White deer

The title of this article is ambiguous. Further meanings are listed under White Deer (disambiguation) .

White deer District of the state capital Dresden Coordinates: 51 ° 3 ′ 50 ″  N , 13 ° 49 ′ 17 ″  E
Height :	195–250 m above sea level NN
Incorporation :	April 1, 1921
Postal code :	01324
Area code :	0351
Location of the district of Weißer Hirsch in Dresden

The White Deer is one of the exclusive residential districts of Dresden . It is located in the east of the city and belongs to the statistical district of Bühlau / Weißer Hirsch and with this to the Loschwitz district .

location

The White Deer extends west to the Mordgrundbrücke between Bautzner Landstrasse and Dresdner Heide , northeast to the Nachtflügelweg in the Heide and south to the Collenbuschstrasse and the upper Rißweg. Although the southern part of the villa district between Luisenhof and the former Ardenne Institute and the villa district Am Weißen Adler are still referred to as belonging to the Weißer Hirsch, administratively as part of Oberloschwitz they are already part of the Loschwitz district .

history

From the inn to the estate and rural community

The area of ​​today's White Stag was mentioned for the first time in connection with the monks of the Altendresdner Augustinerkloster , who received a piece of forest for logging from the later Elector Friedrich I in 1420 . It was south of today's Bautzner Landstrasse. Part of the place still bears the name "Mönchsholz" today.

Bautzner Landstrasse on the Weißen Hirsch with the second Gasthof Weißer Hirsch (left) towards the end of the 19th century

Head chef Georg Ernst von Dölau purchased a vineyard property on the old Bautzner Poststrasse in 1664, on which he built a winegrower's house. However, he did not receive the guest and bar privileges. In 1685 the electoral Kapellmeister Christoph Bernhard bought the vineyard and built a tavern in the winegrower's house, which was licensed in 1688. It was called "Zum Weißen Hirsch" because of its location near the heather and ultimately gave the entire district its name. The economically successful tavern was given the status of “ chancellery-written property” in 1726 , combined with a number of privileges .

The property changed hands and tenants and was renewed under the head of regional wine master Heinrich Roos. In the 18th century, a small community of fruit and vegetable farmers developed around the estate, who also worked as winemakers. The troop marches to the east during the Seven Years' War in the middle of the 18th century affected the community, but the location on the connecting road meant that the survival of the estate was never seriously questioned. In 1838 the White Stag was converted into a free rural community .

The Dresden suburb, like the nearby villages on the banks of the Elbe, was increasingly sought out by townspeople as a destination and later increasingly as a permanent residence for the entire summer. In 1867, Theodor Lehnert built a luxurious bath for sick people in the north-west of the Weißer Hirsch corridor at the edge of the forest, which he named "Fridabad" after his daughter Frida. The guests now like to combine their summer vacation with a spa treatment - the foundation stone for the development of the place into a health resort was laid.

The development into a spa and villa resort

Heinrich Lahmann shaped the development of the white stag into a health resort

The soap manufacturer Ludwig Küntzelmann bought the old “Weißer Hirsch” estate in 1872 and divided the estate fields into plots on which “a colony of villas and summer resorts” was created. The building regulations approved for him “forbade commercial facilities with steam engine operation as well as all smoke and noise annoying facilities.” In addition, the buildings were only allowed to be built in villa style and with a maximum of three storeys. A minimum distance was prescribed between individual buildings. At Künzelmann's request to the Ministry of the Interior, the White Deer was given the addition of “climatic spa” in 1875. With the help of the "Weißer Hirsch / Oberloschwitz Beautification Association" founded in 1876, trees were planted, paths laid out, benches set up and a children's playground created. By 1882, the forest park was one of the pillars of the spa business.

The further development of the White Deer into a health resort of European standing was largely shaped by the doctor Heinrich Lahmann . In 1887 he leased the bankrupt Fridabad and opened it the following year as “Dr. Lahmanns Physiatric Sanatorium “new. Lahmann based his treatments on the then new, modern naturopathic methods and conducted research in this area himself. He rented 15 villas in the vicinity of the sanatorium, which served as guest accommodation. Within a few years, Lahmann's sanatorium had achieved world fame and was visited by up to 7,000 wealthy patients annually. Lahmann's example was followed by other medical professionals such as Heinrich Teuscher and Max Steinkühler , who set up their own private sanatoriums on the Weißer Hirsch.

With the construction of numerous villas and the settlement of many shops and cafés, the place increasingly developed into an upscale residential area and, like the neighboring Loschwitz, became a preferred place of residence for scientists, artists, manufacturers and high officials. From 1897 the White Deer was an independent parish, in 1898 the forest cemetery was created. In 1899, the White Deer was connected to the Dresden tram network on the Waldschlößchen - Bühlau line. The First World War led to a temporary end to the health resort Weißer Hirsch. A military hospital was set up in Lahmann's sanatorium in 1914 and only dissolved again in 1919. Jacques Bettenhausen had the Park Hotel built next to the sanatorium , which opened in December 1914.

The White Deer from 1918 to 1933

The Degele source

On January 7, 1921, the White Deer was forcibly incorporated into Dresden and was given the name “Kurort Weißer Hirsch-Dresden”. The health resort had almost come to a standstill by 1919. The post-war period and inflation made it difficult to resume old traditions and customs. The increasing traffic on the connecting road to Bautzen became a problem and the townspeople no longer had the same sense of nature and life. They looked for new incentives and found them first in the medicinal water. As early as 1884, the Degele spring and the sister spring on the corridor were opened up and used as Easter and drinking water. The first test drillings and investigations in the Dresdner Heide were positive, but Moorbad AG, founded in 1926, went bankrupt because not enough shareholders were found to implement the plans. What remained was the water of the White Deer - healing spring , which was served in a drinking house on the concert square from August 1928. The air and swimming pool in Bühlau was completed in 1930 and the golf course in the Dresdner Heide was played on for the first time in 1932. The spa business experienced a new boom and it was now mainly artists who were drawn to the White Deer.

time of the nationalsocialism

Catholic Hubertus Church, built in 1937

After the Nuremberg Race Laws were passed , visits by foreign spa guests decreased significantly. As everywhere, there were severe restrictions on Jewish spa guests. They were only allowed to live in Jewish pensions, were excluded from events and the use of the air bath and reading hall. Signs reading “Jews undesirable” increased.

At the end of January 1938 , a mass rally with over 2000 functionaries and members of the NSDAP took place in the " Weißer Adler " inn in neighboring Oberloschwitz , previously known for exclusive dance events . At the same time, measures were announced that served to expel the Jewish spa guests from the White Deer. The aim was to make the “bath a place of relaxation no longer disturbed by Hebrew presumption”. The State Foreign Traffic Association announced measures that served to expel Jewish spa guests from the White Deer. After November 9, 1938 , the traces of Jewish pension owners were lost, and a sign on the Mordgrund Bridge announced: “The White Stag is free of Jews”.

With the beginning of the Second World War , the spa business came to a standstill again. As during the First World War , the sanatoriums were mainly used as military hospitals from 1940 onwards, and after the bombing of Dresden on February 13, 1945, they were also used as a reception center and supply point for refugees.

The White Deer from 1945 until today

Ardenne Institute, 1955 to 1990, Zeppelinstrasse 7.

Ardenne villa with observatory

A sanatorium was no longer possible after the end of the Second World War. In 1945 many villa owners were expropriated and the villas became public property and made available as living space for bombed out and displaced persons . The large apartments in the villas and former guest houses were often occupied by 4 to 5 tenants. The Lahmann sanatorium was a military hospital of the Soviet Army until the Russian armed forces withdrew from Germany in 1993, while other sanatoriums and villas housed children's homes or apprentice homes. Since the houses were publicly owned and the rents were correspondingly low, there was neither money nor material available for the maintenance of the initially intact buildings. The Bautzner Landstrasse evolved over the years into a busy highway. What remained for the White Stag was the location on the edge of the Dresden Heath and the proximity to the city. It had not lost its attraction: many artists and cultural workers, scientists, doctors, but also well-deserved state and cultural officials preferred to reside or retire in the upper-class villas.

In 1955, the natural scientist and researcher Manfred von Ardenne founded his research institute Manfred von Ardenne in Oberloschwitz in the immediate vicinity of the White Deer. The internationally renowned institute also had a clinic. It was the only private research institution and one of the largest private employers in the GDR . The institute existed until 1990. About 500 scientists, doctors, engineers and employees worked for the institute. The predominantly application-oriented research concentrated primarily on the use of electron and ion radiation for scientific and technical purposes, vacuum deposition , electron microscopy and other areas of biomedical engineering . From around the mid-1960s, the treatment of cancer forms the focus of research. The most famous results of the institute's work included the in-house development of a heart-lung machine and the multi-step oxygen therapy for cancer. The companies Von Ardenne Anlagentechnik GmbH and Von Ardenne Institute for Applied Medical Research GmbH emerged from the institute after 1990 . In addition, the Dresden Fraunhofer Institute for Electron Beam and Plasma Technology can be traced back to working groups from the former Ardenne Institute. Today there is a small public observatory , the Manfred von Ardenne observatory , on the former institute premises .

The political turnaround and German reunification brought about radical changes. Many of the old villas were given to their previous owners and subsequently renovated. The White Deer developed again into an upscale residential area, even if the guest business, which had broken off after the Second World War, could not be re-established. Some buildings remained unused and fell into disrepair, the listed Lahmannsche Sanatorium, the most prominent example of this, was sold in 2011 and renovated from 2013. The area is known as Dr. Lahmann Park marketed with luxury apartments, a prominent resident since April 2015 is the former Saxon Prime Minister Stanislaw Tillich , who previously commuted between Dresden and his home in Panschwitz-Kuckau for 16 years .

Buildings

See also : List of cultural monuments on the White Deer

Churches and cemetery

Evangelical Lutheran Church, consecrated in 1889

The White Deer was originally part of the Frauenkirche and from 1704 to Loschwitz . In 1897 the White Stag became an independent parish.

The church dates from 1889 and was built as a wooden church by architect Ferdinand Richard Schaeffer . The tower was completed in 1891, and further extensions were built until 1908. The Protestant church has a Jehmlich organ .

From 1937 to 1938 the White Stag was given a Catholic church with the St. Hubertus Chapel . It was designed by Robert Witte and built on the edge of the Dresden Heath not far from the cemetery. The chapel was named after Saint Hubert , the patron saint of hunters, because of its close proximity to the Dresden Heath . The chapel was the branch of the Dresden Franziskus-Xaverius congregation until 1954 and became an independent Catholic parish in 1957. In addition to a Jehmlich organ, the chapel also has an altar cross by Peter Makolies .

The Weißer Hirsch forest cemetery was consecrated in 1898, and the first burials began in 1903. The terraced cemetery is the resting place of numerous important personalities who worked or lived on the White Deer, including singer Arno Schellenberg , scientist Manfred von Ardenne and doctor Heinrich Lahmann . Numerous grave sites are under monument protection.

Residential buildings and villas

The White Deer is one of the former villa suburbs in Dresden. In the center of the White Deer, especially along the Bautzner Landstrasse and proceeding along the Collenbuschstrasse to the Rißweg and the Stechgrundstrasse, houses were built in closed construction that accommodated rental apartments and shops. Villa developments developed away from the center, some of which had extensive gardens. The villa construction on the Weißen Hirsch is largely shaped by the architect Max Herfurt , according to whose plans entire districts were built. Typical of his architectural style were historicist buildings with asymmetrical shapes. The Villa Zietz , which Herfurt built for the industrialist Hugo Zietz until 1912 , is an example .

Other important villas belonging to the White Stag are Villa Maria , Villa Eschebach and Villa Elbblick .

On the occasion of the International Hygiene Exhibition in 1911, the imperial Chinese government built a Chinese pavilion which, after the exhibition was dismantled in 1912, found its final location not far from the Weißer Hirsch town hall . The building was in poor condition after a fire in 1997 and is currently being renovated, and exhibitions are occasionally organized to support it.

Personalities

Personalities who once lived on the White Deer

• Manfred Baron von Ardenne (1907–1997), natural scientist and researcher, founded and directed the Manfred von Ardenne Research Institute on the White Stag; he lived and worked at Zeppelinstrasse 7
• Georg Ernst (1900–1990), internist, radiologist, medical officer, lived at the Weißen Hirsch from 1935 to 1966, organized the Park Hotel as an emergency hospital on February 14, 1945 ; 1961 founded the working group “Local History, Monument Preservation and Nature Conservation” in the Kulturbund der GDR.
• Frieda Fromm-Reichmann (1889–1957), doctor, psychoanalyst and psychotherapist , pioneer of analytically oriented psychotherapy; from 1920 to 1923 she worked in a sanatorium on the Weißer Hirsch
• Oskar Kokoschka (1886–1980), painter, graphic artist and writer, received treatment in Teuscher's sanatorium from 1917–1918; he moved to in December 1919 Rock Castle to
• Ludwig Küntzelmann (1826–1881), industrialist, founder of the health resort Weißen Hirsch; Memorial stone on Bautzener Landstrasse / Luboldtstrasse made of bronze and sandstone, around 1881
• Heinrich Lahmann (1860–1905), doctor, natural healer and life reformer , founded Dr. Lahmann's sanatorium
• Martin Andersen Nexø (1869–1954), Danish writer, lived from 1952 to 1954 on Collenbuschstrasse
• Friedrich Paulus (1890–1957), Field Marshal a. D., lived at Preussstraße 10 from 1953 to 1957
• Ludwig Renn (1889–1979), writer, lived in Plattleite 38 from 1945 to 1951
• Arno Schellenberg (1903–1983), lyric baritone and singing teacher, lived after 1945 in the Villa Turmeck, also called Haus Schellenberg , Bautzner Landstrasse 46
• Johannes Heinrich Schultz (1884–1970), psychiatrist and school-independent psychotherapist , developed autogenic training ; from 1920 to 1924 he was chief physician and scientific director of Dr. Lahmann's sanatorium
• Heinrich Teuscher, doctor, founded a sanatorium in Thielaustraße (later Roosstraße, today Chopinstraße)
• Uwe Tellkamp (* 1968), doctor and writer, grew up as the son of a doctor at Oskar-Pletsch-Straße 10; his novel The Tower is set in an educated middle class on the White Deer during the last seven years of the GDR until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Since 2009 he has been living on the White Deer again.
• Hugo Zietz , industrialist, founded the Oriental Tobacco and Cigarette Factory Yenidze in Dresden in 1880 and had the Yenidze factory built in the oriental style of a mosque; he lived from 1912 in his as Villa Waldhaus built Villa at the White Hart, Am Hochwald 1
• Walther Karl Zülch (1883–1966), art and cultural historian who lived on Collenbuschstrasse (Unglaube House), identified the MGN Grünewald monogram as Mathis Gothart Neithart in 1917. His basic Grünewald monograph was published in 1938/1954.
• Charlotte Meentzen (1904–1940), entrepreneur, pioneer in the manufacture and use of natural cosmetics

• Gertrude Seltmann-Meentzen (1901–1985), entrepreneur, pioneer in the manufacture and use of natural cosmetics, operator of the school for natural cosmetics based on the Charlotte Meentzen system .

literature

• Beautification Association White Deer, Oberloschwitz eV (Ed.): The White Deer: a reading book . Elbhang-Kurier-Verlag, Dresden 2001, ISBN 3-936240-00-0 .
• Local association Loschwitz-Wachwitz eV (Hrsg.): Naturheilkundiges Dresden: on the occasion of the 12th Elbhangfest "Kneippen, Kuren und l'Amouren" . Elbhang-Kurier-Verlag, Dresden 2002, ISBN 3-936240-04-3 .
• Gerhard Barkleit : Manfred von Ardenne. Self-realization in the century of dictatorships. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-428-12084-0 .
• Georg Dehio (Hrsg.): Handbook of the German art monuments. Dresden . Updated edition. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich and Berlin 2005, pp. 229–232.
• Folke Stimmel, Reinhardt Eigenwill et al .: Stadtlexikon Dresden . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1994.

Web links

Commons : Weißer Hirsch  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Literature on white deer in the Saxon Bibliography
• Weißer Hirsch in the Digital Historical Directory of Saxony
• Entry on the White Deer on dresdner-stadtteile.de
• Anna-Maria Bloße: Dr. Heinrich Lahmann and the spa town of Bad Weißer Hirsch . On the history of the health resort and the sanatoriums ( memento from January 15, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ), from the journal naturel, edition 02/03, Dresden
• www.weisser-hirsch.de District magazine Weißer Hirsch, Dresden
• www.dresden-weisser-hirsch.de

Individual evidence

1. ↑ To the White Deer . In: Stadtlexikon Dresden, p. 470.
2. ^ Dehio, p. 231.
3. ↑ Stadtlexikon Dresden, p. 247.
4. ↑ "Manfred von Ardenne" observatory
5. ^ Henry Berndt: Tillich buys a penthouse in Dresden. In: sächsische.de . April 4, 2015, accessed November 23, 2018 . 
6. ^ Jürgen Helfricht : Dresden and its churches . Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, Leipzig 2005, p. 110.
7. ↑ Dr. Dagmar Lorenz: Chinese Pavilion in Dresden: A roof for encounters. In: Goethe-Institut China. January 2009, archived from the original on February 22, 2014 ; Retrieved February 20, 2014 . 
8. ^ Andreas Platthaus : Time difference: Uwe Tellkamps Dresden. Experience report in Faz.net. First published in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , October 4, 2008, No. 232 / page 40
9. ^ Frank Junghänel, Markus Wächter: The Tower Society Report, November 22, 2008, Berliner Zeitung, accessed on November 20, 2011.