War school
War schools were military technical schools that had different meanings in the various armies . For example, those schools that served to train officers were called war schools in Germany and Russia. In Austria , France and Italy , on the other hand, war schools were those that served to train officers.
Germany
Kingdom of Prussia
In Prussia , they were initially set up in Berlin , Königsberg and Breslau in 1810 as part of Scharnhorst's army reform by Lieutenant Colonel Gustav von Rauch . As early as 1816 they were converted into a general war school ( Prussian War Academy ) for further training and a number of brigade schools for the training of officers. The latter were later given the name division schools and finally - with the addition of the entire German army - the name war school again.
The first two new war schools were opened in Potsdam and Erfurt in 1859 after extensive redesign . Around 1910 existed in the German Reich military schools in Potsdam , Glogau , Neisse , Engers , Hannover (at Waterloo Square ), Kassel , Anklam , Metz , Hersfeld , Gdansk .
The purpose of the war schools was the practical and technical training of officer candidates of all branches of arms who were required to attend a war school before being admitted to the officer examination. Attending the war school had to be preceded by six months of service with the troops .
At the head of the school was a staff officer as director. After completing a course that lasted 35 weeks, the officers' examination was taken before the Senior Military Examination Commission. The curriculum included tactics , army organization, weapons theory, fortification theory, terrain theory, and mapping with plan drawing, military business style and service knowledge. In addition, the students were trained in drills , shooting, gymnastics , fencing and horse riding.
Kingdom of Bavaria
The Bavarian Army had its own war school. This was built on November 1, 1858 in Munich and existed until 1919.
Kingdom of Württemberg
In the Kingdom of Württemberg , the Ludwigsburg War School was an army officer training institute from 1820 to 1874.
Wehrmacht
With the rearmament , four war schools for officer training were re-established in Dresden , Hanover , Munich and Potsdam ; additionally with the connection of Austria in Wiener Neustadt in the former Theresian Military Academy , whose first commander was the later Field Marshal Erwin Rommel .
Federal Republic of Germany
After the founding of the Bundeswehr , the training of army officer candidates was started at three "Army Officer Schools" (HOS): 1956 in Hanover ( Army Officer School I ) and in Husum ( Army Officer School II ; was moved to Hamburg in 1958), 1958 in Munich ( Army Officer School III ). In 1974 the three institutions were merged and their tasks were taken over by what is now the " Army Officers School " (OSH) in Hanover, and since 1998 in Dresden .
Other states
There were also war schools with different curricula and objectives, such as the Austro-Hungarian War School in Austria or Russia , Czechoslovakia ( Vysoká škola válečná ), France ( École supérieure de guerre ), Italy and the United Kingdom .
After the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 , Leopold II of Belgium took the Berlin War School as a model and relocated staff officer training from the Royal Military Academy to L'École de Guerre (French) / Krijgsschool (Flemish), which is subordinate to the War Ministry .
literature
- Brockhaus encyclopedia from 1908
- War schools . In: Brockhaus Konversations-Lexikon 1894-1896, Volume 10, pp. 737-738.
- HH Podzun (ed.): The German Army 1939, structure, locations, staffing and list of all officers on 3.1.1939. Bad Nauheim 1953.
- A. Nicolai: History of the war school in Potsdam. Published on the birthday of Sr. Majesty the Emperor in 1904. Reprinted facsimile. Potsdam, ISBN 978-3-88372-048-7 .
- Regulation H.Dv. 129, Service Regulations for War Schools, 1937
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Military manual of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Munich 1914.