Deprivation

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The term deprivation ( Latin: deprivare , to rob) generally describes the state of deprivation, withdrawal, loss or isolation from something familiar and the feeling of being disadvantaged.

psychology

In psychology, the term “deprivation” is used in the field of perception or sensory stimulation as well as emotional relationships. In psychoanalysis, the "loss of a father" is understood as deprivation.

Perceptual deprivation

It must be differentiated from sensory deprivation. The information content of external stimuli is reduced.

Sensory deprivation

Sensory deprivation , i.e. a lack of external stimuli (colors, noises, fellow human beings, conversations, etc.) leads to hallucinations and thought disorders. This is used for interrogation , torture and brainwashing , but also for awareness-raising and relaxation.

See also: White torture , solitary confinement , Camera silens , BDSM , Floating

Emotional deprivation

As deprivation (also Deprivationssyndrom , anaklitische depression ) is called in the Pediatrics lack rgung and lack Nestwärme or neglect of babies and small children. The symptomatology, for which the term hospitalism is also used, is known from hospitals, infant wards and homes and prisons. If the deprivation lasts longer, it can lead to mental hospitalism , an inability to establish social contacts similar to autism , or to language disorders .

See also: Kasper Hauser , Wolfskind , René A. Spitz , Harold M. Skeels , Mary Ainsworth , Fremde Situation

Mother deprivation / mother deprivation

On the basis of clinical-psychological research, children with maternal deprivation are more likely to experience depression, deficits in language development, personality disorders and juvenile delinquency.

Father deprivation

Alexander Mitscherlich described this form of deprivation as deprivation of the father or loss of father. The consequences of this are mental and psychosomatic disorders , self-harming behavior , relationship disorders , social abnormalities up to criminality , failure to perform , cognitive deficits and psychosexual identity problems .

sociology

Social deprivation refers to any form of social exclusion that can take place through belonging to a social fringe group and / or poverty . Possible consequences of social deprivation can be: alcoholism , disability , extremism , littering the apartment, tablet / drug searches , resignation , severe / moderate depression to suicide risk.

Objective deprivation

Objective deprivation is material disadvantage that can be measured using standards (e.g. income distribution).

Objectively understood, relative deprivation means a relative "disadvantage in the positional endowment with socially structurally mediated opportunities and means that are required by the social definition in order to be able to maintain a certain socially accepted position and thus to secure a social existence."

The following aspects of social existence are important for this: 1. Securing the socio-economic status through sufficient disposal of income, education (knowledge) and professional opportunities; 2. Securing social status through sufficient availability of status-securing symbols and attributions; 3. Securing the scope for interaction and cooperation through sufficiently available contacts to the organized public, to informal groups that go beyond one's own primary group , as well as opportunities for cooperation in the public and professional environment.

Relative deprivation leads to a different social situation :

  • Insufficient securing of socio-economic status denotes social weakness ;
  • insufficient security of social status denotes stigmatization ;
  • the disruption or loss of contacts and communication opportunities denotes social isolation .

As a normative deprivation a form of discrimination is understood that is socially recognized as such, for example in relation to the height of a legally standardized state support performance.

Subjective deprivation

Of relative deprivation in terms of subjective deprivation is used when a person by comparison with other members of their peer group determines that it is a disadvantage to their expectations and desires for. She will then be dissatisfied and disappointed.

“A discrepancy is subjectively perceived between expectations and possibilities for the satisfaction of wishes, or between what one has and what one believes to have a legitimate claim to, which leads to dysfunctional feelings of dissatisfaction or resentment towards others. Not objective or structural discrepancies (for example social inequality, social tension, status differences or economic differences in the distribution of resources), but subjectively perceived or assessed discrepancies generate relative deprivation or social, political or economic dissatisfaction. "

Relative deprivation is referred to as subjective deprivation , because one can experience the subjective experience of disadvantage and one's own feeling of discrimination and neglect, regardless of the actual situation. Subjective deprivation can, however, also be experienced in a group-specific manner (for example, class-specific feelings of disadvantage compared to what is socially customary at multiple levels of life).

Basically, two sources for the occurrence of relative deprivation and the associated feeling of dissatisfaction can be identified: Either this arises from the comparison with a reference group or from the comparison with one's own past.

Multiple deprivation

When multiple (multiple) deprivation , being referred to when someone (usually a child) is disadvantaged in several respects and therefore does not have good development opportunities.

Risk factors

Influence of risk factors on intelligence development
(Gabarino)
Number of risk factors Average IQ of the children
no risk factors 119
a risk factor 116
two risk factors 113
four risk factors 93
eight risk factors 85

Risk factors for child development include:

Almost every child carries a risk factor, but only the interaction of many risk factors leads to a measurable difference.

The concept of multiple deprivation in practice

In practice it has been shown that a risk factor alone has no effect on child development in many cases. However, when several risk factors come together, the child's development is at risk.

It was examined what influence risk factors have on the intellectual development of the child. With one or two risk factors, the developmental disability does not appear to be particularly severe. However, if there were four or more risk factors, child development was severely impaired.

In Germany, the concept was used in the AWO study , among other things . It could be shown that poor children were often multiple deprived. That is, they were exposed to other risk factors than just poverty. These risk factors lay in basic services, health, social situation and cultural situation.

consequences

The consequences of severe deprivation can be:

  • Reactive attachment disorders in childhood ; Symptoms according to ICD-10: abnormal relationship pattern with caregivers (contradicting social reactions, mixture of approaching and avoiding), emotional disturbance (lack of responsiveness, apathy), psychosocial short stature
  • Attachment disorders in childhood with disinhibition ; Symptoms according to ICD-10: Diffusion in selective attachment behavior during the first five years of life, clinging behavior in toddlerhood, attention-seeking behavior in early childhood, difficulties in establishing close relationships with peers, disorders of social behavior
  • Hospitalism
  • Pseudodebility
  • Two phase system VII & OUF

See also

literature

  • René A. Spitz : From infant to toddler. Natural history of mother-child relationships in the first year of life . Klett-Cotta Verlag, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-608-91823-X (English first edition: The First Year of Life , 1965). The original study has been referred to as Hospitalism: An Inquiry into the Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood in The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child , Vol. 1 (1945), and Hospitalism: A Follow-Up Report in The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child , Vol. 2 (1946) published.
  • John Bowlby : Maternal Care and Mental Health . World Health Organization , Geneva 1952
  • Mary Ainsworth et al .: Deprivation of Maternal Care. A Reassessment of its Effects . World Health Organization, Geneva 1962
  • Josef Langmeier, Zdeněk Matějček : Mental deprivation in childhood, children without love . Urban & Schwarzenberg Publishing House, Munich 1977.
  • Walter G. Runciman : Relative Deprivation and Social Justice: a Study of Attitudes to Social Inequality in Twentieth-Century Britain . 1966

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Anne Kratzer: Pedagogy: Education for the leader. - In order to raise a generation of followers and soldiers, the Nazi regime demanded that mothers deliberately ignore the needs of their small children. ( Memento of February 2, 2019 in the Internet Archive ) The consequences of this upbringing are still having an impact today, say attachment researchers. Spectrum of Science , January 17, 2019. “ By the end of the war, advertised by Nazi propaganda, it had a circulation of 690,000. But even after the war - cleared of the crude Nazi jargon - it was bought again by almost as many Germans until 1987: in the end a total of 1.2 million times. ”This made it one of the best-selling educational providers and official teaching material during the Nazi era and then until the 1970s.
  2. ↑ Alexander Mitscherlich: On the way to a fatherless society.
  3. ^ Berthold Dietz: Sociology of poverty: An introduction. Campus, 1997, p. 99.
  4. ↑ Detlef Baum: Relative Deprivation and Political Participation. Social structural conditions for political participation . Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 1978, ISBN 3-261-02514-X , S. 21. Cf. Gerd Iben: Compensatory Education: Analyzes of American Programs. Juventa-Verlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-7799-0604-X , p. 13.
  5. ↑ Peter O. Güttler: Social Psychology: Social Attitudes, Prejudices, Attitude Changes . 4th edition Oldenbourg, 2003, p. 171.
  6. ↑ Rabea Krätschmer-Hahn: Are the unemployed doing too well? On the sociology of deprivation and protest. DUV, 2004, p. 37.
  7. ^ "Social Toxicity" Showing Effects in Children . ( February 1, 2008 memento on the Internet Archive ) Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  8. ↑ Toni Mayr: Developmental Risks in Poor and Socially Disadvantaged Children and the Effectiveness of Early Help . In: Hans Weiß (Ed.): Early intervention with children and families in poverty . Ernst Reinhardt Verlag, Munich / Basel 2000, ISBN 3-497-01539-3 , p. 144.
  9. ^ Gerhard Beisenherz: Child poverty in the welfare society. The mark of globalization . Leske and Budrich, Opladen 2002, p. 315.
  10. ↑ a b AWO poverty study: Of 100 poor daycare children, only four made it to grammar school ( Memento from February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 612 kB). Retrieved January 17, 2008.