Duchy of Ratibor

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Coat of arms of the Duchy of Ratibor

The Duchy of Ratibor ( Latin : Ducatus Ratiboria , cs .: Ratibořské knížectví , Polish: Księstwo Raciborskie ) was created in 1173 by the division of the Polish Duchy of Silesia . It is named after the hill fort of the same name , which was first mentioned in 1108 and which was the center of a castellany in 1155 . It also gave the city of Ratibor its name .

history

Ratibor Castle

The Duchy of Ratibor was created in 1173 through the first division of the Piastic Duchy of Silesia between the brothers Konrad I and Mieszko I. The latter received the smaller Upper Silesian area Ratibor-Teschen and took its seat in Ratibor.

In 1202 the powers of the Polish Senior Duke and with them the institutional secular obligations between the Polish sub-duchies expired . After that, Silesia broke up into several independent partial duchies. The post of senior duke remained, however, and was held from 1288 to 1290 by the Silesian Duke Henry IV of Breslau .

In 1246 Duke Mieszko II († 1246) founded the Ratibor St. Jakobi Church with a Dominican monastery. After the death of Duke Wladislaus I , the Duchy of Ratibor, which was connected to the Opole region, was divided among his four sons. The Duchy of Ratibor belonged to the brothers Mieszko and Przemislaw together until 1290 and then to Przemislaw alone. During a dispute between the Breslauer Duke Henry IV. And the Wroclaw bishop Thomas II. Duke granted Przemislaw 1285 the bishop protection on the Ratiborer castle. As a thank you, the bishop donated this to St. Racibórz Collegiate Foundation consecrated to Thomas of Canterbury . In 1299/1306 Duke Przemislaw founded the virgin monastery with a Dominican convent, the first abbess of which was his daughter Euphemia († 1359).

Duchy of Ratibor around 1790

In 1327 Duke Lestko paid homage to the Bohemian King Wenceslaus III. , whereby the duchy was subordinated as a fief of the crown of Bohemia . The Bohemian feudal sovereignty meant a definitive separation from Poland, in the Treaty of Trenčín in 1335 King Casimir III renounced . of Poland against the Bohemian King John of Luxembourg , the son-in-law of the Přemyslid Wenceslaus III, on the Polish claims to Silesia. After the death of Duke Lestko in 1336, Ratibor fell as a settled fiefdom to Bohemia. In the following year, John of Luxembourg gave this fiefdom to Nicholas II of Troppau , who was married to Lestko's sister Anna and came from the Premyslid line of the Dukes of Troppau. His eldest son Johann I received the Duchy of Ratibor as the sole heir in 1365 and founded the Premyslid lineage of Troppau-Ratibor , which expired in 1521 with Duke Valentin in 1521, whereby the Duchy of Ratibor again fell as a settled fiefdom to Bohemia.

Subsequently, it came to Duke Johann II of Opole , who combined the two duchies to form the Duchy of Opole-Ratibor . After his death in 1532, Opole-Ratibor fell again as a settled fiefdom to Bohemia, from which it was often pledged in the following years, including 1532–1551 to the dukes of Brandenburg-Ansbach . As a replacement for unpaid dowries of several Austrian princesses who were married to Poland, it was pledged to the Polish royal family from 1645 to 1666. After that it was Bohemian chamber property .

Because many (Upper) Silesian subjects could not speak German, the new tax ordinance of Frederick II was immediately translated into Polish after the annexation by the Kingdom of Prussia . The place names are interesting.

After the First Silesian War , the area, like almost all of Silesia, fell to Prussia in 1742 . The rulership of Ratibor emerged from the chamber property, which was secularized around 1810 , and was acquired by the Prince Elector of Hesse-Kassel in 1812 .

In 1820 the rule of Ratibor was elevated to the status of a media principality , which Landgrave Viktor Amadeus of Hessen-Rotenburg received together with Corvey as a replacement for areas left of the Rhine that had been ceded to France. He was followed in 1834 by his nephew Victor Herzog von Ratibor from the Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst house , who did not reside in Ratibor but in the secularized monastery of Rauden . In 1840 he received the hereditary title Duke of Ratibor from the King of Prussia .

As a result of the Second World War, the area of ​​the former Duchy of Ratibor fell to Poland in 1945. It corresponds roughly to the powiat Raciborski in the Silesian Voivodeship .

Dukes of Ratibor from the Silesian line of the Piasts

  • 1173–1211 Mieszko I († 1211). Since he had been disadvantaged during the partition in 1173, he received in 1177 from the new senior duke Casimir "the just" Beuthen , Auschwitz , Zator , Sewerien and Pless .
  • 1211–1229 / 30 Casimir I († 1230), son of Mieszkos I
  • 1230–1246 Mieszko II. († 1246), son of Kasimir I.
  • 1234–1281 Wladislaus I († 1281), son of Kasimir I.
    • 1281 Division of the Duchy of Upper Silesia into Teschen-Auschwitz, Bytom, Oppeln and Ratibor
  • 1281-1290 Mieszko III. († 1313/16), son of Vladislav I.
  • 1281–1306 Primislaus / Przemko († 1306), son of Vladislav I.
  • 1295–1336 Lestko († 1336), son of Primislaus. After his death, Ratibor fell to Bohemia as a settled fiefdom.

Dukes of Ratibor from the Premyslid line of Opava-Ratibor

  • 1337–1365 Nicholas II († 1365)
  • 1365–1378 Johann I († 1380/82)
  • 1378–1424 Johann II. († 1424)
  • 1424–1437 Nikolaus V († 1452), son of John II, together with Wenceslaus
  • 1424–1456 Wenzel († 1456), son of Johann II.
  • 1456-1493 Johann III. d. J. († 1493), son of Wenceslas
  • 1493–1506 Nicholas VI. († 1506), son of Johann III.
  • 1493 – after 1506 Johann IV. († after 1506), son of Johann III.
  • 1493–1521 Valentin († 1521), son of Johann III; with Duke Valentin in 1521 the Premyslid line of Opava-Ratibor expired

Duke of Ratibor from the House of Hessen-Rothenburg

Dukes of Ratibor from the Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst line

Philip Alexius de László : Duke Victor II Amadeus of Ratibor, 1898
Ders .: Duchess Marie von Ratibor, b. Countess Breunner-Enkevoirth, 1899

Head of the family after 1918

literature

  • Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 426–430 and family tree on pp. 600–601.
  • Günter Tiggesbäumker: Viktor I. Duke of Ratibor and Prince of Corvey, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1818-1893) . In: Westfälische Zeitschrift, 144, 1994. pp. 266-280.
  • Günter Tiggesbäumker: From Franconia to Westphalia and Silesia. The Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst becomes first Duke of Ratibor and Prince of Corvey . In: Frankenland 3/2003. Pp. 207-212.
  • Günter Tiggesbäumker: From Schillingsfürst to Corvey and Höxter. On the history of the ducal family Ratibor and Corvey . In: Die Warte, No. 136, 2007. pp. 13-18.
  • Günter Tiggesbäumker: The Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst family in Höxter and Corvey. On the history of the ducal house Ratibor and Corvey . In: Frankenland 60 (1) 2008. pp. 26–34.
  • Günter Tiggesbäumker: The ducal house Ratibor and Corvey . With a foreword SD Viktor Herzog von Ratibor and Fürst von Corvey. Corvey 2016.
  • Günter Tiggesbäumker: "EX FLAMMIS ORIOR" - The Hohenlohe House in Corvey, Westphalia. In: Diversity of Franconian History. Commemorative writing for Gerhard Rechter. Yearbook of the Historical Association for Middle Franconia 104, 2016. P. 527–551.

Web links

Commons : Duchy of Ratibor  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ In the article about the Duchy of Opole in Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB - Volume 19, 1999, ISBN 3-428-00200-8 , p. 558 f.), Written by Ulrich Schmilewski, the managing director of the Silesian Cultural Works Foundation , the Dissolution of the institutional ties between all Polish sub-duchies reinterpreted as a break between Silesia and Poland as a whole.
  2. ^ Arno Herzig : History of Silesia. From the Middle Ages to the present . CH Beck, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-406-67665-9 , p. 15
  3. ^ Joachim Bahlcke : Silesia and the Silesians . Munich 2006, ISBN 3-7844-2781-2 , p. 23.
  4. ↑ Ludwig Petry and Josef Joachim Menzel (eds.): History of Silesia . Vol. 2, ISBN 3-7995-6342-3 , p. 64