Emboss Germanic

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Emboss Germanic

Spoken in

(extinct)
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in (extinct)
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ISO 639 -2

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As Prägermanisch (also pre-Germanic ) the historical linguistics describes the sequence of reconstructed language states between the western Indo-European of the late 3rd and early 2nd millennium BC and the also reconstructed original Germanic (Proto- Germanic ) spoken around Christ's birth . A characteristic of the Pre-Germanic language state is that the late 1st millennium BC. Chr. Consummated Grimm's Law has not yet taken place. This is why the term Proto-European is used in German-language literature before the first sound shift .

speaker

In the absence of direct transmission, no reliable statements can be made as to which historical groups once spoke pre-Germanic idioms. However, it is possible to limit when and where transitional forms between (western) Indo-European (“old European”) and Germanic language forms were spoken. This allows the conclusion that the bearers of the northern subgroup of the Aunjetitz culture spoke an early form of Prägermanic. The bearers of the Jastorf culture , the Lausitz culture and the early Przeworsk culture are also likely to have spoken Prägermanic idioms. On the assumption that the first sound shift in the west of the Germanic language area did not occur until the 1st century BC. In the end, the Cimbri and Teutons would also have spoken a late form of Emboss Germanic.

terminology

In English scientific usage, the term “Germanic Parent Language” (GPL) has been used for several years instead of the term Pre-Germanic. This term was apparently first used in 1994 by Frans Van Coetsem . a. in works by Elżbieta Adamczyk, Jonathan Slocum and Winfred P. Lehmann . In the English-language literature, the Pre-Germanic state of speech is further differentiated into pre-Germanic Indo-European / PreGmc, early Proto-Germanic / EPGmc and late Proto-Germanic / LPGmc. In the latter, however, the first phonetic shift, Verner's law and the accent shift to the stem syllable have already been completed, so that this language state corresponds to the German term Urgermanisch or Proto- Germanic , but not Prägermanisch.

Research history and dating

As early as 1960, Hans Krahe demanded the presentation of the historical development of Germanic from Indo-European through the pre-literary periods of Old Germanic. However, due to the source, the research focused on the early Indo-European language level (4th / 3rd millennium BC) on the one hand, and on the primitive Germanic language layer since the time of Christ's birth on the other. And yet numerous linguists emphasize the implications of the obvious material and social continuity of the cultures of the Nordic and Central European Bronze Age (approx. 1800 to 800 BC) with the culture of the pre-Roman Iron Age (approx. 800 BC to the birth of Christ) for the Stability and further development of the Germanic language group, which suggests corresponding linguistic reconstructions.

For a long time the first sound shift was viewed as a conceptual delimitation of the Germanic from the previous Indo-European language state, but there has long been a consensus that this sound shift was only possible around 500 BC. Christ may have taken place, but probably only afterwards. Evidence for this is a series of Celtic and Scythian loanwords in Germanic, which were only adopted after this point in time, but which also took part in the changes in the first sound shift. This means that in the previous period of at least around 1300 years there must have been a state of language that is much more archaic than the idiom traditionally referred to as Primordial Germanic or Proto-Germanic . In the past few years, the dating and socio-historical framework of the first sound shift have been dealt with in numerous publications. In some cases, the question of the state of language immediately before the language level traditionally referred to as “proto-European” was touched upon and corresponding theories were developed and reconstructions made. Until Wolfram Euler's monograph Language and Origin of the Germanic Peoples - An outline of Proto-Germanic before the first phonetic shift , which appeared in autumn 2009, was missing a comprehensive monograph on this pre-Germanic state of speech .

Theoretical limits

The "upper" (early) limit of the Prägermanic forms its separation from the western Indo-European dialect continuum. In view of the great diversity of the Italian languages ​​at the beginning of their tradition around the 6th century BC, this language group had to be broken down into the three main branches (pre-) Italic , (pre-) Celtic and Prägermanisch as early as the early 2nd millennium BC to have. Due to a number of Italic-Celtic similarities, recognizable as old, it is assumed that the later Germanic language group broke away from this association before a few centuries later the Italic and Celtic language groups each developed their own.

The "lower" (late) demarcation of Prägermanic is the first sound shift, which marks the transition from Prägermanic to Proto-Germanic (Primordial Germanic). Its later limit is the breakdown into the individual Germanic languages ​​around the turn of the ages or soon after.

Phonological delimitations

The phonology of the (early) Pre-Germanic language was still very similar to Indo-European. The following phonological changes are considered demarcation features:

  • Change of the vocal laryngal idg. * Ə to prägerm. a
  • Loss of the remaining Indo-European laryngals
  • Loss of the palatal variant of the common velars * k̑, * g̑ and ​​* g̑ʰ
  • Change from verbose idg. * -M to prägerm. * -n as well as from idg. * -t to prägerm. * -d
  • Vocalization of the syllable nasals and liquids m̥, n̥, l̥, r̥ zu um, un, ul, ur .

Example paradigms

The noun prägermanisch * tewtā́ , primitive Germanic * þewđō , Gothic þiuda 'people' (cf. Diet mar and German ) serves as an example paradigm for the noun inflection , as an example of a feminine of the ā-declension:

Emboss Germanic Urgermanic Gothic New High German
Nom. Sg. * tewtā́ * þewđō þiuda the people
Gene. Sg. * tewtā́s * þewđōz þiudōs of the people
Date Sg. * tewtā́i * þewđōi þiudai the people (e)
Acc. Sg. * tewtā́n * þewđōn þiuda the people
Nom. Pl. * tewtā́s * þewđōz þiudōs the people
Gene. Pl. * tewtṓn * þewđōn þiudō of the peoples
Date Pl. * tewtā́mis * þewđōmiz þiudōm the peoples
Acc. Pl. * tewtā́s * þewđōz þiudōs the people

(Reconstruction of the primitive Germanic forms according to Bammesberger 1990: 101, the prägerm. Forms according to Euler 2009: 90; Note: In contrast to the later period, the prägermanic paradigm was still consistently emphasized on the second syllable)

The following example of verbal inflection in the indicative active present is the paradigm of the verb for “wear”, cf. corresponds behren od. overall bears , Engl. to bear . In order to illustrate the proximity to other Indo-European languages ​​at the time, a related Latin verbal paradigm (Latin ferre ) is also given.

urindo-european prägermanisch primitive Germanic Gothic Old Norse Old High German Latin nhd. cognates new high German (meaning)
1. Sg. Pres. * bʰéroh₂ * bʰérō * ƀerō baíra ber biru fero I (ren) deserve, (bear) bear I'm wearing
2nd Sg. Pres. * bʰéresi * bʰéresi * ƀerez i baíris berr biris fers you deserve and drink you wear
3rd Sg. Pres. * bʰéreti * bʰéreti * ƀeređ i baíriþ berr birit ready he (dis) deserves, (ge) beer he wears
1. Dual Pres. * bʰérowos * bʰérowes * ƀerōs? baírōs - - - - (we both wear)
2. Dual Pres. * bʰéretes * bʰéretes * ƀérets? baírats - - - - (you both wear)
3. Dual Pres. * bʰéretes * bʰéreto? ? - - - - - (they both wear)
1st pl. Pres. * bʰéromos * bʰéromes * ƀeramiz baíram berum berumēs ferimus we (dis) honor, (bear) bear we carry
2nd pl. Pres. * bʰérete * bʰérete * ƀeređ i baíriþ berið beret fertis you deserve, bearded you carry
3rd pl. Pres. * bʰéronti * bʰéronti * ƀeranđ i baírand bera berant ferunt they (dis) honor, (bear) bear they wear

(Reconstructions of the ancient Germanic forms according to Bammesberger 1986: 105, pre-Germanic forms according to Euler 2009: 150f, Urindo-European forms according to rings 2006).

Text samples

The Lord's Prayer is ideal as a text sample for describing Proto-Germanic and Prägermanic, as it has been handed down early in many Germanic individual languages, including Gothic. The following reconstructions go back to Wolfram Euler :

Prägermanisch (= Proto-Germanic before the first sound shift):

Páter eni our kémenoi, wéiknaid Nomun téinon, gwémoid rigion téinon, wértoid wéljô téinos kWe eni kémenoi SWE Ana Ertai, klóibhon únseron séndeinon ghébhe únses Kijo dhóghô, éti apléde únses, death skúlones Sime, SWE-looking aplédome skúlummis únseroimis, bhrénkois nékwe eni próistân us , age lóusije uns apo úbheloi. Téinon esti rígjon, móktis, wúltuskwe eni áiwons.

Late Germanic (around the birth of Christ):

Fađer our ini χiminai, weiχnaid namôn þînan, kwemaid rîkjan þînan, werþaid weljô þînaz χwê ini χiminai swê anâ erþâi, χlaiban unsan, in sénteinan give unsiz inija atulan fl ê ake lausî unsiz afa ubelai. Þînan esti rîkjan, maχtiz, wulþuz-uχ ini aiwans.

swell

Remarks

  1. cf. Euler / Badenheuer 2009, pp. 12-14, 66, 72f.
  2. ^ Germanic Linguistics (1960), Volume I, p. 40.
  3. Euler / Badenheuer 2009, pp. 217f.