarian counties beyond the Tisza, which were not occupied by the Ottomans . From then on he called himself Johann Sigismund, Transilvaniae et partium regni Hungariae princeps - Prince of Transylvania and parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. Johann II. Sigismund Zápolya died on March 14, 1571, shortly after the Treaty of Speyer was ratified. He is buried in Deva (Romania) .
Succession
Since Johann did not have a legal heir, he appointed his advisor and treasurer Gáspár Bekes , who had negotiated the Treaty of Speyer , as his successor. The Transylvanian estates elected Iulia Stephan Báthory as the new prince on May 25, 1571 . With the help of the Habsburgs and the Szeklers , Bekes triggered two uprisings in the following years, but had to give up finally defeat in 1574 after the battle of Kerelőszentpál. After his election as King of Poland-Lithuania , Stephan Báthory moved the estates to hand over the rule to his brother Christoph . His son, Sigismund Báthory von Somlyo, ceded the land to the House of Austria in 1598 in exchange for the Silesian duchies of Opole and Ratibor, and Sigismund Báthory, Prince and Duke of Opole and Ratibor, received a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece on February 11th 1604 the Bohemian Inkolat and on February 26th, 1604 made the commitment to the country in the gentry.
literature
- István Torjai-Szabó: János Zsigmond . In: Biographical Lexicon on the History of Southeast Europe . Volume 2. Munich 1976, pp. 276-278
- Magyar Nagy Lexicon. Volume X, Budapest 2000, p. 185
- Hans-Joachim Böttcher : The Turkish Wars in the Mirror of Saxon Biographies , Gabriele Schäfer Verlag, Herne 2019, ISBN 978-3-944487-63-2 , p. 41.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Until 1551 under the tutelage of Cardinal Georg Martinuzzi, then until 1559 his mother Isabella of Poland.
- ↑ Michael Morgenbesser, Karl Adolf Menzel : Geschichte Schlesiens: Ein Handbuch , pp. 225-226
- ^ Procházka novel : Genealogical handbook of extinct Bohemian gentry families. Supplementary volume. Published by the board of the Collegium Carolinum (Institute) Research Center for the Bohemian Lands, R. Oldenbourg Verlag Munich 1990, p. 15
- ↑ Bohemian Landtafel Hall Books, Volume XII b. 1060 BC
- ↑ Böhmische Landtafel -Instrumentenbuch 132, E 28 pv
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
|
Johann Zápolya opposing king: Ferdinand I of Habsburg |
King of Hungary 1540–1570 Counter- King : Ferdinand I von Habsburg (1526–1564), Maximilian von Habsburg (from 1564) |
Maximilian of Habsburg |
| –– |
Prince of Transylvania 1570–1571 |
Stephan Báthory |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Zápolya, Johann Sigismund |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Szapolyai János Zsigmond |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | King of Hungary |
| DATE OF BIRTH | July 7, 1540 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Buda (oven) |
| DATE OF DEATH | March 14, 1571 |
| Place of death | Weissenburg |