Aunjetitz culture

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Aunjetitz culture
Age : Bronze Age to Early Bronze Age
Absolutely : 2300 BC Chr. – 1550 BC Chr.

Relative : Bz A1 – B ( Reinecke )

expansion
North: Central Germany (Saxony-Anhalt, western and eastern Saxony, Thuringia)
South: Bohemia, Moravia, Lower Austria (north of the Danube), south-western Slovakia
West: eastern Lower Saxony
East: Silesia Greater Poland
Leitforms

Aunjetitz cup, "Cypriot" loop-headed needle , eyelet-headed needle , cast bronze objects

The term Aunjetitz culture ( Únětická kultura in Czech ; named after the place where it was found in Únětice / Aunjetitz in Bohemia , north of Prague ) describes a community of goods from the Early Bronze Age in the period from approx. 2300 BC. Until 1600/1500 BC It emerges from the end neolithic cultures of bell beakers and cord ceramics . After 1600 BC It was replaced by the Barrow Bronze Age . The name "Únětice culture" first appeared in the 1910 Handbook of Czech Archeology by Prague prehistorians Karel Buchtela and Lubor Niederle .

One of the most famous finds from this culture is the Nebra Sky Disc .

Distribution area and adjacent cultural groups

Aunjetitz culture (4) and neighboring cultures around 2200 to 2000 BC Chr.

The distribution area of ​​the Aunjetitz culture during level Bz A1 (22nd / 21st century BC) in the Reinecke period extends from Thuringia via Saxony-Anhalt , Saxony , Bohemia , Moravia , Silesia , southwest Slovakia to Lower Austria north of the Danube .

During the later Bz A2 level, it can also be detected in eastern Lower Saxony , Brandenburg and southwest Poland . The archaeological finds of the Aunjetitz culture in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania are, however, regarded as imports.

Simultaneous, neighboring cultural groups are:

Important finds

Daggers of the Aunjetitz culture, Krahuletz Museum, Eggenburg (Lower Austria)

The best-known finds of the Aunjetitzer come from the grave mound of Leubingen near Sömmerda in Thuringia, the grave mound of Helmsdorf in the Mansfeld region in Saxony-Anhalt, the grave mound of Dieskau and the grave of Łeki Małe . The first two burial mounds, each 34 meters in diameter, could be dendrochronologically dated: Leubingen to 1942 (± 10) BC. Chr. And Helmsdorf to 1840 (± 60) BC BC (dating of the Ark of the Dead of Helmsdorf). The largest known burial mound of the Aunjetitz culture so far is the one around 1800 BC. Bornhöck near Raßnitz, built in the 19th century and removed in the 19th century .

Depot finds

Burial grounds

Nohra , Großbrembach and Unterhautzenthal (Lower Austria)

Aunjetitz culture and bronze

The Nebra Sky Disc

Compared to the surrounding cultural groups, in which the transition to the Bronze Age was initially shown by hammered copper and only slowly transitioned to cast forms, the Aunjetitzers found cast copper and arsenic bronze objects from a very early age, which were gradually replaced by tin bronze. The production was probably carried out as " casting in a lost form ", but also using multi-part reusable shell molds.

It has not yet been clarified whether mining on copper ore and tin, which is rare in Europe, was carried out in the Ore Mountains , which is in the area of ​​the Aunjetitz culture . Salt is also likely to have been an important economic factor, which Oscar Montelius already associated in 1900 with the metal wealth observed in the Halle area.

The bearers of the Aunjetitz culture

Like the so-called Cord Ceramists , the bearers of the Aunjetitz culture do not differ significantly from today's population in Central Europe . Some linguists assume that the bearers of both cultures spoke Indo-European idioms . This is mainly justified by the fact that Indo-European dialects, due to the etymologically consistent river names of Indo-European origin, must have spread in large parts of Central Europe ( Old European Hydronymy ) in the course of the third millennium BC at the latest and because of the simultaneous spread of bronze mining in Central Europe. Because of the Indo-European word * ayos (= copper, bronze, cf. Latin aes and German ore ), this is also attributed to Indo-European groups.

The Munich Indo-Europeanist Wolfram Euler takes the view that the bearers of the southern group of the Aunjetitz culture south of the Erzgebirge and Sudetes spoke preforms of the later Italic-Celtic idioms, while the groups to the north spoke Pre-Germanic idioms.

literature

  • Martin Bartelheim : Studies on the Bohemian Aunjetitzer culture. Chronological and chorological investigations (= university research on prehistoric archeology. Vol. 46). Habelt, Bonn 1998, ISBN 3-7749-2867-3 (also: Berlin, Free University, dissertation, 1998).
  • Gerhard Cheap : The Aunjetitz culture in Saxony. Catalog (= publications of the State Museum for Prehistory Dresden. Volume 7). German Science Publishers, Berlin 1958.
  • Waldtraut Bohm : The older Bronze Age of the Mark Brandenburg . De Gruyter, Berlin / Leipzig 1935.
  • Wilhelm Albert von Brunn : The hoard finds of the early Bronze Age from Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia (= writings of the Section for Prehistory and Early History / German Academy of Sciences in Berlin. Volume 7/1). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1959.
  • Michal Ernée : A Forgotten Amber Road? Amber and the Classical Aunjetitz Culture in Bohemia. In: Pier Luigi Cellarosi et al. (Ed.): The amber roads. The ancient cultural and commercial communication between the peoples. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference about the Ancient Roads, Republic of San Marino, April 3-4, 2014 (= Millenni. Studi di archeologia preistorica. Volume 13). Museo Fiorentino di Preistoria “Paolo Graziosi”, Florence 2016, ISBN 978-88-6086-126-9 , pp. 85-105 ( online ).
  • Wolfram Euler , Konrad Badenheuer : Language and origin of the Teutons. Demolition of Proto-Germanic before the first sound shift. Verlag Inspiration Un Limited, Hamburg et al. 2009, ISBN 978-3-9812110-1-6 .
  • Martin Hinz : A multivariate analysis of Aunjetitz fund companies (= university research on prehistoric archeology. Volume 173). Habelt, Bonn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7749-3589-1 .
  • Vera Hubensack : The burial behavior in grave fields and settlements of the Aunjetitz culture in Central Germany (= research reports of the State Museum for Prehistory Halle. Volume 14). 2 volumes, State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt / State Museum for Prehistory, Halle (Saale) 2018, ISBN 978-3-944507-66-8 .
  • Daniela Kern : Considerations for proof of mobility and migration in Eastern Austria at the time of the bell beakers. In: Communications from the Anthropological Society in Vienna. Vol. 133, No. 1, 2003, ISSN  0373-5656 , pp. 73-84.
  • Sebastian Kirschner: Study of the finds of the Early Bronze Age Aunjetitz culture of Moravia. Master's thesis, Tübingen 2011 ( online ).
  • Friederike Koch (Ed.): Bronze Age. Lusatia 3000 years ago. Museum der Westlausitz , Kamenz 2007, ISBN 978-3-910018-44-0 .
  • Jerzy Kopacz, Lubomir Šebela: Kultura unietycka i grupa wieterzowska na Morawach na podstawie materiałów krzemieniarskich. Polska Akad. Umieje̜tności, Krakow 2006, ISBN 83-60183-29-5 .
  • Jens Kraus: The social differentiation of the eastern Aunjetitz culture in the bronze age stages A2 and A3 (= Saarbrücker contributions to antiquity. Volume 84). Habelt, Bonn 2004, ISBN 978-3-7749-3465-8 .
  • Ernst Lauermann : Studies on the Aunjetitz culture in northern Lower Austria (= university research on prehistoric archeology. Vol. 99). 2 volumes. Habelt, Bonn 2003, ISBN 3-7749-3207-7 .
  • Luise Lorenz : Typological-chronological studies on the dumping of the north-western Aunjetitz culture (= university research on prehistoric archeology. Volume 188). Habelt, Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-7749-3670-6 .
  • Harald Meller (ed.): The forged sky. The wide world in the heart of Europe 3600 years ago. Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 978-3806219074 .
  • Harald Meller, François Bertemes (ed.): Reaching for the stars. How Europe's elites came to power and wealth. International symposium in Halle (Saale) 16. – 21. February 2005 (= conferences of the State Museum for Prehistory in Halle. Volume 5). 2 volumes. State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt, Halle (Saale) 2010, ISBN 978-3-939414-28-5 .
  • Harald Meller, François Bertemes (ed.): The departure to new horizons. New perspectives on the European Early Bronze Age. Final conference of the research group FOR550 from November 26th to 29th 2010 in Halle (Saale) (= conference of the State Museum for Prehistory Halle. Volume 19). State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt, Halle (Saale) 2020, ISBN 978-3-948618-03-2 .
  • Harald Meller, Kai Michel: The Nebra Sky Disc. The key to a lost culture in the heart of Europe. Propylaea, Berlin 2018, ISBN 3549076460 .
  • Václav Moucha : Periodization of the Únětice culture in Bohemia. In: Sborník Československé Společnosti Archeologické při ČSAV. Volume 3, 1963, pp. 9-60.
  • Václav Moucha: Hoards from the early Bronze Age in Bohemia. Archeologický ústav AV ČR, Prague 2005, ISBN 80-86124-57-6 ( online ).
  • Richard Pittioni : Prehistory of the Austrian area. Deuticke, Vienna 1954.
  • Ernst Probst : Germany in the Bronze Age. Farmers, bronze casters and lords of the castle between the North Sea and the Alps. Bertelsmann, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-570-02237-4 .
  • Čeněk Ryzner : Řadové hroby blíž Únětic. In: Památky archaeologické a místopisné. Volume 11, 1880, pp. 290-308, 353-368 ( online ).
  • Wanda Sarnowska : Kultura unietycka na Śląsku I. In: Silesia antiqua. Volume 3, 1961, pp. 7-38.
  • Wanda Sarnowska: Kultura unietycka na Śląsku II. In: Silesia antiqua. Volume 4, 1962, pp. 19-103.
  • Wanda Sarnowska: Kultura unietycka na Śląsku III. In: Silesia antiqua. Volume 5, 1963, pp. 24-63.
  • Wanda Sarnowska: Kultura unietycka na Śląsku IV. In: Silesia antiqua. Volume 7, 1965, pp. 77-147.
  • Wanda Sarnowska: Kultura unietycka w Polsce. 1. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław 1969.
  • Wanda Sarnowska: Kultura unietycka w Polsce. 2. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław 1975.
  • Andreas Sattler : The graves of the Aunjetitz culture in the Saale region. On the ritual of the dead based on the older findings (= university research on prehistoric archeology. Volume 267). Habelt, Bonn 2015, ISBN 978-3-7749-3941-7 .
  • Serge Svizzero, Clement A. Tisdell: The Demise of the Únětice Culture due to the Reduced Availability of Natural Resources for Bronze Production. In: International Journal of Research in Sociology and Anthropology. Volume 4/3, 2018, pp. 1–14 ( PDF; 464 kB ).
  • Karel Tihelka : Hoard and individual finds of the Únětice culture and the Věteřov type in Moravia (= Fontes archaeologicae Moravicae. Volume 4). Archeologický ústav ČSAV, Brno 1965.
  • Otto H. Urban : The long way to history. The prehistory of Austria (= Austrian history up to 15 BC supplementary volume 1). Ueberreuter, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-8000-3773-4 .
  • Tilmann Vachta : Bronze Age hoards and their sites in Bohemia (= Berlin studies of the ancient world. Volume 33). Edition Topoi, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-9816751-2-2 ( online ).
  • Bernd Zich : Studies on the regional and chronological structure of the northern Aunjetitz culture (= prehistoric research. Vol. 20). de Gruyter, Berlin et al. 1996, ISBN 3-11-014327-5 (also: Berlin, Free University, dissertation, 1991).

Web links

Commons : Aunjetitzer Kultur  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Probst: Germany in the Bronze Age. 1996.
  2. ↑ Bernd Becker, Rüdiger Krause , Bernd Kromer: On the absolute chronology of the early Bronze Age. In: Germania . Vol. 67, No. 2, 1989, pp. 421-442.
  3. ^ Probst: Germany in the Bronze Age. 1996, p. 44.
  4. ↑ Euler, Badenheuer: Language and origin of the Germanic peoples. 2009, pp. 24-26, 48-50.