Summer retreat
The word summer resort describes both the seasonal relocation from the city to the country and the destination.
history
The term “summer freshness”, which was particularly widespread in the 19th century, is defined in the Brothers Grimm's dictionary as “city dwellers 'holiday in the countryside in summer” or “city dwellers' love of country in summer”.
Moving from quarters in the city to the country estate was already common practice among the nobility in ancient times. The reasons are primarily economic in the beginning, the aristocracy had to look after the farm in the summer, which formed the economic basis of their rule. "Vacation" time was then in winter, when agriculture rests. One could move to the city and take part in social life. In addition, it was also valued to be able to escape the precarious hygienic conditions in the city in summer.
While the medieval nobility of Europe switched between different fortified residences rather out of political necessity , in aristocratic circles with the flourishing of cities since the beginning of the modern era ( Renaissance ), the seasonal change from city palace (winter castle ) to summer residence became common again. From industrialization the custom passed on to the upper middle class , who had country houses built.
The word itself is said to come from Italian, in Venetian one speaks of the fact that “the only purpose of the walk seems to be to seek freshness and cooling. they don't say 'go for a walk', but rather 'prendere il fresco' (to cool down) ”. For the German, early usage has been handed down from the Bozener area, where the citizens moved from the hot valley basin to the cool summer apartments of the low mountain range on the Renon and to St. Konstantin near Völs am Schlern :
"Fresh (e), f. ibid, in this sense from the 17th
century. it is attested: where they keep ire refrigeria or fresh instead of Bozen. "
From the 19th century, Europe was opened up by the railroad , and the previously time-consuming, inconvenient and also dangerous relocation of the entire household for a holiday trip was partially eliminated. From the middle of the 19th century, the summer vacation was an integral part of the summer life of the aristocracy and the wealthy bourgeoisie, which was mostly spent in seasonal villas built for this purpose. These often unheatable summer villas were often designed by well-known architects in the so-called home style.
Those who couldn't afford their own summer residence stayed in inns and then increasingly in private quarters. So summer vacation and the beginning tourism are closely linked, the accommodation then also includes the local entertainment offers for summer visitors, such as the previously unknown outdoor swimming at lakes, hiking or mountain climbing .
Ludwig Steub , the “discoverer” of Tyrol for the German north, used the term in his books and thus promoted its popularization.
In the more recent literature, summer vacation is not understood in the sense of "vacation in the country", but as a temporary relocation of the place of residence and work to the country.
Summer vacation in Austria
In Austria, the summer resort had a long tradition and was a status symbol, especially in the upper classes.
Well-known Austrian summer resorts in the fin de siècle were the Salzkammergut , the regions around Semmering and Rax , Baden near Vienna and Bad Vöslau , as well as the East Styrian Joglland . The Vienna Woods and the Kamptal were and are traditional Viennese recreational areas. Some of these regions have remained centers of summer tourism. They were z. B. by the Südbahn (from 1838), the Semmeringbahn (1854), the Westbahn (1858), the Kamptalbahn , the Salzkammergutbahn (1869), the Salzkammergut-Lokalbahn (1893) and the Wiener Stadtbahn (1898). In the early days , bathing resorts such as Bad Gastein , Bad Fusch or the so-called Styrian Thermenland (including Bad Gleichenberg , Bad Radkersburg and Bad Waltersdorf ) were added, whereas the Austrian Alpine region was only opened up relatively late through the use of automobiles and the expansion of mountain roads. Even the emperor went on summer retreat at the time - to Bad Ischl in the Salzkammergut, courtiers, dignitaries, artists, industrialists and the nobility followed him. Those Viennese social classes who could not or would not afford a stay in one of the posh seaside resorts preferred simpler summer retreats in the Wienerwald, Weinviertel and Waldviertel . Places such as Mönichkirchen , Bad Fischau , Gutenstein , St. Andrä-Wölker , Gars am Kamp , Wolkersdorf in the Weinviertel , or Drosendorf an der Thaya gained national recognition. At that time, numerous views indicated the popularity of the townspeople with the word "Sommerfrische", which was equivalent to a predicate, in front of the place name. Many smaller towns published their own brochures. A separate "Illustrated Guide to Austrian Health Resorts, Summer Resorts and Winter Stations" was published annually from 1908 to 1914 in various editions arranged according to the crown lands. Every summer resort was represented here with a brief description, number of accommodations and supplies, etc. Some places also had multi-page advertisements.
literature
- Illustrated guide through the Austrian health resorts, summer resorts and winter stations : http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=wcs
- Erich Bernard u. a. (Ed.): The Attersee. The culture of the summer vacation - cultural and natural landscape . Brandstätter, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-85033-022-0 .
- Othmar Birkner: Viennese summer resort of the 20s. The history of the summer resort “Föhrenhain” in Schauboden . In: Association for the history of the city of Vienna : Viennese history sheets . Volume 63, Issue 4. LIT Verlag Wien 2008. ISSN 0043-5317 ZDB -ID 2245-7 pp. 1-14.
- Silke Götsch: "Summer freshness". To establish a counterworld at the end of the 19th century. In: Swiss Archives for Folklore , Volume 98 (2002), pp. 9–15.
- Hanns Haas: The summer freshness - place of the bourgeoisie . In: Hannes Stekl u. a. (Ed.): "Through work, property, knowledge and justice". On the history of the bourgeoisie of the Habsburg monarchy. Volume 2, Böhlau, Vienna 1992, pp. 364-377, ISBN 978-3-205-05562-4 .
- Susanne Hawlik: Summer freshness in the Kamptal. The magic of a river landscape , Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1995, ISBN 978-3-205-98315-6 (= traveling through landscape and history in the Kamptal cultural park , volume 1).
- Archduke Johann : Architecture, Sculpture and Painting . In: The Austro-Hungarian monarchy in words and pictures (Upper Austria and Salzburg). At the suggestion and with the assistance of his emperors. and royal. The Highness of the Most Serene Crown Prince Archduke Rudolf started to continue under the protectorate of her emperor. and royal. Highness of the most illustrious woman Crown Princess-Widow Archduchess Stephanie . Pp. 219-270. See: austria-forum.org , accessed on July 23, 2016.
- Hans R. Klecatsky : Region and landscape . In: From Austria's legal life in the past and present . Festschrift for Ernst C. Hellbling on his 80th birthday, ed. from the Law Faculty of the University of Salzburg . Editor: Dorothea Mayer-Maly. Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 1981, ISBN 3-428-04823-7 , pp. 241-250.
- Monika Oberhammer: Summer villas in the Salzkammergut. The specific summer resort architecture of the Salzkammergut in the period from 1830 to 1918 . Galerie Welz, Salzburg 1983, ISBN 3-85349-098-0 .
- Karlheinz Pfaffen (ed.): The essence of the landscape . Scientific book society. Darmstadt 2011, ISBN 978-3-534-24066-1 .
- Willibald Rosner: Summer freshness. Aspects of a phenomenon . Lower Austria Institute for Regional Studies, Vienna 1994, ISBN 978-3-85006-061-5 .
- Peter Stachel, Cornelia Szabó-Knotik: Cure and summer retreat . In: Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon . Online edition, Vienna 2002 ff., ISBN 3-7001-3077-5 ; Print edition: Volume 3, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7001-3045-7 .
- Andreas Weigel : The summer freshness through the ages. In: Bettina Marchart, Markus Holzweber (ed.): Garser Geschichte (n) . Gars am Kamp 2014, ISBN 978-3-9503541-3-3 , pp. 521-588.
- Lisa Fischer, love in the country. Creative summer retreats in the Schwarzatal and Semmering , Edition Mokka, 2017, Vienna, ISBN 978-3-902693-47-1
Web links
- Radio show: "Summer freshness - With the city in the country" in the Ö1 series Diagonal from 1995
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c summer retreat. In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 16 : Sea life – speaking - (X, 1st section). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1905 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
- ↑ Otto Stolz : The word "summer vacation" . In: Archive for the Study of Modern Languages , 159, 1931, pp. 176–179.
- ↑ Lisa Fischer, Love in the Green. Creative summer retreats in the Schwarzatal and Semmering, Edition Mokka, 2017, Vienna.