Poultry production

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Poultry farm in South Africa , in the foreground black ground after a controlled fire, which makes room for younger grasses

The poultry production includes the systems of production of products from poultry . The main products are poultry meat and bird eggs . The poultry market is dominated by hybrid chickens and hybrid breeds of turkey . Traditional breeds of domestic chickens and traditional turkey strokes only occur in hobby keeping.

Global production

Poultry meat

The greatest producers

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization FAO, around 122 million tonnes of poultry meat were produced worldwide in 2017 .

The following table gives an overview of the twenty largest producers of poultry meat worldwide, who produced 75.7% of the total.

Largest poultry meat producers (2017)
rank country Quantity
(in t ) 		  rank country Quantity
(in t)
1 United StatesUnited States United States 21,914,440 11 IranIran Iran 1,837,273
2 China People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China People's Republic of China 11,611,177 12 ArgentinaArgentina Argentina 1,532,387
3 BrazilBrazil Brazil 5,505,572 13 United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom 1,466,949
4th RussiaRussia Russia 4,298,893 14th FranceFrance France 1,455,677
5 IndiaIndia India 3,824,682 15th MalaysiaMalaysia Malaysia 1,441,851
6th MexicoMexico Mexico 3,733,349 16 ThailandThailand Thailand 1,280,000
7th PolandPoland Poland 3,529,610 17th South AfricaSouth Africa South Africa 1,272,257
8th IndonesiaIndonesia Indonesia 2,141,807 18th MyanmarMyanmar Myanmar 1,044,561
9 JapanJapan Japan 2,136,276 19th ColombiaColombia Colombia 960,555
10 TurkeyTurkey Turkey 2,047,800 20th SpainSpain Spain 902.330
world 122.007.322
Poultry production (2017)
POULTRY SPECIES Production
(in t )
Chickens (chicken)
  
 109.056.179
Turkeys
  
 5,948,197
Ducks
  
 4,460,226
Geese and guinea fowl
  
 2,522,202

Consumption data

Around 20% of the meat consumed in the EU is poultry (annual per capita consumption in 2002: 13.3 kg). In Germany , 13.2 kg of poultry were consumed per capita in 2018, with a total meat consumption of 60.3 kg.

Development of the per capita consumption of
poultry meat in kg in Germany
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
9.1 9.5 10.8 10.4 10.6 10.9 10.5 10.0 10.6 10.9 11.2 11.1 11.3 11.0 11.6 11.6 11.6 12.5 12.4 13.2
Source: German Butchers Association Source: Federal Association of the
German Meat Industry. V.

Degree of self-sufficiency

The degree of self-sufficiency shows the relationship between production and consumption in a country. If a country exports more food than it imports, the degree of self-sufficiency is over 100 percent. Germany produces significantly more poultry meat than the population consumes. Austria and Switzerland produce significantly less than they consume.

country Degree of self-sufficiency in%
GermanyGermany Germany 112
AustriaAustria Austria 71
SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland 55

The 10 poultry companies with the highest turnover in Germany

Companies Seat Sales
in million euros
PHW Group
(Wiesenhof, Erich Wesjohann Group ) 		Visbek 2,227.6
Rothkötter
( Emsland fresh poultry , Celler Land fresh poultry) 		Meppen 800.0
Sprehe group of companies Lorup 730.0
Heidemark Garrel 600.0
Plukon Food Group
(Friki Storkow, Gebr. Stolle) 		Wezep
(Netherlands)		 540.0
Velisco
(Gutstetten, Landbrink) 		Red at the lake 250.0
Nölke Group
(Müritzer, Menzefricke, Gutfried) 		Versmold 224.0
Vossko frozen food Ostbevern 129.0
Borgmeier Delbruck 105.0
Good Bergmark Cappeln 60.0

Switzerland

In Switzerland there is the SGP (Swiss poultry producers) association. It was founded in 1999 and, according to its own information, has around 1000 members. In 2019, the Bio Poulet interest group was founded. More than a third of organic chicken fatteners (56 out of around 140) are members of this IG.

The 'Aviforum' in Zollikofen is regarded as the competence center of the Swiss poultry industry in the areas of education, research and services; it has its own test and production facility. The Swiss poultry newspaper is (as of mid-2013) the only specialist magazine for the Swiss poultry industry. It is published monthly in two languages.

In Switzerland, broiler poultry are kept on the floor on straw or wood shavings. The animals can move freely on the floor in the barn, scratch and have raised seating (BTS program). Most poultry farmers allow the animals to run outside (RAUS program), be it in an outdoor climate area (AKB) (paved, covered area), in an exercise yard (AKB without a roof) or on a meadow. These types of husbandry are considered more demanding and expensive, but you get contributions.

There are two types of housing in Switzerland: “BTS” (particularly animal-friendly housing systems) and “RAUS” (housing with regular access to the open air). Animal rights activists criticize (see Animal Welfare Label # Switzerland ) that these designations are intended to make a polished impression on consumers.

In Switzerland, the conventional poultry production was from 1996 to label products as well as for the most part voluntarily admixture of animal meal waived (meat and bone meal was at that time by the BSE scandal fall in cows into disrepute).

Austria

In Austria there is the Central Working Group for the Poultry Industry (ZAG). It is a voluntary interest group for the Austrian poultry industry. ZAG represents the interests of Austrian egg production and Austrian poultry fattening.

The Austrian Quality Poultry Association (QGV), a recognized poultry health service, records the path of fattening poultry and laying hens with all controls, treatments and salmonella samples in a database.

Austria's laying hen farmers switched their entire fresh egg production to GMO-free feeding in autumn 2010. In 2012, a large part of Austrian broiler production (chicken, turkey) was converted to GMO-free feeding.

67 percent of Austria supplies itself with poultry meat, and the trend is falling.

Eggs

With 40%, China is by far the largest egg producer. 94% of the bird eggs produced in 2007 were hen eggs .

Races

Different hybrid chickens are mainly used in chicken production. Pedigree poultry (traditional breeds) is only used in pedigree poultry breeding. In egg production, the leghorn hybrid chicken is mainly used due to its high yield .

Dual-use breeds are larger than Leghorns and therefore mean higher production costs. Also in fattening they are inferior to specialized meat breeds in terms of cost efficiency. Mast hybrids are often used for fattening, in the past for example between female Plymouth Rocks and male Cornishs . These hybrid breeds lay fewer eggs, but are very suitable for fattening.

The main breeds of turkeys are bronze and white. The whites are the most common breed.

The best duck breeds for meat production are American Peking duck and warts duck . The best breeds for egg production are the khaki campbell and the duck .

attitude

Keeping areas for chickens (source: Meat Atlas )

There are three types of operations in chicken production: egg production, broiler fattening and rearing.

  • In egg-producing farms (“laying farms”), laying hens are kept in aviary systems, on the floor or in manure pits. After one or two production cycles, the hens are sold as soup chickens.
  • Broiler fattening uses high-calorie feed, typically imports from South America, to safely achieve high and rapid weight gains.
  • Rearing companies keep chicks, which are then sold to egg or broiler fattening companies. A common business model in poultry production is vertical integration , in which several production steps are more closely linked and which are usually financed and coordinated by feed manufacturers or processors. This creates huge companies that produce efficiently, but also cause environmental pollution.

Turkeys can be fattened outdoors or in stalls, with a trend towards stable housing. Geese and ducks are usually kept indoors and with less use of machinery. In chicken keeping, on the other hand, automatic or semi-automatic feeding, watering and cleaning devices are often used. Also, light influences the sexual maturity and laying rate and is therefore regulated.

Feed accounts for the majority of the costs in poultry production. These feeds can either be bought ready-mixed or prepared on the farm. The birds need carbohydrates , proteins , minerals , vitamins and water . Grit (split) is fed to make it easier to break up the food in the stomach. Mussel shells provide the animals with calcium .

Due to intensive farming, a large number of diseases and parasites are a constant threat in poultry production. The most efficient approach from the perspective of costs is extensive prevention , which includes sanitary technology , isolation , vaccinations and long-term medication . Important vaccinations are for Marek's disease , Newcastle disease, and infectious bronchitis of chickens .

Laying hen systems

In 1950 a chicken in Germany laid an average of 120 eggs per year, in 2015 it was around 300.
When it comes to housing systems, a distinction is made between cage, floor and free-range housing. The majority of the eggs laid worldwide are caged. In Europe, however, cage farming is becoming less important, with the proportion falling to 75% in 2008.

According to the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture , of the 44.5 million keeping places in Germany, 26.6 million (60%) were free-range, 7 million (15.7%) were free-range, 5.1 million (11.5%) on keeping in designed cages and small groups and 3.7 million places (8.3%) on organic production (figures from December 1, 2013).

In Switzerland , the majority of eggs are already produced in free range; in Sweden , Austria and the Netherlands , barn farming is important. Australia and New Zealand follow this trend, in Australia the proportion of cage rearing has fallen below 80%. In the People's Republic of China and India , up to a third of eggs are still laid by non-commercial, free-range chickens, but in other countries around the world, cage farming dominates production with 80–100%. According to the laying hen ordinance , conventional cage farming has been prohibited in Germany since January 1st, 2009. However, scientists believe free housing systems for any animal-friendly housing system in the factory farming . In the EU, the type of husbandry is printed on the hen's egg according to the egg labeling rules .

Cage

Laying hens in conventional cages (banned throughout the EU since 2012)

There are different forms of cage management. Conventional cage management is also known as a laying battery or battery of laying hens. The supply of feed and water, the collection of the eggs and the disposal of the manure are fully automated. The cages are made of metal, are designed for five hens and are arranged on several, sometimes more than ten floors. Laying batteries have an area of ​​550 cm² per hen. Cage farming is the most cost-effective of all forms of keeping, but it is criticized by animal rights activists with regard to species- appropriate behavior , since hens are only able to move to a very limited extent and cannot flap their wings or sandbath .

In all parameters (land and energy consumption, pollution, global warming), cage farming has a more favorable ecological balance per unit of yield than any other system of egg production (including conventional and ecological free-range farming). This was the result of a life cycle assessment from 2006 commissioned by the British Ministry of Agriculture, which covered all production steps up to the “farm gate” (ie without subsequent processing steps, transport and storage up to final sale). Reasons include the low overheads in breeding (high reproduction rates), the very efficient feed conversion and the high daily weight gain (made possible by advances in breeding and feeding).

Conventional cage farming was banned in Switzerland in 1992 and in Germany and Austria in 2009. Since January 1, 2012, it has been banned throughout the European Union . The import of caged eggs and products containing them is still allowed. From 2012, only designed cages are allowed in the European Union that offer more space (750 cm² per animal) as well as scratching areas, perches and nests. On October 20, 2011, the EU Commission criticized the sluggish implementation of a corresponding EU regulation in some EU member states and affirmed that it would not extend the deadline for the ban on cage farming to January 1, 2012. The last six companies with designed cages in Austria should be closed by the end of 2019.

Small group housing

The so-called small group housing developed in Germany and allowed since 2006 goes beyond the EU requirements for a designed cage. The small group housing (40 to 60 animals) offers each hen an area of ​​800–900 cm², darkened nests for laying eggs, raised perches and 900 cm² litter area per ten hens for scratching and pecking. The University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover describes this type of husbandry as a compromise between competitiveness and species-fairness. Animal rights activists such as PETA or the German Animal Welfare Association criticize this form of husbandry and describe the term small group husbandry as euphemistic . About 10% of German laying hens are kept in small groups. In a decision of October 12, 2010, the Federal Constitutional Court declared the regulation on keeping small groups incompatible with the Basic Law because the Animal Welfare Commission was not heard in the manner required by the Animal Welfare Act. A new regulation must take place by the end of March 2012. After a new regulation was initially delayed, the Federal Council decided on November 6, 2015 that the keeping of laying hens in small groups in specially designed cages should be ended. A change to the Animal Welfare and Livestock Keeping Ordinance provides for an expiry period for existing farms until the end of 2025. An extension of the deadline by a maximum of three years should only be possible for special cases of hardship.

Free run

Parent animals in floor housing

In classic barn housing, a droppings box that takes up two thirds of the area and is provided with nests and perches is in the middle of the barn. The perches can also be raised in a stepped manner so that the space is better used. The remaining area serves as scratching area. The feeding and drinking facilities are located above the perches so that as much manure as possible gets into the manure pit. The manure can remain in the stall the entire time, but is mostly removed from the stall on belts or with the help of scrubbers. The eggs can usually be collected from the nests by an automatic belt. A variant of floor housing is aviary housing, in which several levels of nests, perches and feed troughs enable better use of space. The barn can also be expanded to include a covered exercise area ("outdoor climate area / AKB"), which is only provided with a grid or net on one side. The floor is fixed and must also be strewn. This can improve the stable climate and increase the usable floor area.

Floor housing is more appropriate to the species than cage housing and more cost-effective than free-range housing. One of the disadvantages compared to cage farming is that the hens have more physical contact with the faeces, which promotes the spread of parasites and diseases.

Free range

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.
Free range laying hens

Laying hens must have a minimum free range of 4 m² free range per chicken next to their house. The rules for the stable are the same as for floor housing. In addition to their barn with perches, nests and litter, free-range chickens have outdoor exercise during the day, where they can live out their natural behavior and their need for movement unhindered. Most of the run-out must be green. Trees, bushes or a shelter are necessary so that the animals can find protection from natural enemies. In the case of improper husbandry, potential problems with free-range husbandry are (very low) losses from birds of prey , cannibalism and diseases such as rot and tuberculosis as well as parasite infestation , which may require the use of medication. The laying performance is lower. According to a study by the Technical University of Munich , the bacterial load in hen's eggs from organic free-range farming is not increased compared to conventional laying hen farming.

Free-range geese in the Kirbachtal

These problems can be solved by various measures, e.g. B. through the breeding of more robust and better feathered laying hybrids, the prophylactic vaccination and careful health monitoring with timely treatment, the structural optimization and regular disinfection of the heavily used stall areas and especially through a species-appropriate design of the stall-distant outdoor areas by appropriate planting and creation of artificial ones Hiding places, drinking troughs, dust and sand baths. Areas that are particularly heavily used should be fenced in until the sward has regenerated in order to reduce environmental pollution and the potential health hazard.

Chickens from the mobile barn system "Hühnermobil 225". Protected from birds of prey by the presence of goats.
Chicken carts and chicken tractors

Mobile stall systems represent a special solution approach. With chicken wagons , so-called mobile stall systems , or the smaller solution, the chicken tractors , the outdoor area can be changed regularly, which enormously reduces the nutrient input in the soil and its wear and tear as well as the accumulation of pathogens. These stalls can be equipped similarly to conventional floor and aviary systems. Areas pre-grazed by beef cattle and sheep are particularly suitable as run-out areas.

In organic farming this type of farming is most common and is subject to additional requirements. The density of occupancy in the barn must not exceed six animals per square meter, and the feed must come from organic farming.

Poultry growing

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.
06:42, March 12 2012 (CET)

The entire stable area is littered or provided with perforated material. The height of the water and feed lines must also be adjustable so that the animals can always drink and eat from the right height as they grow. This also has economic advantages, as the equipment can be pulled to the ceiling after the end of the mast and the stable can then be cleaned more easily. The chicks are initially held in wire mesh or plastic grids with a height of 50-100 cm ("chick rings"). These are arranged around a drinking and feeding device so that the chicks get used to these devices.

Broiler

Broiler

In the USA, open stables are common that have no paved floor and the sides of which are only limited by automatically controlled blinds . This form, also known as “natural stable” or “Louisiana stable”, has free ventilation in contrast to the closed solid stable with forced ventilation. The width of the barn is limited to 11 meters and the length is 80–100 meters. In these lousiana stables, a layer of litter about 35 cm high is applied before the animals are housed, which is only partially removed after the end of fattening (moist litter and dust). After about a year (seven to eight passes), the entire shift can be removed and the stable can be wet cleaned and disinfected. The litter forms a dung mattress that warms the floor and helps to save heating costs. In the warm summer months it is cooled.

In the Central European climatic area, the floor is usually fixed (concrete), often in combination with a solid stable, which is closed and heated in winter. After 32–38 days, the chickens reach a final weight of 1.5–2 kg. After the animals have been removed from the stall, the stalls are cleared of manure, cleaned with high-pressure cleaners and then disinfected. A 0.5–1 cm thick layer of straw or wood shavings serves as litter.

Turkey fattening

Free range turkey farming

For turkey fattening, the open stall with free ventilation predominates. Additional cooling for hot summer months is provided as in broiler production. The litter should have an optimal height of 10–12 cm and is supplemented two to three times a week. After the end of the fattening period, the stable is completely cleaned and disinfected . The stable equipment can be supplemented with perches or raised seating and activity material. With perches it should be noted that animals that are too heavy can suffer technopathies such as ulcers or damage to the sternum. (Technopathies are physical damage caused by the housing system; ethopathies are behavioral disorders caused by housing conditions.) Employment material can be a bale of straw that the animals can peck at.

Free-range husbandry only plays a role in turkey fattening within the framework of organic production, where smaller stocks and exercise are used. To protect against weather conditions, shelters such as straw castles, old buildings or mobile stables are used. Since beak shortening is not permitted, there is an increased risk of cannibalism . The maximum stocking density is ten animals per square meter. Perches are required in rearing and fattening. The minimum slaughter age is 140 days. In the vicinity of the stable, there is an increased level of excrement and parasite infestation as well as silting up when it rains. Losses from birds of prey, foxes and martens are possible. Particularly in poorly cared for paddocks, the occurrence of black head disease can lead to considerable losses , since medication, on the other hand, is prohibited throughout the EU. With regard to the problems of organic free-range husbandry , several approaches are recommended: Due to the prohibition of medication, only dry areas should be used with regard to hygiene and only alternate outlets should be used to regenerate the sward. Creating additional hiding places can reduce the losses caused by birds of prey. Rainwater should be collected and drained via gutters, bald spots should be filled with sand or wood chips ; to reduce germs it should be limed .

Problems, grievances

Free-range turkey with bald spots

If the environmental conditions are insufficient, overburdened animals can show behavior disorders. Feather pecking and cannibalism occur primarily in chickens, but also in turkeys, ducks and occasionally geese. The triggering factors are numerous. Species-appropriate rearing conditions can have a preventive effect. Dry and loose litter, air that is low in harmful gases and not too warm, as well as the supply of daylight are part of animal welfare. One rooster per 50 hens can have a positive regulatory effect. In turkeys, the intraspecific aggressiveness of the medium-intensive lines is significantly lower than that of the intensive conventional hybrids.

The EFSA also concluded that behaviors such as foraging, dust bathing, sitting and nest-building can not be lived in some stables, leading to frustration, deprivation may result in injury. Injuries from feather pecking remain the main problem, especially in large groups. The problem can be minimized through appropriate stocking, management and genetic selection. The beak trimming (cropping) is a painful procedure which is carried out in young birds. EFSA considers the following problems to be serious:

  • conventional battery
    • poor bone strength and fractures during depopulation
    • no possibility for elementary behavior
  • small furnished cages
    • Feather pecking and cannibalism in herds without docked beaks
    • Acting out elementary behavior is restricted
  • Free range
    • Cannibalism in herds without docked beaks
    • high risk of parasitic diseases

Use of antibiotics in almost all animals

In November 2011, the then NRW Environment Minister Johannes Remmel (Greens) presented a study that the State Office for the Environment, Nature and Consumer Protection (LANUV) carried out in 2011 on behalf of his ministry. It is the first nationwide study on the use of drugs in broiler production. 182 companies with a total of 962 rounds were examined. However, due to errors in the content of the study, it had to be revised. The revised study was then published largely unnoticed by the public in April 2012.

The most important study results are:

  • 91.6% of the animals from the herds examined received antibiotics . Antibiotic-free broiler fattening was only found in 155 of 984 fattening rounds (16%), but only 8.4% of the animals were kept there. Antibiotics were used in 829 fattening cycles (84%).
  • Five of the 19 antibiotic-free farms were organic. There were also 24 farms that had not used antibiotics in all fattening runs (only 832 of the 984 fattening runs could be assigned).
  • In small farms (fewer than 20,000 animals) and fattening for more than 45 days, the treatment intensity (duration, number of active ingredients) was significantly lower. A general relationship between treatment intensity and farm size, on the other hand, was not discernible on the basis of the individual farm data.
  • In the fattening rounds examined, a large number of active ingredients were used during the lifespan of the animals (23 to 73 days), sometimes up to eight different antibiotics. On average, three different drugs were administered per session.
  • The antibiotics were only given for one to two days in 40% of the treatments; this was outside the licensing requirements for certain antibiotics. In individual cases, a treatment duration of 24 days was determined. On average, the animals received antibiotics for 7.6 days.
Animals
on the farm		 mean
fattening time		 mean
duration of treatment
<20,000 43 3.1
20 001 to 50 000 37 6.5
50 001 to 90 000 37 9.1
90,000 < 36 6.8

Scientists have long warned against the regular use of antibiotics, because they encourage the formation of multi-resistant germs ( MRSA ). The Federal Veterinary Association and the EU are seeing a worldwide increase in resistant germs. In humans, these germs can lead to the antibiotics required in diseases having no or insufficient effects. According to the Robert Koch Institute , more than 15,000 people die in Germany every year because of multi-resistant germs. A long-term study by the BfR ( Federal Institute for Risk Assessment ) was able to detect germs in meat and food samples that were 48% resistant to at least one and 35% even resistant to at least two active substances. The underdosing of antibiotics in animals acts as an additional incentive for bacteria. Remmel demands that this must be stopped.

In July 2012, the federal government answered a small request from the GRÜNEN members of the Bundestag “Data on the allocation of antibiotics in livestock farming and the entry of antibiotics and multi-resistant germs into the environment”.

Case studies

( Described in more detail in the articles of the respective companies. )

The largest German poultry producer, the PHW Group with the Wiesenhof brand, stands u. a. Criticized for cruelty to animals in supplier companies (live animals ended up in the trash), keeping of overbred animals (too fast growth, immobile animals), violation of hygiene regulations, overuse of water supplies and precarious working conditions. Some of these businesses have already been terminated by Wiesenhof.

The market leader in Germany in the breeding of laying hens, Lohmann Tierzucht , was fined 100,000 euros in 2011 for cruelty to animals. The manager was warned. The company had some of the chicks' combs and toes cropped to protect them from injury.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Livestock primary> Meat, Poultry + Total (Items aggregated). In: Official FAO production statistics for 2017. fao.org, accessed on April 17, 2019 .
  2. ↑ VDF / BVDF Annual Conference 2019: Economic Development of the German Meat Sector - Overview. In: bvdf.de. May 23, 2019, accessed September 30, 2019 .
  3. ↑ Land creates life
  4. ^ Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food
  5. ↑ Statistics Austria
  6. ↑ Agricultural Report 2018
  7. ^ Food newspaper.net ( Memento of the original from January 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lebensmittelzeitung.net
  8. ↑ schweizer-gefluegel.ch and next to it gallosuisse.ch - Association of Swiss Egg Producers
  9. ↑ IG Bio Poulet founded. In: schweizerbauer.ch . May 3, 2019, accessed May 4, 2019 .
  10. ↑ aviforum.ch/de/portrait.asp Homepage
  11. ↑ aviforum.ch/de/forschung.asp Homepage
  12. ↑ aviforum.ch/de/gefluegelzeitung.asp Homepage
  13. ↑ Federal Office for Agriculture : Animal Welfare Contributions (BTS / RAUS) In: blw. admin.ch , accessed on October 8, 2018.
  14. ↑ Animal in focus : New revelations from the chicken fattening In: tier-im-fokus.ch, April 11, 2016, accessed on January 30, 2018; and Der große Hühner-Schwindel In: hühner-schwindel.ch, accessed on December 11, 2018
  15. ↑ 10vor10 : Broadcast on January 30, 2018 In: srf.ch , accessed on January 30, 2018. (From the 3rd + 4th post: Death is part of the business and studio conversation with Cesare Sciarra )
  16. ↑ Angelika Hardegger: Is that still agriculture - or is it already industry? In: nzz.ch , September 15, 2018, accessed on September 16, 2018.
  17. ↑ schweizer-gefluegel.ch/ => poultry => feed quality (not linkable)
  18. ↑ Central Working Group of the Austrian Poultry Industry
  19. ↑ Land creates life
  20. ↑ ARGE Gentechnik-frei
  21. ↑ Statistics Austria
  22. ↑ a b c d e f g Gillespie, J. & Flanders, F. (2009): Modern Livestock and Poultry Production. Cengage learning.
  23. ↑ New ways for more animal welfare , A magazine of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 1st edition, January 2016, p. 7 - ( Memento of the original from April 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bmel.de
  24. ↑ More than 75%: laying hen farming in the EU continues to be dominated by cage farming. European Marketing Agency GmbH, August 27, 2009.
  25. ↑ a b c Questions and answers on the keeping of laying hens in Germany. In: bmel.de . September 12, 2013, accessed September 30, 2019 .
  26. ↑ Global egg production is increasing. World Poultry, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2008.
  27. ↑ Agriculture: Back in the cage.
  28. ↑ a b Posture - forms of posture
  29. ↑ a b Landwirtschaft.ch
  30. ↑ a b c Laywel: Welfare implications of changes in production systems for laying hens. 2004 (PDF; 676 kB).
  31. ^ A b c d A. Williams, E. Audsley, D. Sandars: Williams, A., Audsley, E. and Sandars, D. Determining the environmental burdens and resource use in the production of agricultural and horticultural commodities ( Memento vom 4 February 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Defra Research Project IS0205. Bedford: Cranfield University and Defra (2006).
  32. ↑ Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management Austria: Austria pioneers in cage management , accessed on July 26, 2017
  33. ↑ Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management Austria: Austria pioneers in cage management , accessed on July 26, 2017
  34. ↑ a b Simone Hoepke: Why many cage eggs still end up on the plate. In: kurier.at . April 10, 2019, accessed April 11, 2019 .
  35. ↑ DIRECTIVE 1999/74 / EG OF THE COUNCIL of 19 July 1999 laying down minimum requirements for the protection of laying hens. (PDF)
  36. ↑ Ban on battery packs: EU Commission insists on timely implementation. Press release from the EU Commission.
  37. ↑ Statement by the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation on the keeping of laying hens.
  38. ↑ BVerfG press release No. 111/2010 of December 2, 2010.
  39. ^ German Bundestag, Petitions Committee: Constitutional regulation on keeping laying hens in small groups required. ( Memento of the original from August 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Press release. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bundestag.de
  40. ↑ a b Jürgen Weiß, Wilhelm Probst, Susanne Granz: Animal Production. Parey bei Mvs, 2011, ISBN 978-3-8304-1122-2 .
  41. ↑ Organic farming helps reduce antibiotic resistance. Website of the Technical University of Munich. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  42. ↑ a b Thomas Richter (Ed.): The cause of illness, attitude. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-8304-1043-3 .
  43. ↑ Effects on animals. ( Memento of the original from April 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. On: tierschutz.org.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tierschutz.org
  44. ↑ Office of the Federal Organic Farming Program in the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food: Behavioral disorders. ( Memento of the original from September 9, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.oekolandbau.de
  45. ↑ Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related to the welfare aspects of various systems of keeping laying hens.
  46. ↑ Antibiotic studies at the State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection ( Memento of the original from April 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 7, 2016  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lanuv.nrw.de
  47. ↑ Printed matter 17/10313. (PDF, 24 pages; 390 kB) Data on the allocation of antibiotics in livestock farming and the entry of antibiotics and multi-resistant germs into the environment. German Bundestag, July 17, 2012, accessed on May 13, 2013 .
  48. ↑ Wiesenhof quits the farmer after allegations of animal cruelty. On: focus.de. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  49. ^ Hannoversche Allgemeine: After a scandal - poultry company has to pay a fine. Retrieved November 25, 2013.