Military Academy "Friedrich Engels"

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Military Academy "Friedrich Engels"
logo
activity January 5, 1959 - December 31, 1990
Sponsorship Ministry of National Defense (MfNV), from March 1990: Ministry of Disarmament and Defense (MfAV)
place Dresden
country Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR German Democratic Republic
management Commander / Chief of the Military Academy (C-MA) see table
Students Graduates: 6,290 officers (1959–1990),

including 181 officers from other countries (1974–1990)

Employee approx. 520 (1988),

including 425 scientific. Staff,

including professors 36 appointed professors (1990), 30 appointed lecturers,

66 HS teachers with a B PhD, 193 HS teachers with A PhD.

Campus August-Bebel-Straße, Dresden-Strehlen, main entrance (2009)
Main building with portal, former military academy "Friedrich Engels", Dresden-Strehlen (2009).
Troop flag of the military academy "Friedrich Engels"

The military academy "Friedrich Engels" (MAFE) of the National People's Army (NVA) of the GDR in Dresden was the first military university to be established in the GDR and at the same time the highest military teaching and research institution and the center of military science research in the GDR .

A specialty for German universities was the use of the military science discipline as a compact theoretical, methodological and organizational science building. In addition, the (social) social and technical sciences were represented.

assignment

The mission of the Military Academy was to officers of all branches of the armed forces (TSK) of the NVA , the East German border troops , the other protection and security forces and other armed forces States for leadership positions in the plains military unit , organization , operational-tactical organization and operational Association ( United Association ), Command of the TSK up to ministerial uses or for teaching institutions. Training and degrees were comparable to those of the Soviet military academies .

In addition, the promotion of young scientists ( PhD A and B ) as well as in-service training and further education for managers had to be guaranteed.

In addition to teaching and research on the implementation of the GDR's defense policy, the assignment included maintaining the military-scientific heritage, developing it into the center of military-scientific work and maintaining a close connection to practice as the starting point and goal of its work.

history

prehistory

The institutional starting point for the military academy was set in February 1949 by the University of the German Interior Administration, which was moved from Berlin to Kochstedt (State of Saxony-Anhalt) .

On November 15, 1949, this opened teaching, renamed as the Kochstedt Officers School of the Central Training Administration (HVA) of the Ministry of the Interior (MdI), under the direction of Chief Inspector of the People's Police, Walter Freytag .

KVP University, Dresden, handover of the certificate, approx. 1955.

From September 1952 she continued her work as a higher officers school of the MdI with a new location in Dresden , under the leadership of Lieutenant General Walter Freytag.

In 1953 it was converted into the College of the Barracked People's Police (KVP). Colonel Wilhelm Adam , formerly adjutant of the Commander-in-Chief of the 6th Army of the German Wehrmacht , after 1945 Minister of Finance of the State of Saxony and member of the People's Chamber, took over the role of commander of the university after joining the KVP.

After his return from captivity, the former Field Marshal Paulus held a few lectures on personal experiences at the university. As early as 1954, a small working group was working under his leadership as a war history research institute in Dresden. From this institute, the Institute for German Military History emerged in 1958 , which was renamed the Military History Institute of the GDR in 1972 .

With the law of the People's Chamber of January 18, 1956, the NVA was created. According to order 1/56 of the Minister for National Defense , Colonel General Willi Stoph , on October 5, 1956, the Academy for Officers of the NVA , Dresden, emerged as the highest military teaching institution in the GDR. Colonel Wilhelm Adam became their first commanding officer; followed on April 1, 1958 by Major General Heinrich Dollwetzel . The politically reliable and technically most competent officers of the KVP college were taken over by the NVA college and sworn in under the troop flag .

The university was commissioned to raise the scientific level of education in all subject areas in order to create the conditions for a military academy. When it was founded, the chairs of social science training, infantry training, artillery training and tank training were created. In addition to the two-year courses, in which primarily officers who were already experienced in troop service were trained as regimental commanders , their deputies and chiefs of staff for motorized riflemen , tanks and artillery units, heads of special troops and services, the university conducted one-year qualification courses for senior officers.

After the Bundeswehr in 1956, d. H. from the beginning, had been integrated into the military structures of NATO, following a resolution of the Political Advisory Committee of the States of the Warsaw Treaty of May 24, 1958, the inclusion of the NVA in the United Armed Forces. The founding of the military academy was due to the fact that the NVA had to face the demands of the bloc confrontation.

With ministerial order 52/58, the conversion of the college for officers into a military academy was initiated from May 1958. According to the decision of the Council of Ministers of November 28, 1958, it was to be the first military institution to be given the right to award the academic degrees of "Diplomilitarywissenschaftler" and "Diplomingenieur" and to establish scientific aspirations. The resolution put the military academy on an equal footing with the civilian GDR universities on the one hand, and on the other hand it assigned a leading position in the system of military training.

founding

The founding of the NVA Military Academy in Dresden on January 5, 1959 was not a momentary decision, but rather derived from the requirements of the military bloc confrontation and the GDR's military-political alliance obligations. Like many political post-war developments in divided Germany, it was, among other things, a reaction to the arms race in the Cold War and the establishment of the Bundeswehr Leadership Academy two years earlier .

  • Handing over of the flag to the military academy by d. Minister Colonel General Willy Stoph, January 5, 1959

  • Flag ribbon for the "Kampforden in Gold", GenLtn. Heinz Keßler, on January 10, 1969.

  • Fr. Engels monument, on the occasion of 20 years of the GDR, inner courtyard in front of entrance E, unveiled Oct. 10, 1969.

The military academy was given the honorary name " Friedrich Engels "

From the beginning, the GDR military academy had a particularly close relationship with the SED leadership, whose claim to political leadership was secured by Article 1 of the GDR constitution . This is evidenced by the fact that the Academy was given the honorary name “ Friedrich Engels ” on the day it was founded and as the first structural element of the NVA. On the opening day, she was assigned her assignment for the first few years.

A permanent political and ideological education and social science qualification arose from this political requirement. A clear commitment to the party politics of the SED was expected from the teaching staff and the officers' listeners. It was not until the mid-1980s that their influence eroded and finally led to the dissolution of the SED party organizations in the NVA and the border troops of the GDR, including in the military academy, in December 1989 .

status

The military academy had the legal status of a university of the GDR and thus the right to award graduates and aspirants academic degrees : diploma military scientist, diploma engineer, diploma social scientist , diploma teacher, doctor of a scientific branch and doctor of science.

It belonged to the second sector of the GDR higher education system, one of the so-called universities with a special status. Due to their integration into the NVA , there were some significant differences to the civil universities.

  • The responsibilities of the Minister for Higher Education and Technical Education (MHF) of the GDR were essentially transferred to the Minister for National Defense (MfNV), who, in consultation with the MHF, issued regulations to enforce the legal university regulations.
  • In contrast to the civilian GDR universities, the rector (commander, K-MA / head of the military academy, C-MA), the vice-rectors (deputy of the head), the section directors (commanders of the sections) and the deans could not be elected. The officers of the military academy were generals and officers and were assigned to their posts by order.
  • The students (officer auditors, aged around 30, usually fathers) and course participants were officers and generals who had already graduated from a college or university and had gained professional experience.
  • Military-related teaching and research subjects were largely subject to military secrecy.
  • Although the NVA academy was based on the image of the Soviet military academies, the merging of all branches of the armed forces, the military-technical and social science disciplines under one academic roof was a novelty in the Warsaw signatory states.
  • Until 1990, a Soviet general with the title of military specialist was constantly active as a representative of the United Armed Forces at the academy.

The designation special status also extends to the fact that the military academy together with the other universities of the NVA , the border troops of the GDR, the other protection u. Security organs as well as the social organizations in the state official representations (statistics, yearbooks, UNESCO reports) about the university landscape of the GDR was left out.

Right to award doctorates

The MHF was still responsible for granting diploma, doctoral and habilitation rights as well as the appointment of university lecturers ( lecturers , professors ). In addition to the initial right to award academic diplomas, the Military Academy received the right to award doctorates in a branch of science (Dr. rer. Mil., Dr. rer. Pol., Dr. oec., Dr. phil. , Dr.-Ing.) And Doctor of Science (Dr. sc. Mil., Dr. sc. Pol., Dr. sc. Phil., Dr. sc. Oec., Dr. sc. Techn.). As a collective advisory body to the K-MA / C-MA, the Council of the Military Academy (Scientific Council from 1970) was able to independently decide on the award of academic degrees and the promotion of young scientists. In the course of the military reform, a council with a senate was elected at the end of March 1990 to replace the scientific council.

The first dissertation was defended at the academy in July 1963. The military academy expanded its scientific level with around 25 successful doctoral procedures every year. By June 1990 a total of 542 doctoral procedures A and 99 doctoral procedures B had been completed. In the postgraduate themselves were in April 1990, 147 officers. The last doctoral certificates were awarded by the Council of MA-FE on September 25, 1990.

A total of 680 aspirants were promoted , including six foreign officers. Around 80 percent of the 567 A doctorates (Dr.) and 113 B doctorates (Dr. sc.) Were kept confidential . Since officers' colleges did not have the right to award doctorates, o. A. More than a third of the doctoral process is initiated by the promotion of young academics for those educational institutions.

Management structure

management

The military academy was subordinate to the Minister for National Defense of the GDR, who delegated supervision to one of his deputies. The military academy was led by a commander (from 1959, K-MA) / chief (1970–1990, C-MA).

The Political Headquarters of the NVA (PHV) influenced the deputy of the C-MA and head of the political department, to which the social sciences section, the music corps and (from 1984) the scientific library were subordinate.

A representative of the High Command of the United Armed Forces (OK-VSK) of the states of the Warsaw Treaty was assigned to the head of the military academy as an advisor (military super-specialist)

Chiefs of the military academy

(Title before September 1970: Commander of the Military Academy. Listed from: Historischer Abriss 1988, Froh / Wenzke, Demmer / Haueis 2008.)

Rank first name Name Period comment
Major general Heinrich Dollwetzel October 1, 1958 to September 30, 1959 previously commander of the college for officers of the NVA
Major general Fritz Johne October 1, 1959 to May 31, 1963 previously head of a military district
Major general

Heinrich Heitsch

June 1, 1963 to

April 30, 1964

mdFb
Lieutenant General

Hans Wiesner

May 1, 1964 to December 10, 1986 previously head of the political administration of a military district
Lieutenant General

Manfred Gehmert

December 11, 1986 to February 28, 1990 previously head of a military district
Lieutenant General

Hans Suess

March 1 (April) to

September 30, 1990

previously commander of the OHS of the LSK / LV
Colonel Gerhard Kolitsch October 1, 1990 to December 31, 1990 m. d. F. b.

Management structure

The management structure of the military academy changed several times.

In the founding phase, the K-MA was subject to several deputies who were responsible for ensuring teaching in the chairs assigned to them :

  • First deputy and deputy for scientific teaching - 9 LS, from 1965 - 6 LS;
  • Deputy for political work - 4 LS;
  • Deputy for technical and scientific training - 8 LS;
  • (from 1965) Deputy for research work, (from 1970 - for science and research).

With the university reform from September 1, 1970, the chairs were assigned to the sections and five deputy areas were formed to organize and ensure teaching and research:

  • 1. Deputy Head of the Military Academy,
  • Deputy Head of Political Work and Head of the Political Department,
  • Deputy of the boss and boss training,
  • Deputy Head of Science and Research,
  • Deputy Chief and Chief Reverse Services.

University structure

The military academy "Friedrich Engels" of the NVA of the GDR was due to its internal structure unique among the military academies of the Warsaw contracting states, because all branches of the NVA with their branches of arms, special troops, forces, branches and services and the border troops of the GDR under one academic roof were bundled. The sections and chairs of the military and military-technical science areas were mainly structured according to armed forces, armed forces and military services.

The university structure was subject to multiple changes. In 1990, thirty-seven chairs were active at the Military Academy . The continuously changing number of chairs at times reached forty-four.

The military academy was divided into faculties ( called sections after 1970 ), which in turn were divided into different chairs . Its leaders were subordinate to the commander of the military academy; they were themselves the immediate superiors of the officers' hearers. Initially, only the officer auditors of the subject areas (or uses, later: profiles) were assigned to four faculties:

  • General command of the troops,
  • Artillery,
  • Tank engineer service and
  • Rear services.

From 1960, the chairs and officers' auditors were assigned to the following five faculties:

  • 1960 Faculty of Land Forces (LaSK),
  • 1960 Faculty of tank engineer service (PzID), as well
  • 1960 Faculty air forces / air defense and air defense (LSK / LV u. TLA)
  • 1961 Faculty of Social Sciences (GeWi) and
  • 1963 Faculty of Naval Forces (SSK) in Stralsund, from 1969 in Dresden.

The GeWi faculty was entrusted with the academic training of all political officers in the armed forces in accordance with the three-year program of the party college "Karl Marx" and the Marxist-Leninist basic study of the officers' audiences according to the subject matter of the one-year course.

At the end of September 1964, the establishment of a specialization in border troops of the GDR and a corresponding chair in the LaSK faculty began.

At the military academy, there were also seven central chairs, headed by deputies of the chief, with the names:

  • History of wars and the art of war;
  • Radio electronic combat;
  • Mobilization, replenishment and territorial defense;
  • Mathematics, physics, computing technology;
  • Foreign languages.
  • From 1979 strategic questions of national defense, converted from 1988 into the basics of operational art, renamed 1990 into leadership and deployment of the armed forces.
  • Academic course for senior officers of the NVA, the border troops of the GDR and civil defense.

Sections

With the university reform in the GDR in 1970, these five faculties were transformed into sections and led by commanders according to the principle of individual leadership. In 1990 there were:

  • the I. Section (GeWi) with 6 chairs, Kdr .: GenMaj. Horst Syrbe; from 1959 Colonel Erwin Stüber, Colonel Helmut Kauba until 1967;
  • the II. Section (LaSK) with 9 chairs, Kdr .: GenMaj. Manfred Zeh ; from 1959 GenMaj. Bernhard Bechler , Colonel Alfred Henkel, Colonel Rolf Kappis, GenMaj. Nikolaus Klenner, GenMaj. Hans Sieg , GenMaj. Walter Müller until 1984;
  • the III. Section (LSK / LV) with 8 chairs, Kdr .: GenMaj. Heinz Böhme; from 1960 GenMaj. Heinz-Bernhard Zorn until 1970;

→ Main article: Military academy "Friedrich Engels", section Air Forces / Air Defense

  • the IV. Section (SSK) with 3 chairs, Kdr .: Rear Admiral Günter Pöschel ; from 1963 rear admiral Wilhelm Nordin until 1976;
  • the fifth section (technology and armament and rear services) with four chairs; this was created in 1986 from its predecessors (1970–1978 Institute for Rear Services / Tank and Motor Vehicle Technical Service and from 1978 Section Rear Services); Kdr .: GenMaj. Dieter Grapentin; from 1960 Colonel Heinz Raulien, GenMaj. Harry Kleffel until 1989.

→ Main article: "Friedrich Engels" military academy, section Technology, Armament and Rear Services

In addition, teaching and research potential has been brought together in other institutes:

  • at the Institute for Military Education and Military Psychology (1967–1970),
  • in the Institute for Scientific Leadership in Political Work (from 1970) as well
  • at the Institute for Conversion of the Armed Forces (from June 1990).

Council, deans

In the course of the military reform, a council with 52 scientists was elected on March 30, 1990, to replace the Scientific Council. The Senate had 13 members.

The following deans were elected for the three faculties:

  • Military Science Faculty, Dean: Rear Admiral Günter Pöschel;
  • Faculty of Social Sciences, Dean: Colonel Erich Hocke;
  • Military Technical Faculty, Dean: Colonel Klaus Kürbis.

Other facilities

When it was founded, the "Friedrich Engels" military academy also had an independent political body and an elected party leadership ( 1959–1972) with the status of SED district leadership (KL). It was replaced in June 1972 by a political department to which the music corps was subordinate.

A service unit of the military defense ( administration 2000 ) worked with exclusive responsibility for the military academy.

Material equipment

Since 1959, the newly founded "Friedrich Engels" military academy has been using the historic building complex on August-Bebel-Strasse in Dresden-Strehlen. The work rooms and the training base received numerous structural extensions in the following years: building complex with technology hall and 2 dormitories (1962), teaching building with three auditoriums and high-rise dormitory (from 1971), extension of the scientific library with reading room (1973); Sports hall (1978), workshop / technical building as well as social and utility buildings.

The military academy had a scientific library with around 250,000 holdings, a microfilm center and an administrative archive.

  • Laying of the foundation stone for teaching building LA-1 to 3, behind it the shell of the supply wing with dining rooms, 1972.

  • Teaching building LA-1 to 3, with “Kino im Kasten”, in front of which Engels memorial was newly placed, 1988.

Three lecture halls (150–350 seats), 60 specialist cabinets (formerly teaching classes), 60 group seminar rooms, 16 laboratories and an engine test bench were available for teaching and research activities . In the last decade, 32/16-bit computer systems, 80 workstation computers (8- and 16-bit) and 60 small computers were available for both the teachers and the officers' listeners.

In the LaSK section, a training command post for regiment / division, an armored command post and an operational command post were used. In the early 1980s, the division's mobile computing center (BRS-81) was used on staff vehicles as a national interim solution from the GDR production.

A Robotron A 5120 as used at the military academy

Supplemented by a workstation with standard office computers in the deployed or stationary command post (GS) and in the rear command group (RFG), the use of the BRS-81 was ensured from there for the training of officers in the II and V sections.

At the end of the 1980s, with the introduction of the first-generation Automated Field Management System (AFFS) suitable for coalitions in the 7th Panzer Division (Dresden), the Automation Group of Section II ( Land Forces ) was included in the training of the command organs.

A preliminary stage for the development of a center for training command and control was the creation of the pilot system for computer-aided simulation of the fire of an artillery group on a terrain model using laser technology in 1987. The expansion of the center was never completed.

In the III. Section ( LSK / LV ), the teaching command post for the Integrated Management and Training Complex (IFTK) was developed.

The IV. Section (Naval Forces) used the naval tactics trainer and developed software-based applications for two-sided, multi-stage group exercises.

Faculty

As of 1959, teaching staff began to qualify for an academic degree in parallel with teaching. The qualification for scientific work still had to be acquired.

The license to teach ( Venia legendi ) for the subject was considered granted with every vacancy ( teaching officer or civil lecturer) and did not have to be applied for separately.

In order to obtain the teaching qualification (Facultas Docendi), this had to be acquired by each position holder in an independent process, generally before or during an aspirant course. The prerequisite was a course in university education, an assessed specialist lecture (a specialist lecture) and a university education thesis and examination. This also led to a separate Facultas Docendi certificate , which was issued for a special subject.

In a historically short period of two decades, a highly qualified teaching body was trained, which guaranteed the acquisition of the academic degrees of diploma military scientist, diploma engineer and diploma social scientist, diploma teacher as well as doctorates. In 1977, all teaching officers in Section II (land forces) had a university degree and 43 teaching officers had a doctorate in a branch of science.

In 1988 the scientific staff included over 400 officers and scientific staff with university degrees. The approximately 70 professors employed (18 percent) and their level of qualification (83 percent with a B doctorate) corresponded to the standard in civil higher education.

Finally, by July 1990, all teachers had academic, military or college education; nearly half had graduated from academies in the USSR . The teaching staff (around 420 positions) included 193 teachers with A and 66 B doctorates, 36 appointed professors and 30 appointed lecturers.

In the year, the teaching staff provided scientific support for around 220 graduates in their theses and research topics.

At the same time, the faculty trained more than 700 officers in direct and Distance learning from; from 1968, a further 400 managers were added in courses.

Course of training

Admission

Pre-study faculty Naumburg of the military academy " Friedrich Engels " (formerly Kadettenanstalt), main building Kösener Straße, Naumburg (Saale)

After the commander's selection in the troop section, an admission procedure and an entrance exam had to be completed. Officers with a university entrance qualification were admitted to the course if they had worked successfully for at least one year in a position on the staff of a battalion, at least as deputy commander or in a comparable position.

The officers' audiences in the early years were prepared for their studies in a course lasting several months at the military academy in the subjects of social sciences, mathematics, physics and chemistry. From 1961 to 1965, the officers who did not yet have a high school diploma were prepared for their studies in the pre-study faculty in Naumburg (Saale) , which has now been established .

The officers of the VP readiness had to prove this knowledge in the entrance examination (ten officers per year).

In the 1960s, it was also possible to obtain the diploma in external studies in order to ensure that the teaching staff received additional qualifications while they were working.

Starting with the academic year 1965/66, officers in the 35 to 50 age group with at least ten years of professional experience and after completing the tenth grade had the opportunity to take part in a diploma course shortened to two years.

Following on from this, the four-year distance learning program was introduced in 1971.

Training goal

The graduate profile specified in programs was divided into general, military-related and training profile-specific requirements.

When profiling the professional competence , the main efforts were on the officer as a senior manager and specialist in troop, naval, border and Staff service directed. An extensive range of assignments for the graduates in almost all protection and security organs of the GDR required an applied-scientific, broad-based, generalist range of courses, i.e. mathematical-scientific, technical, military, (social) social-scientific content and foreign language practice.

At the same time, practical skills were required. The graduate should be equipped with available manual skills for leading military formations in training, in combat service (in the duty system, border service), in garrison service and in troop management (in the operation of the armed forces).

An important training goal was to develop methodological skills in management and work organization, in so-called management techniques . The diploma theses also testified to the acquisition of application-ready scientific working methodology.

Duration of study

The training of the officer auditors of the first year of study lasted three years and nine months and ended on September 30, 1963 with the state examination and diploma. From 1962 onwards, the study period was only three years.

Ten percent of the graduates completed the shortened or external / distance study. From 1974 officers from other socialist armies began their studies in Dresden (in total until 1990: 77 from the VR Poland , 52 from the USSR , 23 from the ČSSR , 29 from the SR Vietnam ).

In 1988 selected officer audiences were given the opportunity to study research in order to obtain a doctorate without a diploma.

Training content

The seminar groups for officers specializing in commanders and staff officers of the land forces accepted up to 16 officer listeners , including up to 4 officers from the VP readiness and the MfS guard regiment or guest listeners from foreign armed forces. The study groups of the commanders and staff officers of the border troops of the GDR were not mixed. These uses / profiles were trained in the first year of study at the tactical level of the troop unit (regiment) and from the second year of study at the level of the tactical unit (division).

A military internship of several weeks was included in each of the two academic years, usually in a position on the staff of a regiment . The VP officers completed it in a motorized rifle regiment or on the staff of a division . Several weeks of preparation and the participation of the officers' auditors in the parade block of the military academy in Berlin led to two or three interruptions in the course of study.

  • March formation of the military academy "Friedrich Engels", mid-1960s.

  • May parade formation, Apr. 1973, Dresden, final training, photo in front of the main portal.

  • Parade formation of the military academy on October 7, 1974 in Berlin, on the occasion of 25 years of the GDR

In the third year the operational training followed at the level of an army (an army corps), including military geography (MilGeo), as well as the preparation of the diploma thesis.

The officers for political work , officers of the armed forces / naval branches , special troops and services of the other branches of the armed forces as well as the armed forces and the officers of the technical and rearward services received training in their fields at comparable management levels.

Graduates

Diploma course

Graduates of the "Friedrich Engels" military academy

At the military academy there are approx. 6,300 officers were trained as military scientists, social scientists, teachers and engineers, including 181 officers from other countries (3 percent share; from 1974: VR Poland - 77, USSR - 52, ČSSR - 23 , SR Vietnam - 29 officers).

  • Military academy "Friedrich Engels", diploma handover by graduates from Poland.

  • Military academy "Friedrich Engels", diploma handover by graduates from Vietnam

  • Reception for graduates born 1981 at the State Council, E. Honecker (center), MfNV H. Hoffmann (3rd from left)

  • Reception for graduates at the GDR State Council on Sept. 25, 1984 in Berlin.

In relation to this, a comparatively larger proportion of officers from the GDR (around 13,500) were trained at military schools in the USSR in order to ensure that they were able to act in Russian in the coalition.

A total of 385 officers and generals from the GDR were taught this language competence at the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

In Dresden, intensive technical language training was guaranteed in the direct study courses of the profiles.

  • Badge f. Graduates from the military academy "Friedrich Engels", several versions.

  • Badge f. Graduates from the Military Academy of the General Staff of the SK of the USSR

  • Badge f. Graduates from the "Friedrich List" Dresden Transport University, Military Section.

  • Badge f. Graduates from civil colleges or universities in the GDR.

About 80 percent of the graduates completed a direct course as a three-year course or, for qualified engineers, in four years.

In 1989 there were around 640 officers studying direct at the academy, including senior officers of the NVA and border troops of the GDR (83 percent), as well as officers assigned (8 percent) by the Ministry of the Interior (MdI) and Ministry for State Security (MfS) as well a proportion of foreigners of 9 percent.

In July 1990 530 officers (graduated in 1991/92), 60 of them foreigners, and a further 126 aspirants were still in training.

For the 1990s, in the context of the increased level of training at the officers' colleges, a reorganization of the academic training with a two-year diploma course and three-year distance learning was designed.

120 academy graduates achieved the rank of general / admiral.

Special diploma

The Special Diploma of the Minister of National Defense was the highest award for successful completion of the military academy. It required excellent performance in the course of study and in the final state examination: grade 1 (very good) in all subjects, grade 1 (very good) in the examination subjects of the state examination and the distinction Excellent for the diploma thesis . This special diploma was awarded to 255 officers (4 percent of the graduates); it was comparable to the gold medal of Soviet military academies .

further education

More than 7,000 officers and generals were trained in further training courses. From 1978 on, 640 generals and officers were trained in the academic course for senior officers of the NVA, the border troops of the GDR and civil defense with a duration of 8 weeks.

Scientific achievements

Publications

Scientific results of teaching and research were published in a variety of ways. In GDR publishers, authors from the military academy published around 6,100 publications, including around 5,500 for scientific journals. In addition, around 270 books and brochures were published; that means around eight to ten a year.

Of the Military Academy, the series was writings of the Military Academy in the amount of about 300 booklets published, including some as classified information classified.

At the "Friedrich Engels" military academy, military-geographic information on France, Great Britain, Spain and Portugal from 1986 to 1989 was compiled and incorporated into the military -geographic information document on the western theater of war (MGAD-WKSP), the cartographic part.

  • Title page, writings of the military academy "Friedrich Engels", from issue 267 (1990).

  • Title page, series of publications Military Geography , H. II / 2, (Ed.) MfNV, (1989).

The change in global politics from the mid-1980s onwards made it possible to partially disclose the results of theoretical-military-geographic research at the "Friedrich Engels" military academy and to publish Issues I to II of the Military Geography series of the Ministry of National Defense on the following topics: (No., Title, year of publication).

  • I On theoretical questions in military geography, 1988, 64 p., 5 fig.
  • ll / 1 Outline of the history of military geography from the slave-holding order to the end of the 18th century, 1989, 48 pp.
  • lI / 2 Outline of the history of military geography from the 19th century to the end of World War II, 1989. 72 pp.

From 1988 to 1990 a total of 21 military geography and military geography issues of the military geography series were published.

National Prize

A collective of three authors from the military academy (KptzS Wolfgang Scheler, Colonel Erich Hocke and Colonel Siegfried Keil) was awarded a national prize of the GDR 3rd class - for their overall scientific contribution to the foundation of the theory about peace, war and armed forces in the nuclear-cosmic age.

Patents

As a result of scientific research at the military academy, Colonel Oppermann was able to register for the first time in 1969 the patent analog-digital indexing method for recording measured values . He was honored as an Honored Inventor in 1975 for his analog-to-digital indexing device . A total of ten patents were registered.

Science award

Starting in 1970, the Minister for National Defense awarded the Friedrich Engels Prize in three stages to around 100 members of the military academy for outstanding achievements in science and science organization .

The head of the military academy donated a science award from the military academy "Friedrich Engels".

  • Science Award of the Military Academy "Friedrich Engels",

  • Meissen medal, white, obverse (left), lapel (right).

  • Friedrich Engels Prize, gold level

  • Science award, in three stages,

  • donated by the MfNV of the GDR

Scientific cooperation

The Military Academy's first research plan covered the years 1964/65, then five-year periods. Due to the bundling of all branches of the NVA with their branches of arms, special troops, forces, branches and services and the border troops under one academic roof, the best impulses for interdisciplinary cooperation resulted. The tradition of military science conferences was established as early as November 1959.

The military academy had contractually agreed relationships with 22 international scientific institutions. There were contacts with a large number of military academies in the USSR, with the academies in Warsaw, Brno, Budapest and in other allied states.

The contractually regulated working relationships with 12 colleges and universities in the GDR benefited from this in particular. These included the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (from 1965), the Technical University of Dresden and the Dresden Transport University. In addition, from 1977 working relationships were maintained with the Academy of Sciences of the GDR (AdW) and the Academy of Social Sciences at the Central Committee of the SED (from 1980).

As a leading military educational institution, the Military Academy regularly received visits from foreign military delegations, party and government delegations, including: VR Poland (1963, 1984); ČSSR (1964); USSR (1964), Indonesia (1965); Congo (1965); Hungary (1966, 1987); Vietnam (1966, 1969, 1970, 1977, 1985); Mali (1967); Yugoslavia (1968); North Korea (1968, 1972); Guinea (1969); Mongolia (1969, 1974, 1982); Tanzania (1969); Egypt (1972); Bulgaria (1972); Cuba (1972); Austria (1982); Sweden (1984); Cyprus (1986).

Military academy in the late 1980s

Rethinking war and peace

Egon Krenz (center), Deputy Chairman of the State Council of the GDR, leads the delegation of the Central Committee of the SED to the "Saarbrücken Talks". Colonel-General Fritz Streletz (3rd from right), Deputy Minister for National Defense of the GDR and Chief of the NVA Main Staff, Gunter Rettner (3rd from left), Head of the International Politics and Economics Department of the Central Committee, Ambassador Horst Neubauer (2nd from left) , Head of the Permanent Mission of the GDR in the FRG, Major General Dr Günter Hiemann (left), Deputy Chief of the Air Force Air Defense Staff, and Major General Prof. Dr. Rolf Lehmann (2nd from right), deputy head of the "Friedrich Engels" military academy.
Major General Rolf Lehmann (left), Deputy C-MA, participant in the Saarbrücken talks, on June 7, 1989 in Saarbrücken.

Since the beginning of the 1980s, starting with the Philosophy Department, the Military Academy gradually developed new security policy thinking about war and peace.

MAFE main portal (Block A), June 1988.

The interdisciplinary discussion group of professors, members of the academy's management and guests from outside, which began in February 1987 in the format of professors' talks, was devoted to open scientific discussions on almost all questions of security policy, without any binding specifications. The protagonists of New Thought at the Military Academy became sought-after partners of the Scientific Council for Peace Research (WRFF) at the Academy of Sciences of the GDR , which was founded in October 1987. Major General Prof. Rolf Lehmann was appointed to the committee by the Dresden Military Academy .

Lettering on the main portal of MAFE (Block A), January 1989.

Scientists from the military academy were involved in the German-German dialogue between soldiers during maneuver observations, international conferences and scientific meetings. And a new, photogenic lettering appears on the main portal.

Beginning military reform

There had previously been no teaching and research subject security policy at the military academy. Peace research, cooperative security, disarmament and conversion only got a military academic opportunity in the advancing state crisis in the GDR. Starting in the late autumn of 1989, several academics were involved in the development of the GDR's military policy guidelines (military doctrine). In February 1990 they formed the core of the non-structural interdisciplinary science area of ​​security (IWBS) of the military academy, which began work with 24 officers. A consequent scientific approach to all questions of the permanently changing domestic and foreign policy development, with an investigation of all conceivable - including undesirable - variants was reflected in the IWBS working papers , which appeared from the beginning of May 1990. The DSS working papers that followed from the end of 1990 addressed these concerns .

  • IWBS working papers, Volume 1, Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", Dresden, May 1990.

  • IWBS working papers, volume 2, Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", Dresden, June 1990.

  • IWBS working papers, Volume 3, Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", Dresden, Sept. 1990.

The Dresden Study Group Security Policy (DSS) e. V. emerged from the IWBS in October 1990 after the NVA was dissolved.

The grassroots democratic anchoring of the military reform was reflected in the Association of Professional Soldiers (VBS) of the NVA, which was founded on January 20, 1990 and which had grown to 37,000 members by the end of February 1990, including numerous professional soldiers from the military academy. The soldiers demanded their rights. A military academy newspaper as well as internal academy printed and polemic pamphlets on current political problems were published in free editorial work without going through the usual editing and administrative channels.

Change of political leadership

The political power structures, of which the military academy was a component, had to undergo a change in political leadership as a result of the People's Chamber elections in March 1990 . The new Minister for Disarmament and Defense (MfAV) Rainer Eppelmann nourished hopes for the continued existence of independent armed forces:

  • The minister subsequently proclaimed a 100,000-man army and
  • had the members of the armed forces sworn in on the state flag of the GDR.
  • On June 8, 1990, the MfAV founded an Institute for Conversion of Armed Forces at the Military Academy .

In June / July 1990, visits and return visits by delegations of the military academy "Friedrich Engels" of the NVA (Dresden) under the direction of the head of the military academy, as well as the leadership academy of the Bundeswehr (Hamburg) under the direction of the commander of the FüAkBw, and then the federal academy for Defense administration and defense technology (Mannheim) with their president at the top.

The award of the diplomas on July 19, 1990 at the end of the 1989/90 academic year was still subject to the ministerial stipulation that a new academic year should begin on September 1, which soon turned out to be unreal.

Military academy in the unification process

The process of self-correction and renewal of scientific life at the academy came to a standstill with the rapid German unification process at the latest at the beginning of August 1990. As a result, the entire scientific potential of the military academy was unleashed, including 66 professors and lecturers with a B doctorate and around 360 university professors, including around 190 with A doctorates.

With order No. 48/90 of the MfAV, the honorary name of the military academy was dropped. On September 30, 1990, by order of the minister, all generals and most of the uniformed scientists who had served thirty to forty years were dismissed.

On October 1, the remaining 685 members of the NVA received a notice from the incumbent chief of the military academy that they would be used in the Bundeswehr.

On October 2, 1990, a final roll call of the "Military Academy Dresden" took place with the remaining civil and military personnel. By order of the minister, members of the NVA as well as civilian employees were released from their obligations. The troop flag was rolled up and carried from the square.

Dissolution of the Dresden Military Academy

With the accession of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany on October 3, 1990, the Dresden Military Academy was placed under the Bundeswehr as a structural element and with the remaining personnel . The previous head of the military academy, Colonel of the NVA, Gerhard Kolitsch, was given the rank of Colonel in the Bundeswehr with the further management and received support from a small liaison group of the Bundeswehr Command East .

On October 11, 1990, the Bundeswehr Command East ordered the dissolution of the military academy at the end of 1990. The dissolution was carried out in a very disciplined process with the support of the liaison group. All further activities were then directed towards the orderly handover / takeover of material resources and the deployment of civilian workers.

The military personnel, with the exception of a small subordinate unit, received the notice of discharge for December 31, 1990 at the beginning of December.

Historic properties

Traditional location Dresden

Dresden has always been a garrison town with traditional military training facilities:

  • In the royal Saxon army there was a war school in Albertstadt .
  • The infantry school of the Reichswehr was relocated from Munich to Dresden in 1926 because of its involvement in the Hitler putsch (late 1923).
  • From 1935 the renamed military school of the Wehrmacht trained in Dresden.
  • The large Air War School 1 was built in Klotzsche near Dresden in 1935.

After 1945, a large part of these properties in the Dresden city area was used by the armed forces of the USSR. These included (as of 1990):

  • the staff of the 1st Guards Panzer Army (1st GPA) - Stauffenberg-Allee building;
  • several army units of the 1st GPA, including:
    • Tank Reconnaissance Battalion - Dresden-Nickern,
    • Parts of an air storm regiment - Stauffenberg-Allee,
    • Helicopter Squadron - Hellerberge,
    • Anti-aircraft missile brigade - Koenigsbrücker Landstrasse,
    • News Regiment - Stauffenberg-Allee, Königsbrücker Landstrasse,
  • Military hospitals - Marienallee and Bautzner Straße.

With the relocation of the Volkspolizei-Hochschule in 1952, Dresden became the location of the barracked Volkspolizei of the GDR.

  • Dresden was also the location of the artillery school, from 1953 for the Kasernierte Volkspolizei (KVP), from 1956 to 1963 for the National People's Army (NVA).

From 1956 to 1990 Dresden was a location of the National People's Army. The following NVA formations were housed in the properties:

  • Military Academy of the NVA - Dresden-Strehlen, August-Bebel-Strasse.
  • Headquarters of the 7th Panzer Division (7th PD) - Stauffenberg-Allee;
  • Division troops of the 7th PD, including the reconnaissance battalion (AB-7), the intelligence battalion (NB-7), two command batteries (CRA, CTLA), the headquarters company, the Material Seizure Battalion (BMS-7) - Stauffenberg-Allee and the medical battalion (SanB-7) - Koenigsbrücker Straße.
  • Transport squadron of the LSK / NVA - Dresden-Klotzsche.
  • NVA military hospital - Oberloschwitz.
  • Wehrbezirkskommando - Olbrichtplatz;
  • Military district commandos Dresden City and Dresden-Land - Olbrichtplatz.
  • Accommodation department (UKA) of the MfNV for the Dresden district.
  • Institute for Mechanization and Automation of Troop Command of the NVA - Olbrichtplatz.
  • (University) Section Military Transport and Communications at the Dresden Transport University - Friedrich-List-Platz.
  • Military library of the GDR - Olbrichtplatz.
  • Army Museum of the GDR - Olbrichtplatz.

From March 1972, some military properties in Dresden were used by the Army Museum of the GDR (previously as the Army Museum in Potsdam since February 1961) and by the Military Library of the GDR (previously as the German Military Library in Strausberg since 1965).

In 1998, the officers' school of the Army of the Bundeswehr (previously in Hanover) was established in Dresden .

Building in Dresden-Strehlen

Construction and use until 1945

In today's August-Bebel-Straße in Dresden-Strehlen , the monumental buildings were the former Luftgaukommando IV of the Wehrmacht . The building complex was built between 1935–1938 based on designs by Wilhelm Kreis , who also built the German Hygiene Museum in Dresden. The buildings, which were partially destroyed at the end of the war at the beginning of 1945, were renovated again in 1945/46.

→ Main article: Luftgaukommando (Dresden)

  • uh Luftgaukommando, Dresden-Strehlen (2009)

  • Entrance block F

  • former Military Academy Dresden, main building Block A.

  • Stairway from the entrance foyer.

Building use 1945–1990

After the Second World War until 1952, the building complex, which had already been renovated, was initially used by the state government of Saxony and the Saxon state parliament .

  • Main portal, August-Bebel-Strasse, Dresden Strehlen (1946)

  • Stairway in the entrance foyer.

In 1952 the facility was redesigned to become the college of the barracked people's police. In the course of the establishment of the National People's Army, the newly formed college for officers of the NVA took over this building complex from October 5, 1956.

From January 5, 1959 to 1990, the newly founded "Friedrich Engels" military academy used this historic building complex. Structural extensions were necessary in the following years:

  • 1962 building complex with technical hall (1962), two dormitories;
  • from 1971 farm building (kitchen, dining rooms), another dormitory (high-rise), physiotherapy facility, a teaching building with three auditoriums (L-building);
  • from 1973 new establishment / expansion of the scientific library with reading room;
  • 1974 Takeover and expansion of the former Intelligence Club into a club of the military academy with a restaurant;

  • Military Academy Club (1974–1990) - Tusculum

  • Military Academy Club, side view.

  • MAFE tradition cabinet (1988/89), former Royal Train Station

  • (1992) Demolition of the shell of the training center of Section II (LaSK).

  • Expansion into the traditional cabinet of the military academy "Friedrich Engels" (1988/89): the former "Royal Railway Station" on the Děčín – Dresden-Neustadt railway line by the Royal Villa. ⊙
  • from 1978 a sports hall, a multi-purpose building for supply and accommodation (M building) as well
  • Kindergarten expansion, cinema room, stationary medical area, workshop / technology building,

The further expansion of a combat training center was stopped in 1990 and this shell was demolished after the military academy was dissolved.

Building use after 1991

Building complex (2016)

Since 1991, the historic site has been used by the German Armed Forces for the territorial defense administration ( Defense District Command 76 , District Army Replacement Office Dresden ).

Other carriers are:

In the buildings surrounding this area there are today facilities of the TU Dresden (Philosophical Faculty, Kino im Kasten ).

See also

literature

  • Wolfgang Jahn, Roland Jäntsch, Siegfried Heinze: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels". Historical summary . Military publisher of the GDR 1988.
  • Anke Burkhardt: Military u. Police colleges in the GDR. Scientific documentation. in: work reports 2'00. Ed .: HoF Wittenberg, Institute for University Research at the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wittenberg 2000. Digitized
  • Klaus Froh, Rüdiger Wenzke : The generals and admirals of the NVA. A biographical manual. 4th edition. Ch. Links, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-86153-209-3 .
  • K. J. Haffner: The unity of spirit and power. Qualification and selection structures in HVA, KVP and NVA from 1949 to 1973/74. Dissertation, Hamburg 2004, 560 p. Digitized
  • Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels" 1959 to 1990. A documentation. Ed .: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik (DSS) e. V., DSS working papers , issue 95 (special edition), Dresden 2008 ISSN  1436-6010 . urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-321551 [43]
  • Military academy "Friedrich Engels". Historical-critical review of the 50th anniversary of its foundation. Contributions to the colloquium on January 10, 2009 in Dresden City Hall, Ed .: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitspektiven (DSS) e. V., DSS working papers, issue 95, Dresden 2009, 309 p. ISSN  1436-6010 . urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-321515 [44]
  • Paul Heider : The military academy "Friedrich Engels" from its foundation to the democratic military reform. A historical-critical view. In: Ed .: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitspektiven (DSS) e. V., DSS working papers , Issue 95, Dresden 2009, pp. 15–34, ISSN  1436-6010 . urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-321515 [45] and
  • Rüdiger Wenzke : On military-historical research on the military academy "Friedrich Engels" of the NVA . In: Ed .: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitspektiven (DSS) e. V., DSS working papers , Issue 95, Dresden 2009, pp. 35–47, ISSN  1436-6010 . urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-321515 [46]
  • Klaus Kürbis, Werner Scholz: Working documents on the development of the military engineering faculty / section, on the training program and on research.
  • Klaus Kürbis: Development and balance sheet of the military engineering faculty . In: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels". Historical-critical review of the 50th anniversary of its foundation. Contributions to the colloquium on January 10, 2009 in Dresden City Hall, Ed .: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitspektiven (DSS) e. V., DSS working papers, H. 95, Dresden 2009, pp. 79–90. ISSN  1436-6010 . urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-321515 [47]
  • The military academy in the democratic revolution 1989/90, departure and end. Ed .: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik (DSS) e. V., conference proceedings , DSS working papers, no . 114, Dresden 2015, 313 p., ISSN  1436-6010 (online). urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-321486 [48]
  • Rainer Böhme: The Military Academy in Dresden. A look back on the occasion of its foundation 60 years ago. In: DGKSP discussion papers, Dresden 2018, December, e-book, 23 pages, ISSN  2627-3470 . urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-324135 [49]

Web links

Commons : Friedrich Engels Military Academy  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Military Academy  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ministry for National Defense of the GDR (MfNV): location database of the National People's Army of the GDR . Abbreviation MAFE. Ed .: Military History Research Office MGFA. ( mgfa.de ).
  2. ↑ See: Rainer Böhme: The Military Academy in Dresden (1959-1990). A look back - on the occasion of its foundation 60 years ago. In: Series of DGKSP Discussion Papers, Dresden 2018, December, 23 p. Access urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-324135 [1]
  3. ^ Anke Burkhardt: Military and Police Universities in the GDR . Scientific documentation. Ed .: HoF Wittenberg, Institute for University Research at the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg. 16 f. Edition. Work reports 2`00. Wittenberg 2000, p. 7th ff . ( uni-halle.de [PDF]).
  4. ^ Walter Ulbricht: On the opening of the first socialist military academy in the history of Germany . Opening lecture at the Military Academy of the National People's Army "Friedrich Engels" on January 5, 1959. Ed .: Ministry for National Defense. Military affairs, special issue. Berlin 1959.
  5. ^ Anke Burkhardt: Military and Police Universities in the GDR . Scientific documentation. Ed .: HoF Wittenberg ,. Work reports 2´00. Wittenberg 2000, p. 75 f .
  6. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959 to 1990. A documentation. Ed .: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik e. V. DSS Working Papers, 95 (special edition). Dresden 2008, p. 12 ff ., urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-321551 . [2]
  7. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 58 . [3]
  8. ↑ Jürgen Angelow: Research in unventilated rooms . Notes on the military history of the former GDR. In: Thomas Kühne, Benjamin Zimmermann (ed.): What is military history? War in History series (KRiG) . tape 6 . Paderborn, Munich, Vienna, Zurich 2000, ISBN 3-506-74475-5 , pp. 77 .
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h See Rolf Lehmann: The military academy of the GDR in Dresden - structure and order. In: Dresdner Geschichtsverein e. V. (Ed.), Dresdner Hefte , Heft 53, Dresden 1998, January, pp. 65-69.
  10. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. Ed .: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik e. V. DSS Working Papers, 95 (special edition), p. 14 . [4]
  11. ↑ See Walter Ulbricht: On the opening of the first socialist military academy in the history of Germany. Opening lecture at the Military Academy of the National People's Army "Friedrich Engels" on January 5, 1959. In: Zeitschrift Militärwesen, special issue, Berlin 1959. URL: https://www.vtnvagt.de/images/MAK-OHS/mw_1959.pdf
  12. ^ Anke Burkhardt: Military and Police Universities in the GDR . Scientific documentation. Ed .: HoF Wittenberg. Work reports 2´00. Wittenberg 2000, p. 7th ff .
  13. ^ Anke Burkhardt: Military and Police Universities in the GDR . Scientific documentation. Ed .: HoF Wittenberg. Work reports 2´00. Wittenberg 2000, p. 76 .
  14. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 96 . [5]
  15. ^ Anke Burkhardt: Military and Police Universities in the GDR . Scientific documentation. Ed .: HoF Wittenberg. Work reports 2´00. Wittenberg 2000, p. 83 ff .
  16. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 36 ff . [6]
  17. ↑ Wolfgang Jahn, Roland Jäntsch, Siegfried Heinze: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels" . Historical summary. Ed .: Friedrich Engels Military Academy. 1st edition. Military Publishing House of the GDR (VEB), Berlin 1988.
  18. ↑ Klaus Froh, Rüdiger Wenzke: The generals and admirals of the NVA. A biographical manual. 4th edition. Ch. Links, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-86153-209-3 . P. 288.
  19. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 22nd ff . [7]
  20. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (special edition), p. 34 ff .
  21. ↑ Wolfgang Jahn, Roland Jäntsch, Siegfried Heinze: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels" . Historical summary. 1st edition. Berlin 1988, p. 68 f .
  22. ↑ KJ Haffner: The unity of spirit and power. Qualification and selection structures in HVA, KVP and NVA from 1949 to 1973/74, dissertation. Hamburg 2004, p. 464 ff . ( uni-hamburg.de [PDF]).
  23. ^ Wolfgang Demmer: The chair as a center for teaching, research and scientific qualification . Ed .: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik e. V. DSS working papers, No. 95 , 2009, ISSN  1436-6010 , p. 48 to 55 . [8th]
  24. ↑ Wolfgang Jahn, Roland Jäntsch, Siegfried Heinze: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels" . Historical summary. Berlin 1988, p. 29 ff .
  25. ↑ Wolfgang Jahn, Roland Jäntsch, Siegfried Heinze: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels" . Historical summary. Berlin 1988, p. 59 f .
  26. ↑ See: Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Militärakademie "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990. A documentation. In: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik (DSS) e. V. (Ed.), DSS working papers, Issue 95 (special edition). Dresden 2008, pp. 35 and 39. urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-qucosa2-321551 [9]
  27. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 42-85 . [10]
  28. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 114 ff . [11]
  29. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 91 . [12]
  30. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 36 ff . [13]
  31. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (special edition), p. 118 f., Appendix 4 . [14]
  32. ↑ Jürgen Becker: The development of the library of the military academy Friedrich Engels. Ed .: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik e. V. DSS working papers, H. 95, 2009, ISSN  1436-6010 , p. 237 to 250 . [15]
  33. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 95 ff . [16]
  34. ↑ Hans Brandl: The use of computer science for the automation of troop leadership and training in the land forces section . Ed .: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik e. V. DSS working papers, No. 95 , 2009, ISSN  1436-6010 , p. 216 to 225 . [17]
  35. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 58 f . [18]
  36. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 67 f . [19]
  37. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 75 ff . [20]
  38. ^ Anke Burkhardt: Military and Police Universities in the GDR . Scientific documentation. Ed .: HoF Wittenberg. Work reports 2´00. Wittenberg 2000, p. 85 f .
  39. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS working papers, 95 (special issue). Dresden 2008, p. 96 . [21]
  40. ↑ authors: Dictionary of German military history, Mi - Z . In: Writings of the Military History Institute of the GDR . tape 2 . Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-327-00478-1 , p. 532 .
  41. ↑ Wolfgang Jahn, Roland Jäntsch, Siegfried Heinze: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels" . Historical summary. Berlin 1988, p. 35 f .
  42. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 61 . [22]
  43. ↑ Another 32 officers from the USSR were trained at GDR teaching institutions. See: Anatolij I. Gribkow: The Warsaw Pact, History and Background of the Eastern Military Alliance . German Orig. Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-86124-291-5 , p. 92 below .
  44. ^ Anke Burkhardt: Military and Police Universities in the GDR . Scientific documentation. Ed .: HoF Wittenberg. Work reports 2´00. Wittenberg 2000, p. 82 ff .
  45. ↑ Anatolij I. Gribkow: The Warsaw Pact, history and background of the eastern military alliance . German Orig. Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-86124-291-5 , p. 92 .
  46. ↑ Anatolij I. Gribkow: The Warsaw Pact, history and background of the eastern military alliance . German Orig. Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-86124-291-5 , p. 92 .
  47. ^ Anke Burkhardt: Military and Police Universities in the GDR . Scientific documentation. Ed .: HoF Wittenberg. Work reports 2´00. Wittenberg 2000, p. 77 .
  48. ^ Gerhard Kolitsch, Wolfgang Weinhold: Scientific conference on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the military academy "Friedrich Engels" . Military affairs, no. 3/1989 . Berlin 1989, p. 56 ff .
  49. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis:: Military academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990. A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 137–142, Appendix 4 . [23]
  50. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 130-136, Appendix 3 . [24]
  51. ^ Anke Burkhardt: Military and Police Universities in the GDR . Scientific documentation. Ed .: HoF Wittenberg. Work reports 2´00. Wittenberg 2000, p. 78 .
  52. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 96 ff . [25]
  53. ^ Author collective: Military geography of the GDR . Military geography, military topography, military hydrography, military topographical service, sea hydrographic service, topographic maps, special and sea maps in the German Democratic Republic, from the beginnings to reunification. In: Gerhard L. Fasching, Federal Ministry for National Defense (Hrsg.): Series of publications of the military geospatial, No. 20 . Vienna December 2006, p. 75 f .
  54. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 97 . [26]
  55. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 80 ff . [27]
  56. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 126 ff., Annex 2 . [28]
  57. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 95 . [29]
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  59. ^ Max Schmidt: Peace research in cooperation with the military academy "Friedrich Engels" . Ed .: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik e. V. DSS working papers, No. 95 , 2009, ISSN  1436-6010 , p. 98 to 116 . [30]
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  62. ↑ See catalog of the Saxon State Library - State and University Library Dresden (SLUB). URL: https://katalogbeta.slub-dresden.de/?tx_find_find%5B__referrer%5D%5B%40extension%5D=&tx_find_find%5B__referrer%5D%5B%40controller%5D=Standard&tx_find_find%5B__referrer%5D%5B = index & tx_find_find% 5B__referrer% 5D% 5Barguments% 5D = YTowOnt98e9da2d78746cdf7d3fca8723c8092bb44cc5d85 & tx_find_find% 5B__referrer% 5D% 5B% 40 3A % 40controller% 22% 3Bs% 3A8% 3A% 22Standard% 22% 3Bs% 3A7% 3A% 22% 40action% 22% 3Bs% 3A5% 3A% 22index% 22% 3B% 7Da60be406589e6fbf7f0ba270eaf184553e86f451 & tx_find_find% 5B__trusted% 3A % 7Bs% 3A1% 3A% 22q% 22% 3Ba% 3A1% 3A% 7Bs% 3A7% 3A% 22default% 22% 3Bi% 3A1% 3B% 7D% 7D6b76be83b7db9370ad51d5ea02e98dcault6e757fbe2 & tx_find_find% 5Bq% 5
  63. ^ Rolf Lehmann: Scientists in uniform facing new challenges . Memories of an eventful time. In: Dresdener Studiengemeinschaft Sicherheitsppolitik e. V. (Ed.): For the demilitarization of security . DSS working papers, No. 100 , 2010, ISSN  1436-6010 , p. 20th ff . [33]
  64. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 91 . [34]
  65. ^ Paul Heider: Democratic co-creation - a basic principle of the military reform 1989/90 in the GDR . In: DSS working papers, no . 100 . Booklet 100, For the demilitarization of security, 20 years of DSS e. V. 2010, ISSN  1436-6010 , p. 115 . [35]
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  67. ^ Minister for Disarmament and Defense: Order No. 48/90 of 09/21/1990 . Tasks of the National People's Army in connection with the formation of all-German armed forces. Ed .: Federal Archives / Military Archives. DW 1/44497 ( ethz.ch [PDF]). (Online in the Parallel History Project )
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  72. ^ Hermann Rahne: On the history of the Dresden garrison 1933 - 1945 . In: Dresdner Hefte, contributions to cultural history . Issue 53, Dresden 1933–1945, Verblendung und Angst, 1993, ISSN  0863-2138 , p. 69 .
  73. ↑ Klaus Froh: Chronicle of the NVA, the border troops and the civil defense of the GDR 1956 - 1990 . Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-89574-745-8 , pp. 66 .
  74. ↑ Timeline of the military history of the German Democratic Republic, 1949 to 1988 . Berlin 1986, p. 196 u. 307 f .
  75. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 117 f., Appendix 4 . [40]
  76. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 118 ff., Appendix 4 . [41]
  77. ↑ Wolfgang Demmer, Eberhard Haueis: Military Academy "Friedrich Engels", 1959–1990 . A documentation. DSS Working Papers, 95 (Special Edition). Dresden 2008, p. 120 ff., Appendix 4 . [42]

Coordinates: 51 ° 1 ′ 53.9 ″  N , 13 ° 45 ′ 16.5 ″  E