Caspar David Friedrich
Caspar David Friedrich (born September 5, 1774 in Greifswald ; † May 7, 1840 in Dresden ) was a German painter , graphic artist and draftsman . Today he is considered the most important artist of early German Romanticism . He made an original contribution to modern art with his constructed picture inventions, which are geared towards the aesthetics of effect and which contradict the common notions of romantic painting as a soulful art of expression . In the main works of Friedrich the break with the traditions of landscape painting of Baroque and Classicism is carried out in a revolutionary way . The canon of themes and motifs in these pictures preferably combines landscape and religion into allegories of loneliness, death, ideas of the afterlife and hopes of salvation. Friedrich's image of the world and himself, which is characterized by melancholy , is seen as exemplary for the image of the artist in the Romantic era . With his works, the painter makes meaningful offers in largely unknown picture contexts, which include the viewer with his addressed emotional world in the process of interpretation. Since Frederick's rediscovery at the beginning of the 20th century, the open-mindedness of the images has led to a multitude of often fundamentally different interpretations as well as the formation of theories from an art, philosophical, literary, psychological or theological point of view.
Life
Origin and youth
Caspar David Friedrich was born in 1774 as the sixth of ten children of the tallow soap maker and tallow candle maker Adolph Gottlieb Friedrich and his wife, Sophie Dorothea, née Bechly, in the port city of Greifswald , which belongs to Swedish Pomerania . As a resident of a Swedish province that was also a German duchy, he did not have Swedish citizenship. Both parents came from the Mecklenburg town of Neubrandenburg and, like their ancestors, were craftsmen. There is no evidence according to which the families should come from a Silesian count dynasty or the Swedish nobility. It is possible that the relatives were embarrassed about the painter's origins, since "soap boiler" was a dirty word in Neubrandenburg that referred to a particularly cultured person.
Caspar David grew up in his parents' house in Greifswald at Langen Gasse 28. After the early death of his mother, his sister Dorothea was his substitute mother, the housekeeper "Mother Heiden" ran the household. The upbringing was the puritanical rigor of the father, who lived a Protestantism with a pietistic influence. There are contradicting statements about the economic situation of the family, which differ between daily misery and petty-bourgeois prosperity. The father was successful as a businessman in later years and in 1809 was able to save the lord of Breesen Adolf von Engel from bankruptcy with a substantial loan .
Nothing is known about Friedrich's attendance at school and the promotion of his artistic talent. From this time there are only sheets with calligraphic exercises of religious texts. Around 1790 he received a few hours a week from Greifswald university master builder and academic drawing teacher Johann Gottfried Quistorp a few hours of instruction in drawing from models and from nature as well as in the production of building plans and architectural drawings. Quistorp was also out and about in the Western Pomerania landscape with his students and was able to impart knowledge of baroque art of the 17th and 18th centuries with his extensive collection. He is said to have introduced Friedrich to the Ossian -influenced poetry of Ludwig Gotthard Kosegarten .
Caspar David Friedrich: Writing Exercise , 1788
Caspar David Friedrich: Two studies of a female head , around 1790/94
According to tradition, a defining childhood experience was a fatal accident. While trying to save Caspar David, who fell into the water, his brother Christoffer drowned in 1787, who was one year younger than him. Carl Gustav Carus, Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert, Wilhelmine Bardua and Count Athanasius von Raczynski reported in a dramatic way that Friedrich broke into the ice while skating. The painter's family only mentioned that the two boys had capsized on the moat in a small boat-like vehicle. A mild beginning of December 1787 speaks against the ice-cream variant. The woodcut Boy Sleeping on a Grave from 1801 is regarded as a processing of the death of his brother Christoffer. In Caspar David Friedrich's psychopathography , this event is named as a cause of later depression.
Studied in Copenhagen
In 1794 Friedrich began studying at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen , which at the time was considered one of the most liberal in Europe. During his training he copied drawings and prints under the supervision of Jørgen Dinesen, Ernst Heinrich Löffler and Carl David Probsthayn. After being transferred to the plaster class on January 2, 1796, drawing from casts of ancient sculptures was on the curriculum. From January 2, 1798, the teachers Andreas Weidenhaupt, Johannes Wiedewelt and Nicolai Abildgaard conveyed the work based on the living model . Influences in his artistic development are also attributed to Jens Juel and Erik Pauelsen . Painting was not a subject in Copenhagen. The Copenhagen painting collections with extensive holdings of Dutch painting served as illustrative material. As a rule, the professors paid little attention to the students.
The influence of the teachers on Friedrich is difficult to assess. The characters in his early theater pictures for Friedrich Schiller's drama The Robbers reveal an orientation towards Abildgaard. The portraits of the relatives created after graduation as well as the first attempts at etching are part of the technique of the Copenhagen education. Landscape drawings of the Copenhagen area were created outside of the curriculum. The theory of garden art of the Royal Danish Council of Justice, Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld , published in 1785 and popular in Copenhagen, had a profound effect on the representation of landscapes in the entire work .
Caspar David Friedrich: Emilias Kilde , 1797
Caspar David Friedrich: Ernst Theodor Johann Brückner , around 1798
Caspar David Friedrich: Path between the deciduous trees with rider , 1800, etching
Hirschfeld's theory of garden art
From the perspective of the year 1830, the painter rebelled against the authority of his teachers.
“Not everything can be taught, not everything learned and achieved through mere dead practice; for what can actually be called a purely spiritual nature in art lies beyond the narrow limits of the craft. Therefore, you teachers of the art, who think so much with your knowledge and ability, take great care not to tyrannically burden everyone with your teachings and rules; because through this you can easily break the delicate flowers, destroy the temple of peculiarity, without which man can do nothing great. "
Friedrich had a larger group of college friends who were immortalized in his stud book. The friendship with the painter Johan Ludwig Gebhard Lund extended beyond his studies.
The early Dresden years
In the spring of 1798 Friedrich returned from Copenhagen to Greifswald and, presumably on the recommendation of the drawing teacher Quistorp, chose Dresden, a center of the arts, to live in Dresden that summer. Here teachers from the Dresden Academy such as Johann Christian Klengel , Adrian Zingg , Jakob Crescenz Seydelmann and Christian Gottfried Schulze influenced his artistic development. A considerable number of sketches and pictorial drawings were made in the vicinity of the city. A canon of motifs came together, which the painter would later use again and again. But he also copied landscapes by artists from the Dresden School and worked in the academy's act hall.
"The first two areas that I drew or began to draw were under all criticism, so I wanted to write to you I would be the worst of all draftsmen, but the page had changed and my third line did not turn out so bad, and which I started now doesn't seem to get so bad [...]. "
His preferred techniques were initially pen and ink drawings with ink and watercolors. From 1800 he earned his living with sepia leaves, as one of the first free artists who no longer received their commissions from the royal houses. The buyers were mainly in Dresden and Pomerania. The prospect of engagement as a drawing teacher with a Polish prince in 1800 did not materialize. From 1800 Friedrich dealt with the subject of death. He depicted his own funeral in the picture.
From Dresden he made long trips on foot to Neubrandenburg, Breesen, Greifswald and Rügen . Occasions were in October / November 1801 a. a. the double wedding of his brothers Johann Samuel in Warlin and Johann Christian Adolf in Woggersin and in June 1802 the wedding of Franz Christian Boll in Neubrandenburg. Longer stays can be proven in Breesen. In the village, the sister Catharina Dorothea Friedrich was married to the pastor August Jakob Friedrich Sponholz and Friedrich apparently thought he was in his surrogate family there. On these occasions numerous drawings of motifs of rural life and portraits of relatives were made.
In Greifswald there was an intensive preoccupation with the ruins of the Eldena monastery , a central motif of the entire work, as a symbol of decay, the nearness of death and the downfall of an old faith. In the summers of 1802 and 1803, the painter undertook extensive hikes on the island of Rügen with extensive artistic earnings. In July 1803 Friedrich moved into his summer apartment in Dresden- Loschwitz .
“You could call this period in Friedrich's painter's life the Rügen, so much and in many ways he portrayed the poetic character of the island (especially in sepia), yes, if Kosegarten is called the singer of Rügen, Friedrich could rightly be called the painter of Rügen. "
It is assumed that Friedrich got into a mental crisis with severe depressive periods after 1801, which is said to have led to a suicide attempt, which according to various statements may have occurred in 1801 or between 1803 and 1805. According to his contemporaries, the painter had been ill for a longer period in 1803/04 and his artistic production almost came to a standstill. The life crisis could have been exacerbated by an unhappy love affair, possibly with Julia Stoye, the sister-in-law of his brother Johann, whom Friedrich drew in a wedding dress in 1804.
Time of artistic success
Out of his obvious life crisis, Friedrich achieved his first significant artistic success in 1805. In 1805 he was awarded half of the Weimar Art Friends first prize. Although the two submitted landscapes, pilgrimage at sunset and autumn evening at the lake , did not meet the requirements of illustrating an ancient legend, Goethe ordered the award. The coveted prize included a presentation in an exhibition and a discussion by Heinrich Meyer in the Propylaea .
The first oil paintings were created in 1807, which expanded the creative possibilities compared to the Sepia. In Dresden there were friendships with the painter Gerhard von Kügelgen , the natural philosopher of Romanticism Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert and the painter Caroline Bardua .
Gerhard von Kügelgen
Caroline Bardua
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In 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810 and 1811 Friedrich made trips to Neubrandenburg, Breesen, Greifswald, Rügen, Northern Bohemia, the Giant Mountains and the Harz Mountains. The breakthrough in oil technology was achieved with the Tetschen Altar in 1808, combined with a breach of conventions. In the Ramdohr dispute, critics and defenders of the cross in the mountains recognized the stylistic reorientation in the representation of landscapes and helped the painter to gain first fame.
The death of his sister Dorothea on December 22nd, 1808 and that of his father on November 6th, 1809 hit Friedrich hard. Apparently under this impression the pair of pictures The Monk by the Sea and Abbey in the Oak Forest was created . A euphoric discussion by Heinrich von Kleist on the occasion of the Berlin Academy exhibition in October 1810 immediately made the two paintings known to a wider audience. They were acquired by the Prussian king at the instigation of the 15-year-old Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia . Against the background of this reputation, the Berlin Academy elected the painter as a member on November 12, 1810.
Patriotism against Napoleon
After Napoleon's victory in the Battle of Jena and Auerstedt in 1806, Friedrich lived in Saxony, in a country allied with France. Dresden was the scene of warlike events several times, occupied by the French, Prussians and Russians. The painter lived in the Pirnaische Vorstadt in a house on today's Terrassenufer (at that time: On the Elbe ) in simple circumstances. He was a supporter of a national liberation movement and increased his national liberal sentiment to a chauvinistic hatred of the French, which he shared with like-minded people in Dresden, including Heinrich von Kleist , Ernst Moritz Arndt and Theodor Körner . His modest studio became a center for patriotic men. If Körner knew each other with songs and poems or Kleist with the Hermannsschlacht , Friedrich positioned himself with pictures such as tombs of old heroes or Chasseur in the forest . The painter felt too old to fight in the Liberation Army and avoided the chaos of war. For fear of contagious diseases, he settled in cribs in Saxon Switzerland for some time in 1813 . These circumstances repeatedly paralyzed his work. In 1813, Friedrich helped finance the equipment of his friend, the painter Georg Friedrich Kersting, for the service of the Lützow hunters , got into debt and wrote to his brother Heinrich:
“The cause of my present significant debt is 300 thalers. amount is not unknown to you; I do not regret it at all, on the contrary it serves to calm me down. "
As a result of the negotiations at the Congress of Vienna , Friedrich's native Greifswald, until then part of Swedish Pomerania , became the Prussian province of Pomerania in October 1815 . The introduction of the Swedish constitution in Pomerania was planned in 1806, but was not implemented because of the Napoleonic Wars and the deposition of the Swedish King Gustav IV Adolf (1809). Even afterwards, the painter felt a bond with Sweden, as suggested by a Swedish flag in the painting The Levels of Life .
Wedding, mourning, restoration
The painter's relationship to marriage was more objective. When he received a salary of 150 thalers as a member of the Dresden Academy from December 4, 1816, he wanted to afford a family, although Helene von Kügelgen, the wife of his friend Gerhard von Kügelgen, saw him as the "most unpaired of all unpaired couples" . On January 21, 1818 Caspar David Friedrich married Caroline Bommer , 19 years his junior , daughter of the blue dyer Christoph Bommer, in the Dresden Kreuzkirche . In the summer of 1818 the couple went on their honeymoon to Neubrandenburg, Greifswald and Rügen. In the marriage, three children grew up together: the two daughters Emma Johanna and Agnes Adelheid and the son Gustav Adolf, one child was stillborn. In 1820 the family moved into a larger apartment in Dresden on the Elbe 33. The professional situation also improved. Johan Christian Clausen Dahl , with whom Friedrich had a lifelong friendship, rented an apartment in the same house.
Franz Christian Boll died on February 12, 1818 in Neubrandenburg. Friedrich immediately designed a memorial for the pastor, which was executed by his friend, the sculptor Christian Gottlieb Kühn . This only realized monument based on the painter's drafts stands on the south side of the Neubrandenburg Marienkirche . In the years 1818 and 1819 a number of paintings were created that can be read as memorial pictures for Boll, such as the wanderer above the sea of fog or the gazebo . In 1818 the painter had found friends in Carl Gustav Carus and Christian Clausen Dahl who benefited from his artistic advice. A family friendship existed with the family of his friend Georg Friedrich Kersting, who was the painter head of the Royal Saxon Porcelain Manufactory in Meißen .
In 1820 his painter friend Gerhard von Kügelgen was killed by a robbery, the soldier Johann Gottfried Kaltofen. The loss hit Friedrich hard. The painting Kügelgen's grave was created in 1822 . Vasily Andreevich Schukowski's visit to the studio in 1821 turned out to be a stroke of luck . The Russian poet showed great interest in Friedrich's work and bought numerous sepias and paintings for his own collection and that of the Russian tsar. Zhukovsky's acquisitions secured a good part of Friedrich's economic existence for the next few years and made the painter known in Moscow and Petersburg artistic circles.
The political disappointments during the restoration , spying, intrigues at the academy and censorship embittered Friedrich. His art remained as a space in which he could express his political stance. The painting Hutten's grave is a clear confessional image in which he wrote names on the sarcophagus whose ideals he saw betrayed: Friedrich Ludwig Jahn , Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein , Ernst Moritz Arndt and Josef Görres .
“For some time now I have been feeling unwell, but my illness seems to be on the decline since yesterday. I have just wrapped myself in fur at the desk to talk to you loved ones today. I need to tell you, my brothers, from time to time how much I love you and how unlimited my trust in you is; the more I withdraw into myself through bitter experiences. But do not let the utterances arise in you worry because these are experiences that more or less every person has made when he has looked around the world for some time. "
On January 17, 1824, the painter was appointed associate professor at the Dresden Academy. However, he had hoped to be able to succeed the academy teacher Johann Christian Klengel , which probably failed because of his political attitude. Even if Friedrich could not teach at the academy, he taught students such as Wilhelm Bommer, Georg Heinrich Crola , Ernst Ferdinand Oehme , Carl Wilhelm Götzloff , Karl Wilhelm Lieber, August Heinrich , Albert Kirchner , Carl Blechen , Gustav Grunewald and for a while Robert Sorrow .
In the summer of 1826 the painter traveled to Rügen to take a cure in order to alleviate unspecified ailments. Hikes were only possible to a limited extent. This trip also alleviated his never-completely-gone homesickness, as he also used his Pomeranian pronunciation and spoke Pomeranian flat-bottomed with fellow countrymen . In the first exhibition of the Hamburger Kunstverein three of his works will be exhibited, including Das Eismeer . In 1828 Friedrich became a member of the newly founded Saxon Art Association . In May he took a cure in Teplitz (Bohemia).
Old age and illness
In 1830 a period of increasing artistic productivity began again, in which important paintings of high mastery such as The Great Enclosure or The Levels of Life were created . The attempt at technical and aesthetic innovation can be seen in the transparencies. But there was also an understanding of one's own positions in the art business with the art-theoretical fragments of utterance when viewing a collection of paintings by mostly still living and recently deceased artists . Friedrich documents his roots in early Romanticism and the rejection of the new realism in landscape painting, especially that of the Düsseldorf School . The later works stood outside the current art development, and received less and less attention from critics and the public. Selling the paintings had become difficult. The family lived in financial need.
On June 26, 1835, the painter suffered a stroke with symptoms of paralysis. He took a cure in Teplitz, which he could only afford by selling a few pictures about the poet Zhukovsky to the Russian Tsar's court.
“On the advice of the doctor, I stayed in Teplitz for almost 6 weeks for reasons known to you. I've been back since the day before yesterday. I'm pretty good on my feet now and hope that the after-effects of the bath will make my hand able to work again. The whole bathing time has been the most beautiful weather and the beautiful surroundings of Teplitz and the little that I can do because of the half-lame hand, can still be of use to me if otherwise I will ever regain the ability to grind. "
After the cure, Friedrich began to paint again, which gave him difficulties. Nevertheless, in 1835/36 the oil painting Seaside by Moonlight was still created . Mostly sepia drawings and watercolors, fewer landscapes and more allegories of death, were made by 1839. Friedrich sent some sepia drawings to the Dresden art exhibitions in 1836 and 1838.
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Caspar David Friedrich: Walk at Dusk, around 1835
Caspar David Friedrich: Easter morning , around 1835
Caspar David Friedrich: Coffin on the grave, 1836
Caspar David Friedrich: Grasses and Palette , around 1838
In the last year of life, work came to a standstill. Carl Gustav Carus and Caroline Bardua took care of the friend. During a visit from Zhukovsky, the painter asked for financial support from the Russian tsar, but this did not arrive until after his death. Friedrich died at the age of 65 on May 7, 1840 in Dresden and was buried in the Trinitatisfriedhof .
family
parents
Adolph Gottlieb Friedrich (1730–1809) from Neubrandenburg, tallow candle maker and tallow soap boiler in Greifswald, married since January 14, 1765 to Sophie Dorothea Bechly (1747–1781), daughter of a tailor from Neubrandenburg
siblings
- Catharina Dorothea (born July 19, 1766 - † December 22, 1808). From December 1791 married to (August Jacob) Friedrich Sponholz (1762–1819), pastor in Breesen near Neubrandenburg . 12 children.
- Maria (Dorothea) (* April 5, 1768 - † May 27, 1791 with typhus). Married to Joachim Praefke (* 1773), businessman in Greifswald.
- (Johann Christian) Adolf (born March 10, 1770 - † June 23, 1838), businessman in Neubrandenburg. Since 1801 married to Margarethe (Friederika Magdalene) Brückner (1772–1820), daughter of the pastor and writer Ernst Theodor Johann Brückner from Groß Many. In the autumn of 1808 he took over his father's parent company in Greifswald, Lange Strasse 57, as a soap boiler.
- Johann David (March 27, 1772 - April 18, 1772)
- Johann Samuel (* May 18, 1773; † August 25, 1844), master of the blacksmiths and armories in Neubrandenburg. Married to Wilhelmina Stoy (* 1783) from Neubrandenburg since 1801. Caspar David Friedrich is registered as godfather of his son Caspar Heinrich, born in 1810.
- Johann Christoffer (* October 8, 1775 - † December 8, 1787). He drowned while saving his one year older brother Caspar David from drowning.
- (Johann) Heinrich (born January 19, 1777 - † February 28, 1844), light pourer and soap boiler in Greifswald. Until 1808 he managed his father's business. Married to Erdmute Amalie Henriette Hube (1791–1814) since 1809, two children. The son Karl Heinrich Wilhelm Friedrich (1811-1896) was the godchild of Caspar David Friedrich and visited his uncle during the stroke in June 1835.
- Christian (Joachim) (born February 22, 1779 - † May 8, 1843), cabinet maker and carpenter-altermann in Greifswald. He made printing blocks for Caspar David Friedrich. Married to Elisabeth Westphal (1795–1866) since 1813, 6 children. Caspar David Friedrich is registered as godfather of the daughter Marie Caroline Luise in 1814.
- Barbara Elisabeth Johanna (* June 7, 1780; † February 18, 1782 at the Blattern)
children
- Emma Johanna (born August 30, 1819 - † April 6, 1845), married in Dresden in 1838 to Johann Andreas Robert Krüger (1810–1862).
- In 1821 a stillborn child is recorded in the records of the Dresden Kreuzkirche .
- Agnes Adelheid (born September 2, 1823, † October 19, 1898), married in Dresden in 1846 to the husband of her late sister Johann Andreas Robert Krüger (1810–1862).
- Gustav Adolf (* December 23, 1824 - † January 4, 1889), married in Dresden in 1856 to Caroline Therese Lehmann (1828–1914). Son Harald was professor of painting at the Technical University of Hanover and the last direct descendant of Caspar David Friedrich.
Works
Friedrich's works include paintings, woodcuts, etchings, watercolors, transparencies, pictorial drawings, nature studies, drafts and drawing exercises. The number of paintings is estimated at 300, 60 of which were shown at the Dresden academy exhibitions, or 36 are still preserved in illustrations. A little over 1000 of an unknown number of drawings can be found in the catalog raisonné. Some of the work attributions are controversial. Most of the drawings belonged to around 20 sketchbooks that were no longer coherent, with the exception of the fully preserved Oslo sketchbook from 1807. Some of the known works were destroyed by the fire in the Munich Glass Palace in 1931, were lost in the bombing of Dresden in 1945 or are considered unexplained war losses .
painting
Working method of the painter
Friedrich used the format and aspect ratio of his pictures in terms of aesthetics and the theme. The size ranges from the miniature to the dimensions of 200 × 144 cm and is also assigned by the meaning of the motif.
“This picture is big, and yet you still want it bigger; because the sublimity in the conception of the object is felt to be great and still demands greater expansion in space. "
Regardless of the size, the pictures are very detailed and largely constructed in their structure. The lifelike reproduction of the individual picture objects has high priority. The painting style, which Friedrich appropriated around 1806 and never fundamentally changed, determined the overall concept of the picture from the start.
“He never made sketches, cardboard boxes or color sketches for his paintings, because he claimed (and certainly not entirely wrong) that these aids always cool the imagination. He did not start the picture until it was alive before his soul [...]. "
The preliminary drawing is carried out as precisely as possible on a fine, pre-primed canvas, accentuated with a thin brush or tube pen. Geometric figures were created using a ruler, square and tear bar. This is followed by a brown-tinted underpainting, on which a glaze-like color layer after layer of color is applied, thinning from top to bottom and coloring the signature structure with the local tone. In this way, paintings have a graphic character in the close up view of the details. The self-taught out of conviction developed this procedure from the sepia technique, which enables a shine through to the picture ground even with dark glazes. A different visual experience arises from a distance and at a short distance. The painter varied the application of paint over time. In the first oil paintings ( Sea Beach with Fisherman , 1807) the colors appear dry and almost monochrome. Later the colors were used lighter and also impasto ( Hünengrab in autumn , 1819). Often the foreground and background of a painting are treated differently. In his late work, Friedrich experimented with the new technique of transparent painting using translucent colors on paper. Contemporaries report on Friedrich's unusually spartan studio, in which only a few manual aids were available.
"Nothing is a minor matter in a picture, everything inevitably belongs to a whole, so it must not be neglected."
composition
Friedrich's principles of image composition are entirely at the service of aesthetic impact and image idea. In order to express perceptual contents like a parable, the painter used the means of construction and compilation as well as a whole reservoir of contrivances. He followed traditional landscape painting when a pictorial concept could be implemented, but broke with traditions when they narrowed him in this way and thus came to a picture conception that was revolutionary at the beginning of the 19th century. Even though the painter moved within a considerable range of design options, a clear canon of design principles can be recognized:
- Structured image order through symmetries, rows, parallel shifts, geometry of triangles, angles, hyperbola , diagonals, emphasis on vertical and horizontal
- Separation of foreground and background by a space barrier. (Wall of the garden terrace , gazebo )
- Confrontation of foreground and background through silhouetted surfaces, in the absence of a perspective axis leading into the depths ( The Wanderer above the Sea of Fog )
- Working with spatial layers as a means of distancing yourself from the subject
- Application of the golden ratio with the restriction that Friedrich did not know the name for the mathematical procedure because it was not coined until 1850.
Image and nature
In Friedrich's pictures, the bodies, things and appearances of nature are detached from their natural contexts, organized in the pictorial space and in variations led to ever new compositions. Drawings serve as preliminary work for a painting or as a template for the image form of the painting. Landscapes of different topographies are often put together on one picture surface. The painter also assembles architectures of various styles. For compositional reasons, he uses non-existent branches on trees from nature studies. Mountain ranges in the background of northern German landscapes are mostly placed for the purpose of background design. Flat landscapes are often modeled on, so that it is difficult to determine the real locations on which there is no doubt. Friedrich's paintings are hardly a simple imitation of nature, but rather emerged as a multi-layered process of a processed experience of nature and intellectual reflection. Despite the composition of landscapes, the painting gives the impression of great closeness to nature.
“Art acts as a mediator between nature and people. The archetype is too great for the crowd to grasp. "
Transparent painting
Around 1830 Friedrich discovered the transparent image that had been widespread in Europe since the 1780s . With this medium, pictures were painted and backlit in the dark on translucent materials. The Pomeranian compatriot Jacob Philipp Hackert has been considered the creator of a moonlight landscape created in this way since 1800.
At the suggestion of Wassili Andrejewitsch Schukowski , Friedrich made four transparent pictures for the young Russian heir to the throne Alexander . The painter planned a musical cycle that included a light installation and musical accompaniment. The motifs selected for the allegory of heavenly music are a fairytale incantation scene , lute player and guitarist in a Gothic ruin , the harp player at a church and the musician's dream . A moonlight landscape and the ruins of Oybin by moonlight were created based on Hackert's model . The mountainous river landscape can be viewed in a day and a night variant, depending on the lighting.
drawings
Friedrich's drawings are made with pencil, pen and ink and are mainly found in sketchbooks. He showed a special talent in using the pencil, just invented by Nicolas-Jacques Conté , in several degrees of hardness. With a very differentiated interior drawing, his drawings even acquire a painterly quality. The painter's primary interest was nature motifs. In the Dresden area, on trips to Mecklenburg, Pomerania, the Harz Mountains or the Giant Mountains, depictions of plants, trees, rocks, clouds, village views, ruins, coastal and mountain landscapes were created. The course of Friedrich's wanderings can be reconstructed from the sketches. The drawings served as the basis for elements of paintings, sepias and watercolors, but in their mixture of care and liveliness they have an artistic intrinsic value.
Caspar David Friedrich: South coast of Rügen (Mönchgut) , 1801
Caspar David Friedrich: Oak , around 1804
Caspar David Friedrich: Tree, megalithic tomb and tower , 1806
Caspar David Friedrich: Harz Cave , around 1811
Caspar David Friedrich: View from an arbor onto the Nikolaikirche in Greifswald , 1818
Because of his low talent in figure drawing, figure representations and portraits only make up a small part of the overall work. It is rumored that Georg Friedrich Kersting executed the figures in Friedrich's paintings in some cases. There are some traced figure drawings that have been preserved, which were helpful for the figure representations in the oil paintings, for example the Two Seated Women (1818) used in the painting Resting at the Hay Harvest (1815). For the study of Hutten's grave , August Milarch was very likely put on paper using a camera obscura .
Sepia and watercolors
Friedrich achieved a high level of mastery in his sepia early on. With the Rügen landscapes such as the view of Arkona (1803), he earned a lot of applause from the public and from the reviewers and thus had a considerable share in the enthusiasm for Rügen that began around 1800 and the initial Rügentourism. With sepia painting, which enjoyed great popularity, the painter was able to achieve delicate tonal gradations and fine color transitions, and was also able to capture observed light phenomena in nature.
The watercolor is also represented in the entire artistic work. The first works in this technique were created during the time at the academy, but large formats from 1810 and masterful pieces only in later work. In addition to the watercolor studies, there is a whole series of pictorial watercolors. From 1817 the watercolors are combined with pen drawings.
Groups of works according to themes and motifs
Portraits
Friedrich did not want to be a portrait painter himself and thus assessed his artistic talent in this area realistically. Thus, the portraits from his hand are limited to self-portraits or depictions of relatives and friends. Most of these portraits are drawings and were created in the period after the Copenhagen Academy in 1798. In formal terms, these drawings are in the tradition of conventional portrait art. One can see the painter's effort to capture the greatest possible individuality of what is depicted. In relation to the nature studies, the number of portraits remains negligible.
Caspar David Friedrich: Self-Portrait, around 1800
Caspar David Friedrich: self-portrait and gentleman in profile to the left , 1800
Caspar David Friedrich: Self-Portrait with Cap and Visor Flap , 1802
Caspar David Friedrich: Portrait of the Father, 1802
Caspar David Friedrich: Self-Portrait, 1810
Manifest images
In quick succession he created paintings between 1808 and 1810 that can be described as program or manifest images. This period was the painter's most productive. The Tetschen Altar is the most complex picture with which the programmatic step from the empirical landscape to the landscape icon took place. Friedrich iconized the experience of nature and broke with the traditions of landscape painting. The previous relationship between art and religion was also called into question. The cross in the mountains eludes the genre definition and takes a new place between landscape and sacred image. The Ramdohr dispute sparked a heated debate about a work of art that was hitherto unknown in Germany.
The following pair of images, The Monk by the Sea and the Abbey in the Oak Forest, was not the subject of public controversy, although it received an unusually high level of attention due to Heinrich von Kleist's discussion. The exhibition of the two paintings in Berlin in 1810 and the purchase by the Prussian royal family brought the breakthrough to success. Together with the monk and the abbey, the painter invented those structures in the composition that the French sculptor Pierre Jean David d'Angers described as "tragédie du paysage", the tragedy of the landscape. The formal basic motifs of horizontal layers and vertical axes communicate alienation and rapture, trigger deep feelings in the viewer and make the religious picture narration tangible. Both paintings are key images for Friedrich's landscape painting and the result of a consolidation of the pictorial language in a further development of the award-winning Weimar Sepia from 1805.
Patriotic pictures
Friedrich confessed to using the means of art to express his anti-feudal, national and anti-French attitude and to pay tribute to the heroes of the wars of liberation against Napoleon. He combined the hoped-for social changes with religious renewal. From 1811 the painter was looking for suitable allegories and metaphors with which his messages could be conceptually implemented. The paintings Winter Landscape and Winter Landscape with Church can be seen as the first two pictures with such a political message, describing hopelessness and liberation from it. With the tombs of old heroes , a landscape of monuments was created in 1812, in which the reference to the German national symbol Arminius and the visible French chasseurs can be assumed to be an unencrypted image statement. The idea of confronting the French with their military downfall at the coffin was further developed in the painting Cave with Tomb in 1813/14 . In 1813, the Chasseur in the forest only describes the decline of the Napoleonic army. From 1815 onwards, people are shown wearing old German costumes, which at that time were regarded as a commitment to the German national feeling and were banned in 1819 with the Karlovy Vary resolutions and the persecution of demagogues . The painter is said to have commented on the painting Two men contemplating the moon from 1819 with the words "They are doing demagogic activities". Hutten's grave openly laments the betrayal of the ideals of the wars of liberation in the political restoration in 1823/24 .
Caspar David Friedrich: Winter Landscape with Church, 1811
Caspar David Friedrich: Winter Landscape, 1811
Caspar David Friedrich: The Chasseur in the Forest , 1814
Caspar David Friedrich: Hutten's grave , 1823
City images
Friedrich discovered around 1811, with the painting Port of Greifswald by moonlight, city views as a motif, which can then be found in the later work. In these city images, the city silhouettes have different functions in the picture narration. Views emerged from the biographical locations that apparently reveal an inner relationship between the painter and the respective city. The representations of Greifswald show a vedute-like clarity. Neubrandenburg appears transfigured or burning. Dresden is preferably placed behind a hill or a wooden fence in the picture compositions. Usually one can assume that these pictures are true to nature.
Caspar David Friedrich: Greifswald in the moonlight , 1817
Caspar David Friedrich: Meadows near Greifswald , around 1820
Caspar David Friedrich: Hill with Bruchacker near Dresden , around 1824
A second group of pictures shows dreamy fantasy cities in the deep space, as in the paintings Gedächtnisbild für Johann Emanuel Bremer or Auf dem Segler . A third group places the pictorial personnel in the foreground in a symbolic relationship to a city in the background, as in the painting The Sisters on the Söller at the harbor . In this case, identifiable picture elements can be used to assign a real city.
Caspar David Friedrich: Memorial picture for Johann Emanuel Bremer, 1817
Caspar David Friedrich: On the Sailor , 1818
Caspar David Friedrich: The sisters on the Söller at the harbor , around 1820
Distant subjects
With the Eismeer , the Watzmann and the Junotempel in Agrigento , Friedrich created a group of paintings whose motifs he did not get to know personally in nature - the North Sea, the Alps and Sicily. The three pictures were taken between 1824 and 1828 with a narrow date in a biographical window.
During this period, a change in motif can be registered in the work. Although the painter was always a master of compilation and construction, in this series he once again achieved an increase in landscape painting beyond the naturalism of mere observation of nature to visionary pictorial inventions. He also breaks completely with the staffage-oriented manner of representation and shows pictorial spaces with intentional emptiness. The message of the impressive pictures is encrypted and can be interpreted accordingly. For the Italian riders among his artist colleagues, Friedrich remained a mystery.
“Caspar David Friedrich ties us to an abstract thought, uses the natural forms only allegorically, as symbols and hieroglyphs, they should mean this and that: in nature, however, every thing speaks for itself, its spirit, its language lies in everyone Shape and color. "
Back figure
Caspar David Friedrich developed the back figure as the central theme of landscape painting. The romantic painter went beyond their traditional function as a yardstick, compositional element or teaching guide. For him, the figure on the back essentially determines the shape and symbolism of his paintings, watercolors and cuttlefish. It is less about depictions of nature than about constructive compositions with theatrical features. The painter thus makes a largely open-minded offer of contemplation for the viewer. Usually it is figures isolated in the landscape, individually or in small groups, who hold a dialogue with nature without any action. In this relationship between man and nature, in the most common interpretation, the divine universe appears in its transcendental infinity, to which Friedrich gives an aperspective and immeasurable spatial quality.
Garden landscapes
Friedrich's visual aesthetic is strongly influenced by the English landscape garden . Not only the motifs of famous landscape gardens from the Copenhagen student days (Luisenquelle in Fredriksdahl) and from the first years in Dresden testify to this . It is also the views and rules of garden art that have been transferred to landscape painting and that can be seen as a stimulus for image structure and composition for some of the landscapes. Willi Geismeier , Hilmar Frank and Helmut Börsch-Supan referred to the landscape garden as a prerequisite for Friedrich's work in the history of ideas and named the theory of garden art by Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld as the source . Above all, it is the ideas of the Kiel professor of philosophy and the fine arts about composing moods by bringing together the various landscape elements that the painter used for his work. The Sepia Ideal Mountain Landscape with Waterfall , dated around 1793, can be considered the earliest example of this. Other works from this context are The Evening , The Great Enclosure , the Eldena ruins in the Giant Mountains , the Juno temple in Agrigento , the tombs of old heroes or the Giant Mountains landscape .
Gothic
In Friedrich's pictorial allegories, Gothic architecture is perhaps the most unambiguous symbol and appears intact in his work, as a ruin or a capriccio. With the ruins of Eldena Monastery , first drawn in 1801 and repeatedly used in sepia and paintings, the turn to Gothic begins. The painter found himself in harmony with the zeitgeist, which romanticized the German Middle Ages as the ideal age. The Gothic was rediscovered as an architectural style and felt as a German style in contrast to Baroque and Classicism, close to nature and like the expression of the divine in church construction. The master builder Karl Friedrich Schinkel addresses the ideal of the Gothic city in his paintings almost at the same time.
Friedrich took the Gothic churches of Greifswald, Stralsund and Neubrandenburg in the picture. But he also composed fantasy architectures from elements of real church buildings ( The Cathedral , 1818) or symbolically combined Gothic architecture and nature ( Cross in the Mountains , 1818). He also decidedly combined the Gothic with a vision of a religious renewal of the Christian church ( Vision of the Christian Church , 1812). In Pomerania the painter was regarded as a specialist in Gothic and in 1817 was commissioned to design the new interior fittings and the liturgical equipment of St. Mary's Church in Stralsund . Just like the church buildings in his paintings, the style of these designs is neo-Gothic.
Caspar David Friedrich: Eldena ruins with funeral , around 1802/03
Caspar David Friedrich: Church ruins in a meadow landscape , around 1835
Caspar David Friedrich: The Cross in the Mountains , 1812
Karl Friedrich Schinkel: Medieval City on the River , 1815
Image pairs and cycles
In the complete works one finds a multitude of picture pairs and picture cycles, beginning 1803 up to the year 1834. The counterparts can be antithetically related pairs of opposites, the cycles, mostly in four parts, refer to the seasons, times of day or age. Functionally, the pairs of paintings and graphic counterparts make it possible, in addition to the allegory, to make clear a temporal dimension of what is depicted or different historical levels, which is seldom achieved in just one pictorial space as in the stages of life . The antitheses are motif, thematic or topographical. By juxtaposing summer (1807) and winter (1808), Friedrich follows a long tradition of painting. The heavenly abundance of nature and human existence is juxtaposed with the desolation of a ruin in winter with a lonely monk.
Different pairs of images can also be connected to one another in a motif development. An example of this is the intellectual and formal continuation of the Weimar Sepia (1805) via the sea beach with fishermen and fog (1807) to the monk by the sea and the abbey in the oak forest (1809). A technically created pair of images is the transparent painting Mountainous River Landscape (around 1830–35), in which the different landscape views are created by varying the lighting of the image. In 1803 Friedrich began his first cycle in sepia: spring, summer, autumn and winter, in which the seasons are represented with the times of life. A similar series is dated 1808. In the 1820s, the life cycle was already in seven parts. In addition to the simple landscapes of the paintings of the time of day cycle from 1820, there are also seascapes. The painting Der Abend , which was created from Hirschfeld's descriptions of the times of day and an evening painting by Claude Lorrain , shows how the painter ties in with traditions of the 18th century .
"One word gives the other, as the saying goes, one story gives the other and so too a picture gives the other."
Caspar David Friedrich: The Morning , 1821/22
Caspar David Friedrich: The Midday , 1821/22
Caspar David Friedrich: The afternoon , 1821/22
Caspar David Friedrich: The evening , 1821/22
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Designs for monuments and architecture
Friedrich designed a number of memorials and grave monuments. The sculptural-architectural work, however, only makes up an insignificant part of the work. Of 33 design drawings, only eight were carried out. A group of these designs are apparently monuments to the heroes of the Wars of Liberation. One drawing for a grave memorial with the inscription Theodor could be intended for Theodor Körner, who fell in 1813, while the painter dedicated another to the Prussian Queen Luise, who died in 1810 . There were no clients for that, just as little for a monument to Gerhard von Scharnhorst that he had in mind. Around 1800 it was quite common to design monuments in honor of the new bourgeois heroes or poets, as a recommendation in the literature for the design of landscape gardens. In the Romantic era, the monuments that had previously had their place in the gardens of the princes were civicized and placed in the urban areas. Another group is made up of smaller tombs for tombs in Dresden cemeteries, which can be viewed as less ambitious contract work. The only monument that was executed is the one for the pastor of the Neubrandenburg Marienkirche Franz Christian Boll, who died in 1818 .
In a large number of his works, Friedrich's painting is shaped by an architectural way of thinking, so the preoccupation with architectural drafts that go beyond the tectonics of the monuments is obvious. In 1817 the painter was commissioned to design the interior of Stralsund's Marienkirche , which was destroyed during the French occupation of the city. Up to the summer of 1818, neo-Gothic drafts for the choir, altar, pulpit, candlestick, Fial tower, measuring device, church stalls and baptism were made, the formal language of which was based on the memorial drafts. The plans were probably not carried out for lack of money. There are other altar designs in a different style and without a known destination. One design is based on the symbolism of the Tetschen Altar. Draft drawings for a small neo-Gothic church with classicist elements, including furnishings, are also dated around 1818. Gerhard Eimer points to similarities with the church in Dannenwalde built in 1821 .
Fonts and texts
Art theory
Friedrich wrote works on art theory that provide information on his reflections on his own art and on contemporary art development. Art theoretical submissions from 1829 to 1831 with the title utterances when viewing a collection of paintings by mostly still living and recently deceased artists . There are 165 undated and disordered texts of various lengths with a total of 3215 lines of notes. The works and artist names referred to are encoded with letter sequences. With knowledge of the Dresden art scene and the development of art in Europe of those years, one can interpret the statements with great certainty. The majority of the texts reveal Friedrich's displeasure with the Dresden Academy and its encrusted structures as well as his own bitterness at not being in demand in the art world. Against the risk of art flattening through adaptation to the tastes of a broad public, the painter formulated his principles and convictions that were rooted in early Romanticism.
“The only true source is our heart, the language of the pure childlike mind. A structure that does not spring from this source can only be artificiality. Every real work of art is received in a consecrated hour and born happier, often unconsciously to the artist from an inner urge of the heart. "
As early as 1809, under the heading On Art and Artistic Spirit, Friedrich noted demands on the artist in ten commandments, which in essence can be interpreted as the mental preliminary stage to the "utterances". These texts are formally based on the Ten Commandments of Moses .
"You should obey God more than people [...] So if you want to devote yourself to art, do you feel your calling to dedicate your life to it, oh, pay close attention to the voice of your inner being, because it is art in us."
Poems
Given Friedrich's low affinity for writing, it is surprising that the painter left behind some poems, songs, prayers and aphorisms. The texts deal mainly with religious topics, have a confessional character and are used in the interpretation of the work, for example to assess the often-occurring allegories of death.
In a short poem, Friedrich commented on his choice of motif:
- Why the question has often come to me
- You choose the subject of the painting
- So often death, impermanence and grave?
- To live forever
- one must often submit to death.
A similar aphoristic poem:
- You call me misanthropist
- Because I avoid company.
- You are wrong
- I love her.
- But so as not to hate people
- I have to refrain from dealing with it.
Letters
Friedrich's hand has published 105 letters from the period 1800 to 1836. One can assume that considerably more exist or have existed. The texts are addressed to relatives, friends and famous contemporaries such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. They document the way of life, illness and artistic development or contain comments on some paintings such as the Tetschen Altar , and are therefore an important source for the interpretation of the work.
interpretation
The interpretations of Friedrich's work, which mostly refer to the most important of his works, are multifaceted and often differ fundamentally in their theoretical approaches. The tendency of this art to be open to meaning as well as the contradictory statements and confessions of the painter offer a lot of leeway in the interpretation. Basic patterns of interpretation can be recognized to which the different theories can be assigned in terms of their substance:
- Generation of meaning to the images from biography and work process
- Applying the theory of the sublime and sublime to large parts of the work
- Reference to a presumed consistent system of religious symbolism and allegories
- superficial classification of art in a contemporary historical and political context
- Assessment of the works of art from a nature-mystical-early romantic point of view
- Assumption of a metaphysical-transcendent tendency
- mystical geometry as the basic structure of the image composition
- Understanding biography and work through psychoanalysis
- Friedrich seen as a painting Freemason
As with hardly any other artist, the scientific discourse on different positions is irreconcilably led. The danger is recognized of using Friedrich's art as a mass of discourse or of cutting down the painter in order to incorporate him into his own worldview. The ever more intensive art historical, biographical and philosophical examination of Friedrich's pictorial thinking has made the view of the work more complicated, ramified, detailed and difficult.
Nature and religion
It is evident that Friedrich represents his art from a religious point of view. His Protestant-Pietist upbringing shaped him. With a Christocentric faith, he understood in his work the representation of nature as a constant worship service, saw God in everything, even in the grain of sand. The religious interpretation of the work derives from this attitude of the painter Christian pictorial statements and pictorial narratives even where the picture content does not seem to suggest a sacralization of the landscape. Carl Gustav Carus introduced the term pantheism or entheism for Friedrich's relationship to nature, which was taken up early in research. In addition to the pantheistic worldview, the Lutheran theology of the cross is accepted as the second important component in the painter's religious aesthetic. With the catalog raisonné, Helmut Börsch-Supan provided a consistently religious interpretation and thus had a lasting impact on the perspective on the oeuvre. A consistent system of symbols with Christian connotations is assumed, dying trees or poplars are symbols of death, spruces are the hope of eternal life, bridges are the transition to the world beyond, fences separate paradise from earthly existence, the rock is a symbol of faith, oaks embody a pagan view of life etc. The importance of these elements in the composition of the picture determines the tendency towards hope or hopelessness. Even where the contemporary historical statement is undisputed, as in the painting tombs of old heroes , political and Christian allegory mix, the resin cave alludes to the grave of Christ and the spring-like vegetation to a spring theme. Theology and thus the question of which theological teachings may have been the inspiration for the development of the pictorial ideas occupies a large space in religious interpretation. This influence is derived from the biographical proximity of contemporary theologians. Börsch-Supan refers to Ludwig Gotthard Kosegarten, who is known on the island of Rügen for his sermons in the great outdoors . Werner Busch sees Friedrich Schleiermacher's ideas as the key to Friedrich's understanding of the picture. Willi Geismeier clearly notices in Friedrich the attitude of the revival Christianity that developed at the beginning of the 19th century .
Political Confessions
In the reception of the 20th century, Friedrich's pictures have only been regarded as open political confessions since the eve of the First World War. Ever since Andreas Aubert propagated some landscapes as the embodiment of the patriotic spirit, these have acquired national symbolic value. This judgment related to the paintings Gravestones of Old Heroes , Felsental (The Grave of Arminius) and The Chasseur in the Forest . Also Jost Hermand sees the images of death and resurrection mood 1806-1809 marked by Germanic-Christian "sentiments symbols" that are built against the "Welsh Antichrist" Napoleon. The encryption is due to the fact that images with an openly democratic or nationalist content had no chance of passing through princely or French censorship. Most contemporaries should have understood, however, that the works of the years 1806–1813 evoked the “Germanic, Nordic, Osian, medieval, Gothic, Dürer period, Huttensche and Lutheran” of a Germany that was currently in ruins, but one day from ruins to the new Life grow up. Whether the “grave of Christ or the megalithic grave, the cross on Golgotha or the Iron Cross, the pillars and cross ribs of Gothic churches or the trunks of German oaks” - the symbolism that appears most clearly in the Tetschen altar reflects the “German” longing to infinity and a closeness to nature that is opposed to Romanesque classicism. The painter's statements in letters provide evidence of a clear anti-French stance during the time of the Napoleonic occupation of Europe, increased to a chauvinistic hatred of the French and anti-feudal attitudes, as far as the bourgeois monuments are concerned. For him, Arminius and the Prussian army reformer Scharnhorst were symbolic figures of the struggle against "royal servants". In 1813 he signed a spruce study: "Prepare yourselves for a new fight today, German men, salvation your weapons." One can also assume that images of the theme of the renewal of the Church, especially Protestantism, mean more civil liberties and political renewal . The idealization of the Gothic cathedral as a German style combines political and religious statements as an artistic statement.
Friedrich's patriotism is hardly doubted. The description of his political stance and its consideration in the interpretation of the work are, however, mostly overambitious with the rather discrete references available and should be read in the contemporary historical context of the interpretation. In the exuberance of the victory over Napoleon in 1814, the painter's rocky landscapes were also interpreted as “patriotic”, with an effect that has continued to be received today. In the Federal Republic, in the wake of the sixty-eight movement and its anti-national stance in the assessment of Friedrich's patriotic pictures, the painter's “Germanness” and “his relationships with the new German zealots like Ernst Moritz Arndt [...] and the original gymnastics father Friedrich Ludwig Jahn” moved forward. in the foreground. According to Jens Christian Jensen, the advocacy of the German cause in the fight against Napoleon contributed to the narrowing of his artistic horizons. However, in view of the princely and French censorship before 1813 (and after 1815), there were no exhibition opportunities for pictures with undisguised national or democratic themes. According to his own admission, the painter avoided the pointed political allegory. Figures in old German costumes are considered a subliminal patriotic creed. The painting Hutten's grave from 1823 shows little encryption. Here, the betrayal of the ideals of the Wars of Liberation during the Restoration period is clearly deplored.
“Dear good brother! The evening before yesterday I received your letter and when I left LYON printed on the label and recognized your hand, my heart rumbled and so as not to spoil the night I left your letter yesterday. You yourself feel that it is not right that you are in France as a German, and that still comforts me to some extent; because otherwise I would completely doubt your Germanness. Meanwhile I resent it so much, dear good boy, that I have to ask you not to write to me as long as you are in France. "
Masonic image program
According to Hubertus Gaßner , the hidden geometry in Friedrich's pictures and the metaphorical language used refer to the distinctive symbolism of the Freemasons at the beginning of the 19th century. For example, the back figures placed in the landscape or ships entering and leaving are also basic figures of Masonic thought. Anna Mika also analyzes the pictures from the point of view of hidden geometric figures from the Masonic initiation program and clearly recognizes the “seven-step ladder to heaven” in the hiker above the sea of fog . It is assumed that Friedrich was a Freemason himself. However, there is no evidence of this. The painter is not listed as a member of either a Greifswald or Dresden lodge, but he had close ties to Freemasons. His drawing teacher Quistorp belonged to the Greifswald Johannesloge Carl to the three griffins , Kersting to the Dresden Lodge Phoebus Appollo . The altar design, cross with rainbow, from 1816, which looks similar to the Tetschen altar, is said to have been made by Friedrich with pronounced Freemason symbolism in memory of the deceased Duke Karl.
Mystical geometry
Werner Sumowski describes a multi-stage process of image creation in Friedrich, which begins with an abstract composition of lines and surface elements and thus follows a romantic doctrine of mystical geometry, which is covered by the landscape motifs and becomes the inner form of the image. This creates a structure between naturalness and distance from nature. The reference to romantic mathematics goes back above all to Novalis, who stated “Geometry is the transcendental art of drawing” or “Pure mathematics is religion”. Schelling , Schubert , Steffens , Oken wanted to recognize God in the geometric figure. Werner Busch sees the use of the hyperbolic scheme in works such as Der Mönch am Meer or Abtei im Eichwald , in which the hyperbola that opens upwards is inscribed in the sky and is considered a metaphor for the anticipated infinity.
Theory of the sublime
Friedrich's work has been associated with the philosophical theories of the sublime since the 1970s . In addition to art scholars, philosophers and Germanists also take part in this discourse of sublimity, referring to theories of Edmund Burke , Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Schiller . The numerous publications on the topic can be characterized in a few exemplary positions:
- Friedrich's staffage figures, which stand in front of nature, are attributed Kantian moral sovereignty and sublime feelings, for example, by Barbara Ränsch-Trill. Then illustrate the distance to nature the reflection of the subject. When it comes to the association of the infinite, such as the wanderer above the sea of fog, Kant's statement about the mathematically sublime is used.
- Werner Hofmann sees Friedrich's other ego in the Mönch am Meer exposed to the dangers of nature, so that the sublime is not produced as a physical threat, but as an object of imagination. This coincides with Schiller's thesis of the connection of two contradicting sensations in a single feeling, which proves our moral independence.
- According to Johannes Grave , Friedrich was a critic of Schiller's theory of the sublime. The example of the painting Das Eismeer shows the questioning of the viewer's position, a loss of security as well as irritation and alienation - all of this makes a sublime feeling no longer possible.
- Nina Hinrichs formulates the counter-thesis to the reference to sublimity, Friedrich's pictures refer to a religiously connoted contemplation of nature and not to the degradation of nature as an object for the spiritual elevation of man through his reason. In the reception of the 19th century, the painter's pictures were marked as “sublime”, but the term was not used in the philosophical but in the general sense. In Romanticism the moral evidence of sublime sensation was largely out of date.
- Critical positions on the discourse of sublimity deny that Friedrich, who is distant from theory, can be assigned a visualization of such philosophical positions.
Image finding
Friedrich literally leaves the process of creating an image in the dark. He insists on the sensation of what is represented, which appears to him, as it were, from nothing before the inner eye.
“Close your physical eye so that you see your image first with the spiritual eye. Then bring to light what you saw in the dark, so that it affects others from the outside in. "
This statement suddenly separates the possible connection between the work process and the art historical, contemporary history, philosophical and literary traditions. In research there are very different theoretical approaches to explain the phenomenon of Friedrich's original image finding. In most cases, the problem is ignored and the painter, who is actually unrelated to theory, is associated with almost all of the literary and philosophical sources of his time relevant to Romanticism. Werner Hofmann basically denies the painter a strategic approach and considers the "dark total idea" founded by Friedrich Schiller to be a suitable term to describe this inner act of creation. What is meant by this is that all poetry begins in the unconscious and precedes the technical. Werner Busch comes to the conclusion that Friedrich could have been more naive than the unfolded horizon of thought would lead one to expect. No historical images are created, the present experience is the starting point. What is represented is not based on what was previously known, not on the mere implementation of a pre-existing text, and certainly not on what is derived from the tradition of literary romanticism. The chosen aesthetic order is decisive for the shape of the picture.
Romantic painter
Since the Tetschen Altar , Friedrich has been regarded by Werner Busch as a "kind of early romantic figure of identification" as well as the "epitome of the early romantic artist", with Joseph Leo Koerner as the "epitome of the romantic painter" and in Hans von Trotha's understanding the concept of romanticism has to be attached to the Painters claim. It is undisputed that Novalis ' definition is applied to Friedrich: to give romanticization a high meaning to the common, to the ordinary a mysterious appearance, to the known the dignity of the unknown and to the finite an infinite appearance. According to Werner Hofmann, the painter developed his own specific romanticism from this point of view. Many aspects of his desire for art touched one another with a general understanding of romanticism, but without coinciding with them. Friedrich can only be described as a romantic if one does not want to speak of "romanticism" but rather of "romanticism".
Mental illness
research
The beginning of the Friedrich research can be set around 1890 with the first texts by Andreas Aubert , whose fragments of a study on the forgotten Romantic 1915 the art historian Guido Joseph Kern had translated into German. In the period that followed, Richard Hamann and Cornelius Gurlitt tried to come to terms with the work with the concept of mood and to locate the painter as a forerunner of impressionism in art history.
Karl Wilhelm Jähnig made a first attempt to research the artist's work and compile a catalog raisonné on behalf of the German Association for Art History . Since he had to emigrate to Switzerland because of his Jewish wife , he was cut off from important sources. In Nazi Germany, the painter was appropriated from the perspective of Nordic racial ideology and his out-of-date religious side was suppressed. The publications by Kurt Karl Eberlein Werner Kloos , Kurt Bauch , Kurt Wilhelm-Kästner and Herbert von Eine produced during this time brought a number of new insights, but an unsuitable overall view of the work and the artist. The result was a distancing of the art business from Romanticism in the period after the Second World War.
At the end of the 1950s, Helmut Börsch-Supan's dissertation brought the painter back to research in the field of art under the impression of the economic upturn in non-representational painting. Gerhard Eimer's Stockholm lectures from 1963 on Friedrich's Gothic representations are still fundamental.
Under the conditions of divided Germany, the art historians of the GDR also discovered the painter's potential. With her Greifswald dissertation in 1963, Sigrid Hinz created important foundations for the dating of works and Willi Geismeier , director of the Deutsche Nationalgalerie Berlin, published his dissertation, which is still up -to-date , in 1966, which primarily names the sources of landscapes and religious beliefs. In the West in the late 1960s, Werner Sumowski created new interpretive approaches for numerous works with an extensive study. As a result of the 1968 movement, art history was politicized, which continues to divide research today. Friedrich was seen by a young generation of scientists as a victim of the reaction, and his religious views were largely interpreted politically.
In 1974, the catalog raisonné of Helmut Börsch-Supan, using the archive of Karl Wilhelm Jähnig, the catalog of the graphic works of Marianne Bernhard and the letters and confessions published by Sigrid Hinz provided a solid research basis.
In the following decades, a flood of scientific literature emerged, mostly to examine details of the work and especially in the context of large exhibitions. The research tended to shift from working with the sources to the formation of diverse theories, associated with names such as Hilmar Frank, Werner Busch, Jens Christian Jensen, Werner Hofmann or Peter Märker. There were now interdisciplinary theoretical approaches that included philosophical, psychological, psychoanalytic, psychopathographic or theological perspectives. Friedrich's texts were edited more precisely and critically. Several publications dealt with the identification of the real landscapes of the painter.
In 2011, Christina Grummt created a significantly improved working basis for research with the directory of all drawings and Nina Hinrichs published a history of Friedrich reception in the 19th century and under National Socialism for the first time.
reception
19th century
Most of his contemporaries perceived Friedrich as the painter of the north, both in terms of his reserved and closed manner and the motifs of his art. Through the theories of the sublime and sublime by Edmund Burke , Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Schiller , a changed perception of nature led to the idea of a “sublime north” as a counter-image to the “beautiful classicist south”. This contrast is illustrated by the arcadia paintings of Classicism on the one hand and Friedrich's polar pictures such as The Ice Sea on the other.
"[Friedrich's fantasy] was not formed by a southern, serene, warm sky, by lush, rich, laughing areas, but by Nordic grandeur and grandeur [...]."
The Rügen pastor Theodor Schwarz wrote the novel Erwin von Steinbach or the spirit of German architecture under the pseudonym Theodor Melas in 1834 . The author provides the fictional character, the cathedral builder Erwin von Steinbach , with a painter named Kaspar, who is close to Caspar David Friedrich in his character and in his biography. Painter and pastor were good friends. Schwarz developed the protagonists' journey to the far north and beyond the Arctic Circle as a counter-program to the compulsory Grand Tour of the artists in Italy. In the world of sensation around 1800, the Ossian poems by James Macpherson assigned a melancholy mood to Nordic nature. To a certain extent, Friedrich fulfilled the expectations of the northern pictorial worlds, especially with his motifs from the island of Rügen, the landscape of which Kosegarten's poems gave Ossian features.
"His [Friedrich] two smaller pieces, the dilapidated hut under the snow, and the dark vault are composed in the same spirit [as the moonlit landscape on the Baltic Sea ] and remind us of similar short episodes in Ossian's chants."
Frederick's patriotic engagement was hardly noticed during the Napoleonic occupation, all the more so after the end of the wars of liberation. The oaks, barrows and Gothic buildings were read as national symbols in the romantic turn to a Germanic culture. However, as early as the middle of the 19th century, Friedrich was forgotten as a painter.
National Socialism
During the time of National Socialism , Friedrich's work was appropriated for propaganda purposes. The number of publications skyrocketed. His art was considered exemplary for National Socialist landscape painting and lifestyle. The Nordic topos was functionalized in the sense of the racially oriented Aryan myth . The selective political interpretation had already begun with the rediscovery of the painter at the beginning of the 20th century. His pictures were in the context of the National Socialist glorification of the liberation wars of 1813 and the view of Romanticism as “Germany's national reawakening to itself.” His naturalistic way of depicting landscapes and the clear technique set themselves apart from the criteria that were considered degenerate defamed artist apply. The country team made use of the works of Pomerania for the visualization of symbols of the blood-and-soil ideology . The artist's apparent Christian piety was reinterpreted into a pantheism as "piety of the Nordic kind" with the attribution of Germanic-mythical closeness to nature. The 100th anniversary of Friedrich's death was celebrated with numerous publications and his rediscovery by National Socialism was highlighted. The Art History Institute of the Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald was named Caspar David Friedrich Institute . The teaching staff at the institute published a commemorative book in which the artist's patriotism and patriotism were related to current war events.
“I call this life [Friedrich's life] a life of heroes. Because this lonely one remained victorious against all suffering and against all opposition in the world. He suffered and lived and became our shape. He, Caspar David Friedrich, stayed when it all sank, and he stays. His art is the great art of romanticism. In him the old Germanic genome comes to life again, the Nordic artistic spirit that glows away under the ashes. His soul art is the resistance art of the north against all art of representation of the south. This faithful painter saved a whole world. He defended Germany's artistic spirit against the West. [...] “The Rembrandt German” Langbehn was looking for is dead; but "the Friedrich German" lives and will live in art. "
The misuse of painters and works by the National Socialists was followed in the years after 1945 by the neglect of Frederick and Romanticism by the museums. The idea of a straight line from romanticism to Hitler persisted in Britain.
Reception in the GDR
Although the art historical research of the GDR also dealt with Friedrich, the state cultural policy initially found it difficult to find an appropriate place in the art-historical canon for the unadjusted landscape painter. The reference to the appropriation of Romanticism under National Socialism and the state cult around Goethe and Classicism were not conducive to Friedrich's reception. Regardless of this, broad sections of the population began to rediscover Romanticism in the early 1970s, as did in Germany. Friedrich's pictures became a projection surface for freedom and freedom. In 1979 Christa Wolf solved the problem in literature with the novel Kein Ort. Nowhere about Heinrich von Kleist and Karoline von Günderode an accompanying debate on the conflict between freedom and adaptation of the artist. The wanderer above the sea of fog was a metaphor for the self-reliant, free man who ponders his utopias while the fog hides the troubles of everyday life. Books and prints on the painter's work and biography achieved large editions. The Dresden exhibition on Friedrich's 200th birthday in 1974 came to 260,000 visitors, the counterpart in the Hamburger Kunsthalle 200,000. After this exhibition success, the GDR leadership recognized the cultural and political potential of the romantic. In 1974 the 1st Greifswald Romantic Conference took place at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University as part of the GDR's Caspar David Friedrich honor. However, it took until the mid-1980s for the painter to be celebrated in Dresden as the city's great genius and for a memorial in an abstract visual language in 1988.
21st century
At the turn of the millennium, the painter achieved an unprecedented international popularity. Over the past 30 years, Friedrich has risen to become the most famous German painter after Albrecht Dürer. From 1990 onwards there has been a dense series of large and small exhibitions and new publications every year. The large retrospective Caspar David Friedrich - The Invention of Romanticism in the Folkwang Museum Essen 2006 and in the Hamburger Kunsthalle 2007 is one of the modern, commercially successful blockbuster exhibitions with a total of 682,000 visitors. At the same time, significant works began to become trivial. The wanderer above the sea of fog, like Eugène Delacroix's freedom, has become a passe-partout symbol that people use for different purposes. Through the edge situation, the summit experience, the threat from the abyss, the physical end of a path of discovery or the open-mindedness of the motif, the hiker can be projected into different contexts or captured for it. The wanderer has found a place on magazine titles, record covers, book covers and in advertising . Caricatures satirize the motif. On the cover of the news magazine Der Spiegel No. 19 from May 18, 1995, the mountain climber dressed in urban clothing looks at a hodgepodge of icons under a black, red and gold rainbow that are supposed to represent the calamity of German history. Today this montage of images is considered a trivial icon of German consciousness.
Movie
The film Caspar David Friedrich - Limits of Time (1986) directed by Peter Schamoni deals with the reception of Friedrich's works. The painter himself does not appear in it personally, his life and work are told exclusively about other characters, in particular about his friend, the doctor and artist Carl Gustav Carus .
On behalf of the NDR, a historical documentation was produced in 2007 under the direction of Thomas Frick , which illuminates the interaction between mental suffering and the painter's works.
theatre
The picture Two Men Contemplating the Moon is said to have inspired Samuel Beckett on his six-month trip to Germany for his play Warten auf Godot in 1936 , as he admitted 40 years later to the theater scholar Ruby Cohn: This was the source of Waiting for Godot, you know . The two characters in the painting turned into the vagabonds Vladimir and Tarragon on the theater stage. Beckett replaced Friedrich's invitation to the viewer to contemplate with a provocation that is not about the content of the expectation, but about the questionable nature of waiting.
literature
Fritz Meichner undertook 1943 and 1971 the attempt to look at the life of the painter in the biographical novels Landschaft Gottes. A novel about Caspar David Friedrich and Caspar David Friedrich. Novel approaching his life .
Christoph Werner tells in 2006 in his novel To live forever. Caspar David Friedrich and Joseph Mallord William Turner the stories of the two romantic painters.
Effects in art
19th century
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Friedrich won a place for landscape in modern art as an important genre. The effect among his contemporaries was limited to pupils and painter friends such as Carl Gustav Carus, Johan Christian Dahl, Ernst Ferdinand Oehme or Carl Wilhelm Götzloff. The monk by the sea , the abbey in the oak forest and the hiker above the sea of fog had great potential for inspiration .
In the second half of the 19th century, painters of realism and symbolism discovered the radical pictorial concepts of the romanticist for the further development of their landscapes. This is particularly true of James Abbott McNeill Whistler , Gustave Courbet , Arnold Böcklin and Edvard Munch . The strong presence of Friedrich's works in Petersburg collections showed a clear influence on the Russian realist landscape painters Archip Iwanowitsch Kuindschi and Iwan Iwanowitsch Schischkin . The Americans Albert Pinkham Ryder and Ralph Albert Blakelock , as well as the artists of the Hudson River School and the New England Luminists were interested in the mystical allegories of the romantic .
Gustave Courbet: Le bord de mer à Palavas , 1854
Arnold Böcklin: Die Toteninsel , third version, 1883
Archip Ivanovich Kuindshi: The Dnieper in the morning 1881
Ralph Albert Blakelock: Moonlight , 1885
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20th century
The Surrealists saw in Friedrich with his assembly technique and contrasting back figures a forerunner of their artistic movement. Max Ernst and René Magritte believed that they were in the tradition of the romantic when it came to questions of image perception and the involvement of the viewer in the work process. With his painting Dead Sea, Paul Nash paraphrased the painting Das Eismeer . When Lyonel Feininger was drawing and painting on the Baltic coast in the 1920s, his concise pictorial geometry referred to the seascapes and Gothic motifs of Pomerania. In the second half of the 20th century, artists such as Mark Rothko , Gerhard Richter and Anselm Kiefer were inspired by exemplary works by Friedrich.
Exhibitions
- 1972 Romantic Landscape Painting in Dresden Tate Gallery London
- 1974 Caspar David Friedrich 1774–1840, art around 1800 Hamburger Kunsthalle
- 1974 Caspar David Friedrich and his circle Gemäldegalerie Neue Meister Dresden
- 1974 Caspar David Friedrich and his Kreis Museum der bildenden Künste Leipzig
- 1984 Caspar David Friedrich: 10 paintings Neue Pinakothek Munich
- 1990 Caspar David Friedrich: Winter Landscapes Museum for Art and Cultural History Dortmund
- 1990/1991 The Romantic Vision of Caspar David Friedrich: Paintings and Drawings from the USSR Art Institute of Chicago, Metropolitan Museum of Art New York
- 1991 From Lucas Cranach to Caspar David Friedrich - German painting from the Ermitage Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt
- 1992 Caspar David Friedrich - pinturas y dibujos Museo del Prado, Madrid
- 1993 Caspar David Friedrich and artist of his time Museum of the Hanseatic City of Greifswald
- 1993 From Caspar David Friedrich to Ferdinand Hodler: Masterpieces from the Museum Stiftung Oskar Reinhart Winterthur National Gallery, State Museums in Berlin
- 1996 Philipp Otto Runge, Caspar David Friedrich: in the course of time Van Gogh Museum Amsterdam
- 1998 Caspar David Friedrich: the artistic way Kunsthalle Bielefeld
- 1999 From Caspar David Friedrich to Manet, masterpieces from the Nationalgalerie Berlin Nationalgalerie Berlin
- 2000 De Caspar David Friedrich a Picasso. Obras maestras sobre papel del Museo From the Heydt de Wuppertal Fundación Juan March Madrid
- 2001 Caspar David Friedrich. Johan Christian Dahl. Drawings of the Romantic State Museum Schwerin
- 2005 Caspar David Friedrichs study years at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts and his importance for Danish Art, particularly for the painters of the Golden Age at the present day The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Copenhagen
- 2005 seascapes. From Caspar David Friedrich to Emil Nolde Hamburger Kunsthalle
- 2006/2007 Caspar David Friedrich - The Invention of the Romantic Museum Folkwang , Hamburger Kunsthalle
- 2010 Caspar David Friedrich: Arte de Dibujar Fundación Juan March Madrid
- 2010 The birth of romance. Friedrich. Stanchion. Klinkowström. Pommersches Landesmuseum Greifswald
- 2014 The artists in the Friedrich family Special exhibition in the Caspar David Friedrich Center Greifswald for the 240th birthday of Caspar David Friedrich
- 2014/2015 Dahl and Friedrich. Romantic landscapes. An exhibition by the Nasjonalmuseet, Oslo and the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden in the National Gallery, Oslo, October 10, 2014 to January 5, and in the Albertinum, Dresden, February 6 to May 17, 2015
Honors
Monuments and Caspar David Friedrich ways
Wolf-Eike Kuntsche created a monument for Caspar David Friedrich on the Brühlschen Terrasse in Dresden in 1990 based on Kersting's painting Caspar David Friedrich in his studio.
In 2000/1 the city of Bad Schandau in Saxony set up the marked Caspar-David-Friedrich-Weg, which leads from cribs on the Elbe to the Hirschgrund and the Kaiserkrone and then back over the Wolfsberg and Reinhardtsdorf. On the way there are eleven information boards about Caspar David Friedrich and the hiking trail.
In 2008, a Caspar-David-Friedrich-Bildweg was opened in Friedrich's native Greifswald, and in 2010 a monument for the painter was erected on private property. The bronze sculpture was created by the sculptor Claus-Martin Görtz. There is no official memorial for the painter in Greifswald. In 1998 the citizens of the Hanseatic city decided that a Friedrich monument should be erected on the market square, but for financial reasons it has not yet seen any chances of realization.
In memory of the famous painter, the Route of the North German Romanticism has existed since 1997 . The 54 km long nature trail connects a total of ten life and motif stations of early romantic painters from the region from Greifswald to Wolgast .
Caspar David Friedrich Society
The Caspar David Friedrich Society , based in Greifswald , has been awarding the Caspar David Friedrich Prize annually since 2001 for innovative approaches in contemporary art. Since 2004 she has been running the Caspar-David-Friedrich-Zentrum in the former soap and candle making factory of the Friedrich family , which was expanded in 2011 to include the Friedrichs' former residential and commercial building facing Lange Straße. Life and work are extensively documented there and changing exhibitions on contemporary art take place.
Postage stamps, commemorative coin
- March 29, 1967, postage stamp Deutsche Post of the GDR
- May 21, 1974, stamp pad Deutsche Post of the GDR for the 200th birthday, including first day cover
- August 16, 1974, postage stamp Deutsche Bundespost (FRG) for the 200th birthday
- November 8, 1974, GDR 10 Mark commemorative coin for the 200th birthday
- 3rd January 2011, postage stamp Deutsche Bundespost (BRD) in the series German painting
Postage stamp GDR 1967, motif megalithic grave in the snow
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The motifs of the GDR stamp pad from May 21, 1974:
View of the Elbe Valley
Caspar David Friedrich
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Works (selection)
| image | title | year | Size / material | Exhibition / collection / owner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Wreck in the Arctic Ocean | 1798 | 31.4 × 23.6 cm, oil on canvas | Hamburg, Kunsthalle (attribution to Friedrich is in doubt) |
|
Felsentor in the Uttewalder Grund | 1801 | 70.5 × 50.3 cm, sepia | Essen, Folkwang Museum |
|
View of Arkona with the rising moon and nets | 1806 | Vienna, Albertina (acquired from the Swiss gallery owner Jan Krugier (1928–2008) in 2001 ) | |
|
West facade of the ruins of Eldena with bakery and barn | 1806 | Angers , Musée des Beaux-Arts | |
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|
The summer | 1807 | 71.4 × 103.6 cm, oil on canvas | Munich, Neue Pinakothek |
|
Megalithic grave in the snow | 1807 | 62 × 80 cm, oil on canvas | Dresden, New Masters Gallery |
|
Sea beach in the fog | around 1807 | 34.2 × 50.2 cm, oil on canvas | Vienna, Belvedere , Inv. No. 3700 |
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|
Sea beach with fishermen | around 1807 | 34.5 × 51 cm, oil on canvas | Vienna, Belvedere, Inv. No. 3701 |
|
View of the Elbe Valley | around 1807 | 81.5 × 80 cm, oil on canvas | Dresden, New Masters Gallery |
|
The cross in the mountains ( Tetschen Altar ) | 1808 | 115 × 110.5 cm, oil on canvas | Dresden, New Masters Gallery |
|
Morning mist in the mountains | 1808 | 71 × 104 cm, oil on canvas | Rudolstadt , Museum Schloss Heidecksburg |
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|
Winter ( monastery ruins Eldena ) | 1808 | Burned in the Munich Glass Palace in 1931 | |
|
The monk by the sea | 1809/1810 | 110 × 171.5 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin, Old National Gallery |
|
Abbey in the oak forest | 1809/1810 | 110.4 × 171 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin, Old National Gallery |
|
Mountain landscape with rainbow | 1810 | 70 × 102 cm, oil on canvas | Essen, Folkwang Museum |
|
Bohemian landscape with the Milleschauer | around 1810 | 71 × 104 cm, oil on canvas | Dresden, New Masters Gallery |
|
Landscape with rainbow | around 1810 | 59 × 84.5 cm, oil on canvas | missing since 1945 |
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|
Garden and terrace | 1811 | 53.5 × 70 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin, Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg , New Pavilion , Inv. GK I 7878 |
|
Rock section in the Harz | 1811 | 32 × 45 cm | Dresden, New Masters Gallery |
| Winter landscape | 1811 | 32.5 × 45 cm, oil on canvas | Schwerin, State Museum | |
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|
Winter landscape with church | 1811 | Dortmund, Museum for Art and Cultural History | |
|
Cross and cathedral in the mountains | 1812 | 45 × 38.5 cm, oil on canvas | Düsseldorf, art museum |
|
|
Tombs of ancient heroes | 1812 | 49.5 × 70.5 cm, oil on canvas | Hamburg, art gallery |
|
Cross in the forest | 1813 | 42 × 32 cm, oil on canvas | Stuttgart, State Gallery , Inv. No. L 569 |
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|
Cross on the Baltic Sea | 1813 ?? | 45 × 33.5 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin, Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg , New Pavilion , Inv. GK I 30203 |
|
The chasseur in the forest | 1814 | 65.7 × 46.7 cm, oil on canvas | Privately owned |
|
Tomorrow (Outgoing Boats) Part of a four-part cycle scattered today | after 1815 | 22 × 30.5 cm, oil on canvas | Hanover, Lower Saxony State Museum |
|
Neubrandenburg | 1816/1817 | 91 × 72 cm, oil on canvas | Greifswald, Pomeranian State Museum |
|
Greifswald in the moonlight | 1816/1817 | 22.5 x 30.5 cm | Oslo , National Gallery |
| Coastal landscape at twilight | 1816-1818 | 22 × 31 cm, oil on canvas | Lübeck , Museum for Art and Cultural History , Inv. No. 1950/5 | |
|
The wanderer over the Nebel sea | probably 1817 | 98.4 × 74.8 cm, oil on canvas | Hamburg, art gallery |
|
Two men by the sea | 1817 | 51 × 60 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin , Old National Gallery |
|
Gazebo | 1818 | Munich, Neue Pinakothek | |
|
Night in the harbor (sisters) | 1818 | 74 × 52 cm, oil on canvas | St. Petersburg, Hermitage |
|
Woman in front of the setting sun (sunset, sunrise, woman in the morning sun) | around 1818 | 22 × 30 cm, oil on canvas | Essen, Folkwang Museum |
|
Chalk cliffs on Rügen | around 1818 | 90.5 × 71 cm, oil on canvas | Winterthur, Museum Oskar Reinhart |
|
On the sailor | 1818/1819 | 71 × 56 cm, oil on canvas | St. Petersburg, Hermitage |
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Greifswald harbor | 1818-1820 | 90 × 70 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin, Old National Gallery |
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|
Wafts of mist | 1818-1820 | 32.5 × 42.5 cm, oil on canvas | Hamburg, art gallery |
|
|
Two men contemplating the moon | 1819 | 35 × 44 cm, oil on canvas | Dresden, New Masters Gallery |
|
Monastery cemetery in the snow | 1819 | 121 × 170 cm | Destroyed in 1945 |
|
Barrow in autumn | around 1820 | Dresden, New Masters Gallery | |
|
Swans in the reeds at the first red light | around 1819/1820 | 38 × 44 cm, oil on canvas | Frankfurt am Main, Free German Hochstift - Frankfurt Goethe Museum |
|
Moving clouds | probably 1820 | 18.3 × 24.5 cm, oil on canvas | Hamburg, art gallery |
|
Fog in the Elbe valley ; also: Fog in the Elbe Valley near Schandau | around 1820 | 33 × 42.5 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin, Old National Gallery |
|
Kügelgen's grave | 1821/1822 | 41.5 × 55 cm, oil on canvas | Privately owned |
|
Woman at the window | 1822 | 44 × 37 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin, Alte Nationalgalerie, Inv. No. AI 918 |
|
The morning (1st picture of the time of day cycle) | around 1821 | 22 × 30.5 cm, oil on canvas | Hanover, Lower Saxony State Museum |
|
Midday (2nd picture of the time of day cycle) | around 1821 | 22 × 30.5 cm, oil on canvas | Hanover, Lower Saxony State Museum |
|
The afternoon (3rd picture of the time of day cycle) | around 1821 | 22 × 30.5 cm, oil on canvas | Hanover, Lower Saxony State Museum |
|
The evening (4th picture of the time of day cycle) | around 1821 | 22 × 30.5 cm, oil on canvas | Hanover, Lower Saxony State Museum |
|
Meadows near Greifswald | 1820-1822 | 35 × 49 cm, oil on canvas | Hamburg, art gallery |
| Evening by the river | around 1820-1825 | 44 × 34.5 cm, oil on canvas | Cologne, Wallraf-Richartz-Museum, inv. No. 2668 | |
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|
River bank in the fog (Elbe ship in the early morning fog) | around 1820-1825 | 22.5 × 30.8 cm, oil on canvas | Cologne, Wallraf-Richartz-Museum , inv. No. 2667 |
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|
Moon rise by the sea | 1822 | 55 × 71 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin, Old National Gallery |
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|
Village landscape with morning lighting | 1822 | 55 × 71 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin, Old National Gallery |
|
Crows on a tree | 1822 | 54 × 71 cm, oil on canvas | Paris, Louvre |
|
Cross in the mountains | 1822 | 128 × 71 cm, oil on canvas | Gotha , Schlossmuseum auf Friedenstein , Inv. No. 449/407 |
|
Rocky landscape in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains | 1822/1823 | 91 × 74 cm, oil on canvas | Vienna, Belvedere , Inv. No. 2859 |
| On the outskirts of Greifswald | 1822/1823 | Berlin, Old National Gallery | ||
|
Moon rise by the sea | 1822 | 135 × 170 cm, oil on canvas | St. Petersburg, Hermitage |
| At the Ryck in Greifswald with a view of the mills in front of the Steinbecker Schanze | 1822/1823 | Berlin, Old National Gallery | ||
|
The Arctic Ocean | 1823/1824 | 96.7 × 126.9 cm, oil on canvas | Hamburg, art gallery |
|
Forest interior by moonlight, people in front by a bright fire | 1823 to 1830 | 71 × 50 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin, Old National Gallery |
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|
Evening with clouds | 1824 | 14 × 22.5 cm, oil on cardboard | Mannheim, art gallery |
|
The Watzmann | 1824/1825 | 133 × 170 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin, Old National Gallery |
|
Eldena monastery ruins near Greifswald | 1824/1825 | 35 × 49 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin, Alte Nationalgalerie, Inv. No. A II 574 |
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|
Two men contemplating the moon | 1825-1830 | 34.9 × 43.8 cm, oil on canvas | New York City, Metropolitan Museum of Art , inv. No. 2000.51 |
|
Trees and bushes in the snow | around 1825 | 31 × 25.5 cm | Dresden, New Masters Gallery |
| Uttenwald reason | around 1825 | 91.5 × 70.5 cm, oil on canvas | Linz, New Gallery , Inv. No. 105 | |
|
Cemetery entrance (unfinished) | 1825 | 143 × 110 cm, oil on canvas | Dresden, New Masters Gallery |
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|
Hill with Bruchacker near Dresden | 1825 | 22.2 × 30.5 cm, oil on canvas | Hamburg, art gallery |
|
Graveyard in the snow | 1826 | 31 × 25 cm, oil on canvas | Leipzig, Museum of Fine Arts |
|
Ships in the harbor in the evening | 1827/1828 | 31 × 25 cm, oil on canvas | Dresden, New Masters Gallery |
|
Snow-covered hut (hut in the snow) | around 1827 | 31 × 25 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin, Old National Gallery |
| Fir forest with a waterfall | 1828 | Hamburg, art gallery | ||
|
Spruce thicket in the forest | 1828 | Munich, Neue Pinakothek | |
|
Oak tree in the snow | 1829 | 71 × 48 cm, oil on canvas | Berlin, Old National Gallery |
|
Moonlight on the sea | 1830 | Berlin, Old National Gallery | |
| Evening on the Baltic Sea beach | around 1830 | Dresden, New Masters Gallery | ||
|
Man and woman contemplating the moon | 1830-1835 | 34 × 44 cm | Berlin, Old National Gallery |
| Fall field | around 1830 | Hamburg, art gallery | ||
| Mountain landscape in Bohemia | around 1830 | Hamburg, art gallery | ||
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|
Eldena ruins in the Giant Mountains | 1830/1835 | 73 × 103 cm, oil on canvas | Greifswald, Pomeranian State Museum |
|
Flat landscape on the Greifswalder Bodden | 1830-1834 | 25.7 × 31.5 cm, oil on canvas | Schweinfurt , Georg Schäfer Museum |
| Marshy beach | 1832 | Hamburg, art gallery | ||
|
The large enclosure (Ostra enclosure) near Dresden | around 1832 | 73.5 × 102.5 cm, oil on canvas | Dresden, New Masters Gallery |
|
Juno temple in Agrigento | around 1828-1830 | 53.3 × 71.5 cm, oil on canvas | Dortmund, Museum Ostwall , Inv. No. C 5022 |
|
Willow bushes when the sun is low | around 1832/1835 | 31 × 32 cm, oil on canvas | Frankfurt Goethe Museum |
| Owl on an unadorned tree | 1834 | 25.2 × 31 cm, oil on canvas | Private ownership, France | |
|
The stages of life | around 1834 | 72.5 × 94 cm, oil on canvas | Leipzig, Museum of Fine Arts, Inv. No. 1217 |
|
Memories of the Giant Mountains | before 1835 | 73.5 × 102.5 cm, oil on canvas | St. Petersburg, Hermitage |
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|
Giant Mountains landscape | around 1835 | 73.5 × 102.5 cm, oil on canvas | Oslo, National Gallery |
|
The burning Neubrandenburg (unfinished) | 1830-35 | 72 × 101 cm, oil on canvas | Hamburg, art gallery |
|
Landscape with the Rosenberg in Bohemian Switzerland | around 1835 | 34.9 × 48.5 cm, oil on canvas | Frankfurt am Main, Städelsches Kunstinstitut , Inv. No. 1821 |
|
Forest in late autumn (forest water, autumn forest) | 1835 | 35 × 44 cm, oil on canvas | Erfurt, Angermuseum , Inv. No. 3626 |
|
Landscape in the character of the Bohemian Central Mountains (Giant Mountains) | around 1830-1835 | 72 × 103 cm | Berlin, Old National Gallery |
|
The dreamer ( Oybin monastery ruins ) | 1820-1840 | 27 × 21 cm, oil on canvas | St. Petersburg, Hermitage |
|
Seashore in the moonlight | 1835 | 135 × 170 cm | Hamburg, art gallery |
literature
in alphabetical order by authors / editors
- Maria Teresa Arfini: Musical Landscape: The Correspondence Between Music and Painting in Early-Nineteenth-Century Germany . In: Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography . 39, No. 1-2, 2014, ISSN 1522-7464 , pp. 125-144.
- Helmut Börsch-Supan : Caspar David Friedrich . Prestel Verlag, Munich 2005. ISBN 3-7913-3333-X
- Helmut Börsch-Supan: Caspar David Friedrich: Feeling as Law . Deutscher Kunstverlag , Munich 2008. ISBN 978-3-422-06807-0
- Helmut Börsch-Supan, Karl Wilhelm Jähnig: Caspar David Friedrich. Paintings, prints and pictorial drawings . Prestel Verlag, Munich 1973. ISBN 3-7913-0053-9 (List of works by Friedrich with biography)
- Leander Büsing: The attempt to put works of art together appropriately: painting and art discourse in the Dresden of the Romantic period . Norderstedt 2011. ISBN 978-3-8423-5915-4
- Werner Busch : Caspar David Friedrich. Aesthetics and Religion . CH Beck, Munich 2003. ISBN 3-406-50308-X
- Herbert von Eine : Caspar David Friedrich = art books of the people 26. 2nd edition: Rembrandt-Verlag, Berlin. 1938; 3rd edition: Verlag Konrad Lemmer, Berlin o. J. (illustrated book).
- Robert Floetemeyer: De-romanticized Romanticism - Kleist in front of Friedrich's “Monk by the Sea”. In: From Altdorfer to Serra - student festival publication for Lorenz Dittmann, ed. v. I. Besch, St. Inbert 1993, pp. 97-115.
- László F. Földényi : Caspar David Friedrich: The night side of painting . Matthes & Seitz, Munich 1993. ISBN 3-88221-263-2
- Hilmar Frank: Prospects for the immeasurable. Perspectivity and open-mindedness with Caspar David Friedrich . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2004.
- Willi Geismeier : Caspar David Friedrich , VEB EA Seemann Verlag, Leipzig, ISBN 3-89350-721-3
- Johannes Grave: Caspar David Friedrich . Prestel Verlag, Munich 2012. ISBN 978-3-7913-4627-4
- Johannes Grave: Caspar David Friedrich and the aesthetics of the sublime. Friedrichs Eismeer as an answer to a central concept of contemporary aesthetics . VDG, Weimar 2001. ISBN 3-89739-192-9
- Johannes Grave: Caspar David Friedrich. Belief and image criticism . diaphanes, Zurich / Berlin 2011. ISBN 978-3-03734-165-0
- Christina Grummt: Caspar David Friedrich. The painting. The entire work . 2 vol., Munich 2011.
- Klaus Haese : Caspar David Friedrich and Philipp Otto Runge - home space and passage of time . Art book. Nordlicht Verlag, Karlshagen / Usedom Island 2007. ISBN 978-3-9809640-2-9
- Sigrid Hinz: Caspar David Friedrich as a draftsman. A contribution to the stylistic development of the drawings and their significance for the dating of the paintings . Greifswald 1966.
- Karl-Ludwig Hoch : Caspar David Friedrich in Saxon Switzerland . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1996.
- Karl-Ludwig Hoch: Caspar David Friedrich and cribs . In: Sächsische Heimatblätter , 1979, 3, p. 119 ff.
- Karl-Ludwig Hoch: Caspar David Friedrich - unknown documents of his life . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1985.
- Karl-Ludwig Hoch: Caspar David Friedrich and the Bohemian Mountains . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1987.
- Karl-Ludwig Hoch: Caspar David Friedrich's piety and his reverence for nature . Dissertation, Leipzig 1981.
- Werner Hofmann: Caspar David Friedrich. Natural reality and art truth. CH Beck, Munich 2000. ISBN 3-406-46475-0
- Michael Kröger u. a .: Caspar David Friedrich . Verlag Atelier im Bauernhaus, Fischerhude 1993. ISBN 3-88132-202-7
- Thomas Noll: The landscape painting by Caspar David Friedrich: Physikotheologie, effect aesthetics and emblematics. Requirements and interpretation . Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich 2006. ISBN 978-3-422-06612-0
- Hildegard Schacht (responsible editor): 1st Greifswald Romantic Conference on the occasion of the Caspar David Friedrich honor in the German Democratic Republic in 1974 . In: Scientific journal of the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald (special issue) 1976.
- Christian Scholl: Romantic painting as a new symbolic art. Studies on the giving of meaning with Philipp Otto Runge, Caspar David Friedrich and the Nazarenes . Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich 2007. ISBN 978-3-422-06697-7
- Ulrich Schulze: Ruins against the conservative spirit. A picture by Caspar David Friedrich (= Werner's Art History 6). Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms 1987, ISBN 978-3-88462-510-1
- Werner Sumowski: Caspar David Friedrich studies . F. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1970.
- Detlef Stapf: Caspar David Friedrich. The biography. Okapi Verlag, Berlin 2019. ISBN 978-3-947965-02-1 .
- Gerd-Helge Vogel : The importance of Ludwig Gotthard Kosegarten for the development of the early romantic worldview in Caspar David Friedrich. In: Wilhelm Kühlmann , Horst Langer (Hrsg.): Literature and literary relationships in the city and region. Pomerania in the early modern period. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 1994.
- Gerd-Helge Vogel: Out into Nature - Caspar David Friedrich and the Early Plein-air Sketch in Germany. In: Katrin Bellinger at Colnaghi (Ed.): Out into Nature. The Dawn of Plein-Air Painting in Germany 1820-1850 . London 2003.
- Gerd-Helge Vogel: Patriotic sentiment and anti-Napoleonic attitude in the work of Caspar David Friedrich . In: Anzeiger des Germanisches Nationalmuseums , Nuremberg 2006.
- Reinhard Zimmermann: The secret of the grave and the future. Caspar David Friedrich's "thoughts" in the picture pairs . In: Yearbook of the Berlin Museums NF 42 (2000), pp. 187–257.
- Reinhard Zimmermann: “Come and see” Caspar David Friedrich's understanding of images and the question of the “open work of art” . In: Aurora. Yearbook of the Eichendorff Society 62 (2002), pp. 65–93.
- Herrmann Zschoche : Caspar David Friedrich in the Harz Mountains . Verlag der Kunst, Amsterdam 2000, new edition 2008. ISBN 978-3-86530-104-8
- Herrmann Zschoche: Caspar David Friedrichs Rügen. A search for clues . Verlag der Kunst Dresden, Husum 2007. ISBN 978-3-86530-086-7
- Herrmann Zschoche (editor): Caspar David Friedrich. The letters. 2nd Edition. ConferencePoint Verlag, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-936406-12-X .
Web links
- Literature by and about Caspar David Friedrich in the catalog of the German National Library
- Works by and about Caspar David Friedrich in the German Digital Library
- Literature about Caspar David Friedrich in the state bibliography MV
- Caspar David Friedrich at Google Arts & Culture
- Works by Caspar David Friedrich In: Digitales Belvedere (digital.belvedere.at)
- Caspar David Friedrich Society
- Caspar David Friedrich Institute in Greifswald
- The Invention of Romanticism , Hamburger Kunsthalle (2006/2007) ( Memento from April 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ).
- Entry in the baptismal register of Caspar David Friedrich in the Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Digital Library
- Caspar David Friedrich in the Stadtwiki Dresden
- Works by Caspar David Friedrich in the Europeana
Remarks
- ^ First chronological catalog of hand drawings and prints. The numbering of the graphic oeuvre by "Hinz" is still used today.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Wilhelm von Kügelgen : Memories of the youth of an old man. Düsseldorf-Leipzig 1907, p. 833.
- ^ A b Helmut Börsch-Supan, Karl Wilhelm Jähnig: Caspar David Friedrich. Paintings, prints and pictorial drawings , Prestel Verlag, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-7913-0053-9 (catalog raisonné), p. 211.
- ^ Wilhelm Ahlers : Historical-topographical sketches from the prehistory of the Vorderstadt Neubrandenburg. Publishing house by Carl Brünslow, Neubrandenburg 1876, p. 50.
- ^ Helmut Börsch-Supan, Karl Wilhelm Jähnig: Caspar David Friedrich. Paintings, prints and pictorial drawings , Prestel Verlag, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-7913-0053-9 (catalog raisonné), p. 212.
- ^ Herrmann Zschoche: Caspar David Friedrich. The letters. ConferencePoint Verlag, Hamburg 2006 p. 46 f.
- ↑ Martin Klar : Johann Gottfried Quistorp and the art in Greifswald. In: Pomeranian Yearbooks . Volume 12, 1911, p. 118.
- ^ Athanasius Graf Raczynski: History of modern German art . Volume 2, Berlin 1841, p. 222.
- ^ Kurt Wilhelm-Kästner u. a .: Caspar David Friedrich and his homeland . Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin 1940, p. 28.
- ^ Colin J. Bailey: Caspar David Friedrich. An introduction to life and work. In: Kasper Monrad, Colin J. Bailey: Caspar David Friedrich og Danmark. Exhibition catalog Copenhagen, Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen 1991, p. 119 f.
- ↑ Dirk von Lukow u. a .: The Copenhagen School. Masterpieces by Danish and German painters from 1770 to 1850. Catalog, Kunsthalle zu Kiel, Ostfildern-Ruit 2005, p. 242.
- ^ Gertrud Fiege: Caspar David Friedrich. Reinbek 1977, p. 14.
- ^ Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld: Theory of garden art . Five volumes, MG Weidmanns Erben und Reich, Leipzig 1779 to 1785.
- ↑ Willi Geismeier: On the importance and developmental position of a feeling for nature and landscape representation in Caspar David Friedrich. Dissertation Berlin 1966, p. 26.
- ↑ Sigrid Hinz (Ed.): Caspar David Friedrich in letters and confessions. Henschelverlag Art and Society, Berlin 1974, pp. 84–93.
- ^ Herrmann Zschoche: Caspar David Friedrich. The letters. ConferencePoint Verlag, Hamburg 2006 p. 17.
- ^ Herrmann Zschoche: Caspar David Friedrich. The letters. ConferencePoint Verlag, Hamburg 2006 p. 24.
- ↑ Caspar David Friedrich: Breesen
- ^ Karl Schildener: News about the past and present art - special painting collections in New Western Pomerania and Rügen. In: Greifswalder Academische Zeitschrift 1828, Vol. II, H. II, P. 43 f.
- ↑ a b Helmut Börsch-Supan: Caspar David Friedrich. Feeling as law. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin 2008, p. 128.
- ↑ Carsten Spitzer: On the operationalized diagnosis of Caspar David Friedrich's melancholy. A workshop report. In: Matthias Bormuth , Klaus Podoll, Carsten Spitzer: Art and Illness. Pathography Studies. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2007, p. 87.
- ↑ Christina Grummt: Caspar David Friedrich. The painting. The entire work . 2 vol., Munich 2011, p. 397.
- ^ Gertrud Fiege: Caspar David Friedrich. Reinbek 1977, p. 50.
- ^ Hermann Uhde (ed.): Memories of the painter Louise Seidler . Berlin 1922, p. 76.
- ^ Herrmann Zschoche: Caspar David Friedrich. The letters. ConferencePoint Verlag, Hamburg 2006 p. 91 f.
- ^ Herrmann Zschoche: Caspar David Friedrich. The letters. ConferencePoint Verlag, Hamburg 2006, p. 185.
- ^ L. Förster (ed.): Biographical and literary sketches from the life and time of Karl Förster. Dresden 1846, p. 156.
- ^ Kurt Karl Eberlein: Caspar David Friedrich. Confessions. Leipzig 1924, p. 15.
- ^ The Invention of Romanticism , Hamburger Kunsthalle (2006/2007) ( Memento from April 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ).
- ^ Herrmann Zschoche: Caspar David Friedrich. The letters. ConferencePoint Verlag, Hamburg 2006 p. 219.
- ↑ Christian Scholl: CD Friedrich and his time . EA Seemann Verlag, Leipzig 2015, p. 117.
- ↑ cf. Caspar David Friedrich: Breesen
- ^ Helmut Börsch-Supan, Karl Wilhelm Jähnig: Caspar David Friedrich. Paintings, prints and pictorial drawings , Prestel Verlag, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-7913-0053-9 (catalog raisonné), p. 233.
- ↑ Christina Grummt: Caspar David Friedrich. The painting. The entire work . 2 vol., Munich 2011, p. 23 ff.
- ^ Helmut Börsch-Supan, Karl Wilhelm Jähnig: Caspar David Friedrich. Paintings, prints and pictorial drawings , Prestel Verlag, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-7913-0053-9 (catalog raisonné), p. 446.
- ↑ Sigrid Hinz (Ed.): Caspar David Friedrich in letters and confessions. Henschelverlag Art and Society, Berlin 1974, p. 96
- ^ Carl Gustav Carus: Memoirs and Memories . Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag, Weimar 1865, Volume 1, p. 166
- ↑ Birgit Verwiebe: Caspar David Friedrich - The Watzmann. SMB DuMont, Cologne 2004, p. 105.
- ^ Jens Christian Jensen: Caspar David Friedrich. Life and work . DuMont Verlag, Cologne 1999, p. 65.
- ↑ Sigrid Hinz (Ed.): Caspar David Friedrich in letters and confessions. Henschelverlag Art and Society, Berlin 1974, p. 84
- ^ Jens Christian Jensen: Caspar David Friedrich. Life and work . DuMont Verlag, Cologne 1999, p. 90.
- ^ Kurt Karl Eberlein: CD Friedrich. Confessions . Leipzig 1924, p. 118
- ^ Gertrud Heider: Unknown letters from CD Friedrich to WA Shukowski on transparency painting. In: Scientific journal of the Karl Marx University Leipzig, Issue 2, 1963, p. 374.
- ^ Sigrid Hinz: Caspar David Friedrich in letters and confessions. Munich 1974, p. 66.
- ↑ Christina Grummt: Caspar David Friedrich. The painting. The entire work . 2 vol., Munich 2011, p. 23 ff.
- ^ Herrmann Zschoche: Caspar David Friedrich. The letters. ConferencePoint Verlag, Hamburg 2006 p. 105.
- ↑ Christina Grummt: Caspar David Friedrich. The painting. The entire work . 2 vol., Munich 2011, p. 728.
- ↑ Christina Grummt: Caspar David Friedrich. The painting. The entire work . 2 vol., Munich 2011, p. 790.
- ↑ Christina Grummt: Caspar David Friedrich. The painting. The entire work . 2 vol., Munich 2011, p. 371.
- ^ Werner Hofmann: Caspar David Friedrich. Natural reality and art truth . CH Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-46475-0 , p. 41 ff.
- ^ Carl Gustav Carus: Memoirs and Memories . Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag, 2 volumes, Weimar 1965/66, p. 172 f., P. 552.
- ^ Helmut Börsch-Supan, Karl Wilhelm Jähnig: Caspar David Friedrich. Paintings, prints and pictorial drawings , Prestel Verlag, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-7913-0053-9 (catalog raisonné), p. 316.
- ^ Helmut Börsch-Supan, Karl Wilhelm Jähnig: Caspar David Friedrich. Paintings, prints and pictorial drawings , Prestel Verlag, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-7913-0053-9 (catalog raisonné), p. 319.
- ^ Helmut Börsch-Supan, Karl Wilhelm Jähnig: Caspar David Friedrich. Paintings, prints and pictorial drawings , Prestel Verlag, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-7913-0053-9 (catalog raisonné), p. 327.
- ^ C. Förster: Biographical and literary sketches from the life and time of Karl Förster . Dresden 1846, p. 157.
- ↑ Birgit Verwiebe: Caspar David Friedrich - The Watzmann . SMB DuMont, Cologne 2004 p. 9.
- ↑ Ludwig Richter: Memoirs of a German Painter. Self-biography with diary entries and letters . Ed .: Heinrich Richter, Leipzig 1909, entry in the diary of January 30, 1825
- ↑ Hartmut Böhme: Figures from behind with Caspar David Friedrich . In: Giesela Greve: Caspar David Friedrich. Interpretations in dialogue . edition diskord, Tübingen 2006, p. 103.
- ^ Jens Christian Jensen: Caspar David Friedrich. Life and work. DuMont Verlag, Cologne 1999, p. 184.
- ↑ Willi Geismeier: On the importance and developmental position of a feeling for nature and landscape representation in Caspar David Friedrich . Dissertation, Berlin 1966, p. 106 ff.
- ↑ Hilmar Frank: Prospects into the immeasurable. Perspectivity and open-mindedness with Caspar David Friedrich . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2004, p. 162.
- ^ Helmut Börsch-Supan: Caspar David Friedrich. Feeling as law . Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin 2008, p. 146.
- ^ Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld: Theory of garden art . Five volumes, MG Weidmanns Erben und Reich, Leipzig 1797 to 1785.
- ^ Jens Christian Jensen: Caspar David Friedrich. Life and work . DuMont Verlag, Cologne 1999, p. 160.
- ^ Herrmann Zschoche: Caspar David Friedrich. The letters . ConferencePoint Verlag, Hamburg 2006 p. 215
- ^ Hans Joachim Kluge: Caspar David Friedrich. Designs for tombs and memorials. Annual edition of the German Association for Science, Berlin 1993, p. 75 ff.
- ↑ Silke Kossmann: The Marienkirche in Stralsund and its successors in Mecklenburg and Pomerania. Schwerin 2005, p. 112.
- ↑ Christina Grummt: Caspar David Friedrich. The painting. The entire work . 2 vol., Munich 2011, p. 185.
- ^ Gerhard Eimer: Caspar David Friedrich and the Gothic. Stockholm lectures. Verlag Christoph von der Ropp, Hamburg 1963, p. 29.
- ^ Helmut Börsch-Supan: Caspar David Friedrich. Feeling as law . Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin 2008, p. 47.
- ^ Sigrid Hinz: Caspar David Friedrich in letters and confessions. Munich 1974, p. 92
- ^ Sigrid Hinz: Caspar David Friedrich in letters and confessions. Munich 1974, p. 83
- ^ Sigrid Hinz: Caspar David Friedrich in letters and confessions. Munich 1974, p. 77 ff.
- ↑ Sigrid Hinz (Ed.): Caspar David Friedrich in letters and confessions. Henschelverlag Art and Society, Berlin 1974, p. 82.
- ^ Sigrid Hinz: Caspar David Friedrich in letters and confessions. Munich 1974, p. 82.
- ^ Herrmann Zschoche: Caspar David Friedrich. The letters . ConferencePoint Verlag, Hamburg 2006.
- ^ Helmut Börsch-Supan: Caspar David Friedrich: Research, instrumentalization, understanding. In: Giesela Greve (Ed.): Caspar David Friedrich. Interpretations in dialogue . edition diskord, Tübingen 2006, p. 13.
- ^ Jens Christian Jensen: Caspar David Friedrich. Life and work. DuMont Verlag, Cologne 1999, p. 222.
- ^ C. Förster: Biographical and literary sketches from the life and time of Karl Förster. Dresden 1846.
- ^ Klaus Lankheit: Caspar David Friedrich and the New Protestantism. In: German quarterly journal for literary studies and intellectual history 24, 1950, pp. 130–133.
- ^ Karl Ludwig Hoch: On the iconography of the cross at CC Friedrich. In: Exhibition catalog, Dortmund 19190, p. 71.
- ^ Helmut Börsch-Supan: Caspar David Friedrich . Prestel Verlag, Munich 1973, p. 94.
- ^ Werner Busch: Caspar David Friedrich. Aesthetics and Religion . Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2003, p. 74.
- ↑ Willi Geismeier: On the importance and developmental position of a feeling for nature and landscape representation in Caspar David Friedrich . Dissertation, Berlin 1966, p. 118.
- ↑ Andreas Aubert: Patriotic pictures by Caspar David Friedrich from 1814 . In: Art and Artists. Illustrated monthly for fine arts and applied arts, Volume 9, 1911, pp. 609–615.
- ↑ Jost Hermand: Avant-garde and regression. 200 years of German art. Leipzig 1995, p. 14.
- ^ Herrmann Zschoche: Caspar David Friedrich. The letters . Conference Point Verlag, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-936406-12-X , p. 86 f.
- ↑ Jost Hermand: Avant-garde and regression. 200 years of German art. Leipzig 1995, p. 17.
- ↑ Werner Hofmann: How German is German Art? A polemic . Leipzig 1999, p. 19.
- ^ Jensen, Jens Christian: Caspar David Friedrich. Life and work. DuMont Verlag, Cologne 1999, p. 103.
- ^ Letter from Caspar David Friedrich to his brother Christian on 24/25. November 1808. In: Herrmann Zschoche: Caspar David Friedrich. The letters . Conference Point Verlag, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-936406-12-X , p. 47
- ↑ Hubertus Gaßner: For guidance. In: Caspar David Friedrich. The invention of modernity. Exhibition catalog Essen / Hamburg, 2006/2007, p. 14.
- ^ Anna Mika: Caspar David Friedrich. Inauguration images with symbols of the Masonic Order in a ritual hidden geometry. Series of publications Geometric Structures of Art , Books on Demand GmbH Norderstedt 2007, p. 80 ff.
- ^ Werner Sumowski: Caspar David Friedrich. Winter landscapes. Exhibition catalog, Dortmund 1990, p. 42 ff.
- ^ Richard Samuel, Paul Kluckhohn (ed.): Novalis. Fonts. 4 vol., Leipzig 1929, vol. 3, p. 160 u. 296.
- ^ Werner Busch: Caspar David Friedrich. Aesthetics and Religion . Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2003, p. 123 f.
- ↑ Barbara Ränsch-Trill: Awakening sublime sensations when looking at newer landscape images . Kant's theory of the sublime and the painting of Caspar David Friedrich. In: Kant studies 68 (1977), p. 93 f.
- ^ Werner Hofmann: Caspar David Friedrich. Natural reality and art truth . CH Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-46475-0 , p. 60.
- ↑ Johannes Grave: Caspar David Friedrich and the theory of the sublime. Weimar 2001, p. 128.
- ^ Nina Hinrichs: Caspar David Friedrich - a German artist from the north. Analysis of Friedrich's reception in the 19th century and under National Socialism. Verlag Ludwig, Kiel 2011, p. 77.
- ^ Gerhard Eimer: Friedrich, Caspar David. Comments when looking at a collection of paintings by mostly still living and recently deceased artists. Edited by Gerhard Eimer in conjunction with Günther Rat, Critical Edition of the Writings of the Artist and His Contemporary Witnesses, Part 1, Frankfurter Fundamente der Kunstgeschichte, XVI, Frankfurt am Main 1999, p. 35
- ^ Werner Hofmann: Caspar David Friedrich. Natural reality and art truth . CH Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-46475-0 , p. 26.
- ↑ Werner Busch: Friedrich's image understanding , In: Caspar David Friedrich. The invention of romance. Essen, Hamburg 2006, p. 35.
- ↑ Werner Busch: Caspar David Friedrichs Tetschener Altar. In: Marek J. Siemek (Ed.): Nature, Art, Freedom. German Classical and Romanticism from a contemporary perspective. Amsterdam / Atlanta 1998, pp. 263-280.
- ^ Joseph Leo Koerner: Caspar David Friedrich. Landscape and subject. Munich 1998, p. 29.
- ↑ Hans von Trotha: Different sensations in front of different landscapes. Exhibition catalog Essen / Hamburg, 2006/2007, p. 50.
- ↑ Gerhard Schulz (Ed.): Novalis. Works. Munich 1987, p. 384.
- ↑ Werner Hofmann: Romanticism - An Invention? , In: Caspar David Friedrich. The invention of romance. Essen, Hamburg 2006, p. 31.
- ↑ Caspar David Friedrich. God, freedom, fatherland. Edited by Guido Joseph Kern from the author's estate. Translation from Norwegian by Luise Wolf , Berlin 1915.
- ^ Richard Hamann: German painting in the 19th century. Leipzig (Teubner), p. 26.
- ↑ Cornelius Gurlitt: The German Art of the Nineteenth Century. Berlin (Bondi) 1907, p. 134.
- ^ Kurt Karl Eberlein: Caspar David Friedrich the landscape painter. A folk book of German art. Bielefeld Leipzig (Velhagen & Klasing), 1940.
- ^ Herbert von Eine: Caspar David Friedrich. Berlin (Rembrandt), 1938.
- ^ Helmut Börsch-Supan: The picture design with Caspar David Friedrich. Munich (Uni-Druck), 1960 (Diss. Berlin FU 1985).
- ^ Gerhard Eimer: Caspar David Friedrich and the Gothic. Stockholm lectures. Publishing house Christoph von der Ropp, Hamburg 1963.
- ^ Sigrid Hinz: Caspar David Friedrich as a draftsman. A contribution to the stylistic development of the drawings and their significance for the dating of the paintings. Inaugural dissertation, typescript, 2 volumes, Greifswald 1966.
- ↑ Willi Geismeier: On the importance and developmental position of a feeling for nature and landscape representation in Caspar David Friedrich. Dissertation, Berlin 1966.
- ^ Werner Sumowski: Caspar David Friedrich studies. Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden 1970.
- ^ Helmut Börsch-Supan, Karl Wilhelm Jähnig: Caspar David Friedrich. Paintings, prints and pictorial drawings , Prestel Verlag, Munich 1973, ISBN 3-7913-0053-9 (catalog raisonné).
- ^ Marianne Bernhard (ed.): Caspar David Friedrich. The entire graphic work. With an afterword by Hans Hofstätter. Publishing house Rogner & Bernhard, Munich 1974.
- ↑ Sigrid Hinz (Ed.): Caspar David Friedrich in letters and confessions. Henschelverlag Art and Society, Berlin 1974.
- ↑ Hilmar Frank: Prospects into the immeasurable. Perspectivity and open-mindedness with Caspar David Friedrich. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2004.
- ^ Werner Busch: Caspar David Friedrich. Aesthetics and Religion . Publishing house CH Beck, Munich 2003.
- ^ Jens Christian Jensen: Caspar David Friedrich. Life and work. DuMont Verlag, Cologne 1999.
- ^ Werner Hofmann: Caspar David Friedrich. Natural reality and art truth . CH Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-46475-0 .
- ^ Peter Märker: Caspar David Friedrich. History as nature. Kehrer Verlag, Heidelberg 2007.
- ↑ Christina Grummt: Caspar David Friedrich. The painting. The entire work . 2 vol., Munich 2011.
- ^ Nina Hinrichs: Caspar David Friedrich - a German artist from the north. Analysis of Friedrich's reception in the 19th century and under National Socialism. Publishing house Ludwig, Kiel 2011.
- ^ Nina Hinrichs: Caspar David Friedrich - a German artist from the north. Analysis of Friedrich's reception in the 19th century and under National Socialism. Verlag Ludwig, Kiel 2011, p. 13 f.
- ↑ CB Böttiger (?): Kunsterinnerung an Dresden February 28 , 1807 , Journal des Luxus und der Moden, 1807, p. 268
- ^ Leaves for literary entertainment , 1827, p. 916
- ^ Kurt Karl Eberlein: Caspar David Friedrich the landscape painter. A folk book of German art. Bielefeld / Leipzig 1939, p. 11.
- ^ K. Wilhelm-Kästner, L. Rohling, KF Degner: Caspar David Friedrich and his home. Berlin 1940.
- ^ Kurt Karl Eberlein: Caspar David Friedrich the landscape painter. A folk book of German art. Bielefeld / Leipzig 1939, p. 60
- ^ Helmut Börsch-Supan: Caspar David Friedrich: Research, instrumentalization, understanding. In: Giesela Greve (Ed.): Caspar David Friedrich. Interpretations in dialogue . edition diskord, Tübingen 2006, p. 19.
- ^ Helmut Börsch-Supan: Caspar David Friedrich: Research, instrumentalization, understanding. In: Giesela Greve (Ed.): Caspar David Friedrich. Interpretations in dialogue . edition diskord, Tübingen 2006, p. 22.
- ^ Werner Hofmann: Caspar David Friedrich. Natural reality and art truth . CH Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-46475-0 , p. 9.
- ↑ James Knowlson: Damned to Fame. The Life of Samual Beckett . London 1996, pp. 254, 378, 609.
- ↑ Hilmar Frank: Prospects into the immeasurable. Perspectivity and open-mindedness with Caspar David Friedrich . Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2004, p. 212.
- ↑ Fritz Meichner: Caspar David Friedrich. Novel of his life. Agency D. Rauhen Haus, Hamburg 1982.
- ↑ Christoph Werner: To live forever. Caspar David Friedrich and Joseph Mallord William Turner . Bertuch Verlag, Weimar 2006.
- ^ Suzanne Latt Epstein: The relationship of the American Luminists to Casper David Friedrich. Columbia University, 1964.
- ^ William Vaughan, Helmut Börsch-Supan, Hans Joachim Neidhardt: Caspar David Friedrich, 1774-1840. Romantic Landscape Painting in Dresden . The Tate Gallery, London 1972, September 6 to October 15, ISBN 0-900874-35-X .
- ↑ Werner Hofmann (Ed.): Caspar David Friedrich 1774–1840, art around 1800. Exhibition at the Hamburger Kunsthalle from September 14 to November 3, 1974. Prestel, Munich and Hamburger Kunsthalle 1974, ISBN 3-7913-0095-4 .
- ^ Dresden Gemäldegalerie Neue Meister. Caspar David Friedrich and his group. Dresden 1974, exhibition of the Dresden State Art Collections in the Albertinum from November 24, 1974 to February 16, 1975.
- ^ Caspar David Friedrich and his Kreis Museum der Bildenden Künste Leipzig; Exhibition on the 200th birthday of Caspar David Friedrich; March 9 - April 20, 1974, Leipzig 1974.
- ↑ Christoph Heilmann: Caspar David Friedrich: 10 paintings exhibition on the occasion of a new acquisition by the Ernst v. Siemens art fund for the Neue Pinakothek Munich, (Hirmer) Munich 1984.
- ↑ Kurt Wettengl (ed.): Caspar David Friedrich: Winter landscapes catalog for the exhibition from 16 June-29. July 1990 at the Museum for Art and Cultural History of the City of Dortmund and the “Caspar David Friedrich” conference, 27. – 29. July 1990, Edition Braus, Heidelberg 1990.
- ^ Sabine Art Rewald: The Romantic Vision of Caspar David Friedrich: Paintings and Drawings from the USSR New York 1991.
- ↑ Sybille Ebert-Schifferer: From Lucas Cranach to Caspar David Friedrich - German painting from the Ermitage exhibition from April 5th to 9th. June 1991 / Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt, (Hirmer) Munich 1991.
- ^ Werner Hofmann: Caspar David Friedrich - pinturas y dibujos. Museo del Prado , Madrid 1992.
- ^ Ruth Buchheim: Caspar David Friedrich and artists of his time Permanent exhibition in the Museum of the Hanseatic City of Greifswald, Museum of the Hanseatic City of Greifswald 1993.
- ↑ Peter Wegmann: From Caspar David Friedrich to Ferdinand Hodler: Masterpieces from the Museum Stiftung Oskar Reinhart Winterthur Exhibition of the National Gallery, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 1st edition, (Insel-Verlag) Frankfurt a. M. 1993.
- ↑ Andreas Blühm: Philipp Otto Runge, Caspar David Friedrich: exhibition organized over time in collaboration with the Hamburger Kunsthalle in the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, March 29-23. June 1996, (Waanders) Zwolle 1995.
- ↑ Thomas Kellein: Caspar David Friedrich: the artistic way exhibition in the Kunsthalle Bielefeld, Richard Kaselowsky Haus (March 29-May 24, 1998) and in the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna (May 29-July 26, 1998), (Prestel) Munich 1998.
- ↑ Bernhard Maaz: From Caspar David Friedrich to Manet, masterpieces of the Nationalgalerie Berlin Exhibition of the Nationalgalerie Berlin in cooperation with the Kunsthalle Bremen, August 14th - October 24th, 1999, (G-und-H-Verlag) Berlin 1999.
- ^ De Caspar David Friedrich a Picasso. Obras maestras sobre papel del Museo Von der Heydt de Wuppertal. cat. expo., Fundación Juan March, Madrid 2000.
- ↑ Kornelia von Berswordt-Wallrabe: Caspar David Friedrich. Johan Christian Dahl. Drawings of the Romantic period , State Museum Schwerin, 2001.
- ↑ Else-Marie Bukdahl: Caspar David Friedrichs study years at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts and his importance for Danish Art, particularly for the painters of the Golden Age on the present day. Copenhagen, The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts 2005.
- ↑ Martin Faass, Felix Krämer, Uwe M. Schneede (eds.): Seestücke. From Caspar David Friedrich to Emil Nolde, catalog for the exhibition in the Hamburger Kunsthalle, June 24 - September 11, 2005, 130 illustrations, 80 of them in color, (Prestel), June 2005.
- ↑ Caspar David Friedrich - The Invention of Romanticism , Museum Folkwang - Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hirmer Verlag 2006, ISBN 3-7774-3015-3 .
- ↑ Caspar David Friedrich. Arte de dibujar. cat. expo., Fundación Juan March, Madrid 2009.
- ↑ Uwe Schröder: The birth of romanticism. Friedrich. Stanchion. Klinkowström. Pommersches Landesmuseum Greifswald, 2010.
- ^ Caspar David Friedrich Society V .: The artists in the Friedrich family Special exhibition on the 240th birthday of Caspar David Friedrich, Greifswald 2014.
- ↑ Nasjonalmuseet
- ^ Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden ( Memento from February 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Dahl and Friedrich. Romantic landscapes. , Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden - Nasjonalmuseet for art, architecture and design Oslo, Sandstein Verlag, ISBN 978-3-95498-104-5 .
- ↑ Caspar-David-Friedrich-Weg on www.wandern-saechsische-schweiz.de.
- ^ The Pomeranian Newspaper. No. 19/2010, pp. 1-2.
- ↑ 19th century art
- ↑ Picture gallery
- ↑ artnet.de
- ↑ Expensive romance: an owl for 6.5 million euros . In: FAZ , December 17, 2011, p. 40.
- ^ Hamburger Kunsthalle
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Friedrich, Caspar David |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | German Romantic painter |
| DATE OF BIRTH | September 5, 1774 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Greifswald |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 7, 1840 |
| Place of death | Dresden |