East enclosure

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Caspar David Friedrich : The Great Enclosure (Ostragehege)
The Ostrainsel
The Pieschner Allee with old linden trees
Ostragehege with Erlweinschem cattle and slaughterhouse
The sports facilities at the southeast end

The Ostragehege is an inner-city landscape of Dresden in the west of the old town district and largely belongs to the Friedrichstadt district . It consists of the large and the small Ostragehege. Actually part of a wide meadow landscape of the Elbe , it was opened up for building by Hans Erlwein at the beginning of the 20th century. The Ostragehege is named after the village of Ostra, which was first mentioned in 1206. The name Ostra means "island" and thus conceptually fits the character of the enclosure well, although the former village was in place of today's Friedrichstadt.

location

The Ostragehege begins in the east at the Marienbrücke and is bounded almost in a semicircle in the north by the Elbe. Friedrichstadt lies in the south . In the west and south, the Ostragehege ends at the largest port in Dresden, the Alberthafen Dresden-Friedrichstadt .

Originally, this landscape area was larger and, with the small eastern enclosure, extended almost to the former royal stables . The former Maximiliansgarten , which belonged to the Prinz-Max-Palais , also falls into the area of ​​the Kleiner Ostragehege . The congress center is now located on its part near the Elbe .

Before the city expansion in the 19th century, this area was characterized by a partially wooded wet meadow landscape. Because the Weißeritz used to flow upstream from the main area of ​​the Ostragehege (opposite the Neustädter Hafen ) into the Elbe and in this way created a large alluvial fan, this area was for a long time a permanent damp and flood zone . Due to anthropogenic influences, such as the relocation of the Weißeritz stream , drainage , large-scale embankments , Elbe bank expansion and buildings as well as the construction of the Elbe port, the hydrological conditions and Elbe bank zones have changed considerably.

Friedrichstadt, which developed strongly as a suburb during industrialization, more and more limited the Ostragehege in the south.

The Ostragehege is located in the core zone of the former world cultural heritage Dresden Elbe Valley and its width defines one of the widest parts of the entire cultural landscape .

history

Early developments

The first documentary mention of Dresden from 1206 coincides with that of the village of Ostra. The same document mentions a Herbord von Ostrov who was an informant for the Marquis of Meissen . The village of Ostrov (Ostra) belonged to the Bishop of Meissen at that time . Its location, safe from floods, made it an important settlement of the episcopal property in the Elbe Valley and the area on the left side of the Weißeritz. Its fields and meadows from north to west were part of today's Great East Enclosure.

To the right of the Weißeritz was Klein-Ostra (Ostro minor), an agricultural area that was donated in 1305 to maintain a small chapel on the old Dresden Elbe bridge . In 1535 Georg von Komerstadt took over the land and built a farm. Elector Moritz acquired the Ostravorwerk on July 29, 1550 with the cattle, the dairy farming facilities and other inventory. In the following years he had it expanded at considerable expense and bought additional land from the farmers in Ostra. Around 1550 the later Little Ostragehege was called the Baumgarten , which suggests its use.

The economic endeavors of Elector August to improve the inventory management of his fortress in Dresden prompted him to buy up the farm in the village of Ostra . He took over this property from the Meißner bishop in 1559 and gradually created a large agricultural business with a total area of ​​around 553 hectares. The village of Ostra was dissolved. The farmers who previously resided there received a new livelihood on the area of ​​the secularized Leubnitz monastery and in the Zschertnitz Vorwerk . As a result, the village settlement of Neuostra was created in Leubnitz . The Electress Anna received the Vorwerk in the Baumgarten (Klein-Ostra) in 1563 . In this plantation-like area , an orangery complex was later built across from The Duchess Garden .

A large number of civil servants were needed to manage the new chamber property and its areas . From 1570 a Frönerhof existed to accommodate them . With the growing number of people, a new farm was built on the Weißeritz in 1613, which later became the sheep farm . The agricultural activities in the east enclosure included dairy farming , poultry farming , fruit growing , beekeeping and beaver breeding . The agricultural ambitions of Elector August also resulted in the publication of the Artificial Fruit Garden Booklet [s] . In addition to the estate in Ostra, he created other chamber goods in Saxony. Together they formed the core of his mercantilist agricultural policy , in addition to the legally mandated restriction of aristocratic arbitrariness in the countryside . Together with his advisor Melchior von Ossa , the elector managed to manage the house precisely, thereby avoiding unnecessary tax burdens on his subjects. This tight economic management developed into a model for agricultural enterprises of other owners.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the landscape in the west of the old Dresden city center , characterized by marsh meadows, small Werdern and oxbow lakes of the Elbe, the Weißeritzlauf and its Mühlgraben , was still used for agricultural purposes. These were fruit tree plantations, a zoo and the pheasantry of the Saxon court. The electoral Ostravorwerk on the southwestern edge of the enclosure, together with the village of Ostra , was the only development west of the Weißeritz for a long time. In 1670, Elector Johann Georg II began to implement the plan for a suburb. Settlers and craftsmen were recruited for this project, but the success remained low due to competition concerns from the Dresden guilds. This point in time represents the beginning of Friedrichstadt , which was then still known as Ostra .

It is assumed that the enclosure of a zoo area carried out in 1696 by Kammergut Ostra led to the name Großer Ostragehege . The Ostragehege and the Great Garden, which was laid out as a hunting ground in 1676, formed a mirror image of the green space surrounding the historic city center of Dresden. Both landscape areas have approximately the same area.

In the 1740s, trees were planted on Ostra-Allee, the foundation stone for green promenade streets in the slowly developing suburb of Friedrichstadt. At the same time, an avenue was planted parallel to the Weißeritz. This began in the Ostragehege not far from the mouth of the Weißeritz on the left bank, led to the Friedrichstädter Bridge along the then waterway (Weißeritzstraße) and ended further south at Löbtauer Schlag .

Cuvilliés plan to expand the kennel garden

The first conceptual consideration for the large-scale horticultural design in the Great Ostragehege is handed down from 1761, when Elector Friedrich August II commissioned the French garden designer François de Cuvilliés to redesign the city fortifications and to plant avenues in front of the fortifications. The plans provided, for example, with the project of a new palace complex west of the Zwinger, to create a horticultural complex up to Übigauer Allee in the Ostragehege. This should create a connection to Castle Übigau . The plans for this extensive baroque park design were not implemented.

Changes in the 19th century

The Ostragehege on a city map from 1863

The commercial and industrial use of the Ostragehege had already been considered in the first half of the 19th century. Such a development was already apparent in 1842, when the Bramsch compressed yeast and alcohol factory was founded here. Initially, the landscape of the Ostragehege remained untouched by commercial and industrial developments. The responsible authorities discussed a proposal for the construction of a port on the Elbe in 1845, but the state parliament rejected this request.

According to the plan “The Centralization of the Dresden Railway Stations” from the financial survey bureau in the Royal Saxon Ministry of Finance from 1850, the railway network for the already existing commercial operations was to be rapidly expanded west of the city center. The small eastern enclosure and the north-eastern part of the large eastern enclosure were particularly affected. These plans also influenced the renovation of the river system in this area, which was carried out around 50 years later.

The Elbe station, which opened on April 2, 1856, is located in the north-eastern area of ​​the Großer Ostragehege, near the Marienbrücke, for the shipment of coal from the former Elbzweigbahn, which ran from the original coal station. Here, coal from the Döhlener Senke was brought by the Hahnichen coal branch for loading onto ships and other coal coming from the Bohemian port of Bodenbach was handled. An erected crane served to unload the sandstone goods delivered from the Elbe Sandstone Mountains . Other products handled were lumber, railway sleepers, pig iron and wicker. A little later, on March 1, 1859, a track system was opened to the "Elbkaistation" in the Kleiner Ostragehege, which led from the coal unloading area under the Marienbrücke. The packing yard and the customs authorities were located here. With these port facilities, massive bank reinforcements were created on the Elbe and the Ostragehege began to lose its original character as a meadow landscape .

This expansion of the Elbe River was triggered and facilitated by the resolutions of the Elbe Shipping Revision Commission . At their meeting in Prague in 1870, a sailing depth of 84 cm was set to secure navigation in the Elbe stream even when the water level was low. This required the removal of gravel and sand banks, individual rocks and straightening work on banks. At the height of the Ostragehege, this requirement triggered a redesign of the river landscape with major interventions, which made the idea of ​​building commercial harbor facilities much easier. It was known that the Elbe deposited the debris it carried with it in large quantities in its bank area of ​​Dresden. That is why there were several steam dredgers in operation at that time . At the Ostragehege, the mouth of the Weißeritz made the situation even more complicated, as it posed a considerable threat due to its occasional torrential floods with heavy debris. The floods of 1845 caused particularly severe damage.

In 1878 the city established a local law in which parts of the city “factory districts” were permitted. This affected four districts of Dresden. From this point on, there were no longer any restrictions for Friedrichstadt, and industrial settlements there began early. The development in the Wilsdruffer Vorstadt and Friedrichstadt to an industrial-commercial quarter was carried out in Dresden in 1875 with concrete plans for relocating the Weißeritzlauf. The necessity of this intervention in the course of the river was suggested as early as 1850 by FK Preßler, the director of the financial surveying office when the city's railway network was being designed.

As a counter-proposal to the commercial interests in use, several designs for a public garden were made in 1885 . The city of Dresden had announced a competition for this. First place went to a design from Berlin . Carl Friedrich Seidel from Dresden submitted another planning proposal that had been noted , which provided for a use structure based on social aspects with playgrounds, event areas and restaurants. These considerations were not implemented.

Relocation of the Weißeritz and the construction of the Alberthafen

To improve flood protection , the Weißeritzlauf was relocated from 1891 to 1893 to a confluence with the Elbe west of the Ostragehege. In the same period of time, the construction of the Friedrichstadt flood channel was carried out. The excavated material was used for the parallel port construction, the marshalling yard in Friedrichstadt and partly to raise the area in the Ostragehege.

On June 21, 1891, work began on the Alberthafen . For this purpose, an area had been selected that was located at the western end of the Great Ostragehege and was characterized by its natural conditions of small bodies of water and watercourses. The work came to an end with the inauguration of the König-Albert-Hafen on November 1st, 1895. In this context, a railroad siding was brought up from the west . Due to the construction of the port, the Ostragehege lost a large part of its Übigauer Allee .

The east enclosure in the 20th century

In 1900 it was decided to build a new slaughterhouse for Dresden. For this purpose, a flood-safe area had to be created, which was achieved with considerable embankments. The resulting changes in the terrain led to the construction of the slaughterhouse bridge . The planning of the buildings for this huge project was approved by the council on April 11, 1906. The slaughterhouse construction work took place from 1906 to 1910. This brought about a fundamental change on the “Ostrainsel”. The area, which was originally inaccessible as a romantic floodplain landscape and was provided with two large tree-lined avenues in the Baroque period, has now finally lost its untouched character.

The Dresden mill was opened at Alberthafen in 1914 . The Kammergut Ostra on the southern edge of the Ostragehege was closed in 1917. This ended the several centuries of agricultural management in the form of permanent operation in this inner-city landscape. The Dresdner Sportclub 1898 has been using facilities in the Ostragehege since 1919 . From 1954 and again in 1989 the sporting activities of the SC Einheit Dresden developed from this .

A plan presented in 1937 under the direction of City Planning Officer Paul Wolf for a sports forum with dimensions like that of the Berlin Olympic site was not implemented. When the sports facilities were later expanded, however, the eastern section of Übigauer Allee was cut down. For the representative design of the transition from the city center to the Kleiner Ostragehege, the city of Dresden planned a cultural forum in the 1940s that would have taken up a large space from the banks of the Elbe to Ostra-Allee. To do this, the storage and port facilities would have had to be completely demolished. These plans did not come to fruition.

As part of the war , a small military port was built on the western edge of the Great Ostragehege, which was later filled up again. The air raids on Dresden in February 1945 also caused some destruction. The DSC Stadium (today: Heinz Steyer Stadium ) was a target marking point for the pilots. As early as 1945, after the war events had severely destroyed Dresden, the southern area of ​​the Ostragehege served as a dump for the huge masses of rubble in the city. A rubble track brought the rubble from the city center. They are still recognizable today as a green mountain between the sports facilities and Magdeburger Strasse .

On the basis of the GDR's construction law of September 6, 1950, extensive activities took place in the inner cities affected by the war. No development plan was planned for Friedrichstadt and the Ostragehege . As a result, this urban area remained largely untouched. However, many buildings and properties in the neighboring Friedrichstadt fell into disrepair.

The city planning office started work on the zoning plan for Dresden by a resolution passed by the city ​​council on September 20, 1990 . In this context, the need for protection and upgrading of the Great Ostragehege was recognized. This view found its way into the publicly issued preliminary zoning plan in 1993. With the relocation of the slaughterhouse, the need for urban planning action increased in favor of a new urban concept. The idea for Dresden's application for the IGA 2003 developed from the previous planning drafts for the Ostragehege . The demands on this development task were so high that well-known architects such as Roland Ostertag advocated it in advance. As a result, the urban planning office originally involved in this was created its own Ostragehege planning group - IGA 2003 , which was headed by Klaus Mutscher. At the same time, a citizens' initiative was founded in the form of a support association, which campaigned to attract public attention to the development of this urban landscape area with the main uses of living as well as an exhibition and congress center in the Great Ostragehege. Following the planning work, the city of Dresden launched an international urban development and landscape conservation ideas competition, Großes Ostragehege - IGA Dresden 2003 . This competition ran from February 8 to June 14, 1995.

However, the failure of the IGA decision within the city led in December 1995 to the organizer Zentralverband Gartenbau eV (ZVG) rejecting the intended location of Dresden and thus influenced the original planning framework. As a result, the urban development master plan "Large Ostragehege" was created, which comprised an area of ​​around 550 hectares west / north-west of the city center and was confirmed by the city council on January 29, 1997. A year later, the city council decided on the development plan no. 78 "Schlachthofinsel", as a result of which the new exhibition center was opened with a ceremony on September 17, 1999 .

In the landscape plan from 1997, the ecological basis for urban land-use planning in Dresden, the Elbe meadows and the flood channel in the east enclosure were classified as particularly important for biotope and species protection and as an important urban climatic fresh air generation area . The north-western area was previously defined as a natural monument . In addition to its economic use, the port basin has an important ecological function for wintering and as a spawning area for around 35 fish species on the Elbe.

Development

Erlwein had the New Slaughterhouse built on an artificially created Umlaufberg . This was most recently converted into the Dresden Exhibition Center . The slaughterhouse bridge was built over the flood channel between Umlaufberg and Friedrichstadt for road traffic in order to be able to reach the exhibition center or, in the past, the slaughterhouse area. Further to the east there is a large sports complex in the Ostragehege. Important buildings are the Heinz Steyer Stadium and the ice rink . The largest users of the sports facilities are the Dresdner SC , the Dresdner Eislöwen and the Dresden Monarchs . From March 1990 to autumn 1993, near the sports facilities in the Ostragehege, there was the location of the Musik Circus Sachsen, a temporary tent, at that time the largest discotheque in the GDR with a capacity of 4,000 people.

Exhibitions

OSTRALE exhibition building

The OSTRALE - International Exhibition for Contemporary Arts has been taking place in the Ostragehege since 2007 . In 2008 around 8,500 spectators visited the over 100 different art spaces on an area of ​​more than 7,000 square meters. The OSTRALE is now the third largest art exhibition in Germany and in 2014 it had 19,000 visitors.

On February 16, 2012, OSTRALE directors Andrea Hilger and Martin Müller announced that a ten-year lease had been signed for the feed stalls on the historic slaughterhouse grounds at the Dresden trade fair. This building complex has previously served as an annual exhibition space for the art festival. The contract is between OSTRALE, the OSTRALE.freunde development association and the owner DGI, Gesellschaft für Immobilienwirtschaft mbH Dresden. The previously dilapidated buildings are to be refurbished with a subsidy of at least 4.5 million euros so that exhibitions and activities can change throughout the year in the feeding stalls. There are collaborations with the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts and the Young Generation Theater in Dresden.

literature

Web links

Commons : Ostragehege  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cf. the Brandenburg reprint: Artificial ObstGartenBüchlein, Elector August I zu Sachsen, etc. Itzo on the new from a lover of the garden bawes again on the day . Martin Guthen, Berlin 1636 ( digitized in the Google book search).
  2. ^ Karin Zachmann : Kursächsischer Merkantilismus. State economic policy with a production-centered approach. In: Günter Bayerl , Wolfhard Weber : Social history of technology. Ulrich Troitzsch on his 60th birthday. Waxmann Verlag, Münster 1998, pp. 122–123, ISBN 3-89325-587-7
  3. ^ A b Jörn Walter , Anette Friedrich, Peter Emmrich et al .: Urban development framework plan for the large eastern enclosure and surrounding area. Documentation for the city council resolution . Self-published, City of Dresden, 1998
  4. ↑ Volker Helas : From the rhythm of a city . In: Dresdner Geschichtsverein (Ed.): Großes Ostragehege / Friedrichstadt. History and development opportunities. Dresdner Hefte 47.Dresden 1996, ISBN 3-910055-36-2
  5. ^ Sieglinde Nickel: Ostra - from the village to the enclosure . In: Dresdner Geschichtsverein (Ed.): Großes Ostragehege / Friedrichstadt. History and development opportunities. Dresdner Hefte 47.Dresden 1996, ISBN 3-910055-36-2
  6. ↑ a b c d e Klaus Mutscher: Planning for the Great Ostragehege. In: Dresdner Geschichtsverein (Ed.): Großes Ostragehege / Friedrichstadt. History and development opportunities. Dresdner Hefte 47.Dresden 1996, ISBN 3-910055-36-2
  7. ^ Sylvia Butenschön: History of Dresden City Green - The Development of Urban Green Areas from the 15th Century to the 1930s . In: State Office for Monument Preservation (Hrsg.): 30 years of garden monument preservation in Saxony. Beucha 2007, ISBN 978-3-86729-019-7
  8. ↑ a b c d Stephan Klaus: The Ostragehege as a port facility . In: Dresdner Geschichtsverein (Ed.): Großes Ostragehege / Friedrichstadt. History and development opportunities. Dresdner Hefte 47.Dresden 1996, ISBN 3-910055-36-2
  9. ↑ Landesvermessungsamt Sachsen (Ed.): The measurement of Saxony. 200 years of surveying management . Dresden 2006, ISBN 3-937386-12-2 , p. 15
  10. ↑ Canzler, Hauschild: pp. 445, 512-513, 536-538
  11. ↑ a b c d Volker Helas: The history of Friedrichstadt. In: Dresdner Geschichtsverein (Ed.): Großes Ostragehege / Friedrichstadt. History and development opportunities. Dresdner Hefte 47.Dresden 1996, ISBN 3-910055-36-2
  12. ↑ History and local situation. Large eastern enclosure. In: Urban planning and architecture. State capital Dresden, accessed on December 4, 2019 .
  13. ↑ Volker Helas: Small Ostragehege. In: Dresdner Geschichtsverein (Ed.): Großes Ostragehege / Friedrichstadt. History and development opportunities. Dresdner Hefte 47.Dresden 1996, ISBN 3-910055-36-2
  14. ↑ Klaus FW Tempel: Citizens' initiative for the Ostragehege . In: Dresdner Geschichtsverein (Ed.): Großes Ostragehege / Friedrichstadt. History and development opportunities. Dresdner Hefte 47.Dresden 1996, ISBN 3-910055-36-2
  15. ↑ Landeshauptstadt Dresden (Ed.): Land use plan - partial land use plan in the city limits of December 31, 1996. Citizens' information landscape plan , draft March 1997. Dresden 1997
  16. ^ State capital Dresden (ed.): Landscape plan - partial landscape plan in the city limits from December 31. 1996. Citizens' information landscape plan, draft March 1997. Dresden 1997
  17. ↑ Dresdner Ostrale has a permanent home. In: Iserlohner Kreisanzeiger and newspaper (online). February 16, 2012, accessed December 4, 2019 .

Coordinates: 51 ° 4 ′ 15 "  N , 13 ° 42 ′ 45"  E