Oybin (mountain)
| Oybin | ||
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 Mount Oybin |
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| height | 514 m | |
| location | Saxony ( Germany ) | |
| Mountains | Zittau Mountains | |
| Coordinates | 50 ° 50 '40 " N , 14 ° 44' 35" E | |
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| Type | Felsberg with castle and monastery ruins | |
| rock | Sandstone | |
| Development | Construction of the castle in the 14th century | |
The Oybin is a 514 meter high mountain in the Zittau Mountains above the town of the same name in southeast Saxony . On it are the ruins of the castle Oybin , the Emperor Charles IV. Had converted to his retirement home and a monastery of Celestine , which was founded 1369th
The castle complex of the Höhenburg occupies the entire summit area of the Oybin mountain. In addition to the actual castle on the west side with the imperial house, it also includes the monastery ruins , the mountain cemetery of the Oybin community and a castle restaurant. At the highest point of the mountain there is a camera obscura . The mountain church Oybin , located on the slope, has interesting paintings inside.
Settlement and castle history
Previous to (1300)
The first archaeologically verifiable Bronze Age settlement on Mount Oybin dates from the 11th and 12th centuries BC. A settlement in the Slavic period could be proven on the basis of a few individual fragments. The earliest traces of construction date from the 13th century AD. The first documented destruction by the city of Zittau in 1291 also occurred in this century. The castle was used as a base for raids by robber barons. This is also the first written mention of the Oybin (Moybin). The castle was soon rebuilt.
Middle Ages and heyday (1300–1577)
In the years from 1311 to 1316, the complex was expanded into a fortified section castle to protect the nearby trade routes under Heinrich von Leipa , Marshal of King John of Luxembourg . As early as 1346 it fell directly back to the Bohemian crown. In 1364, Emperor Charles IV built the imperial house on the Oybin , which he wanted to use as his retirement home. He also began building the Gothic church in 1366 (with the help of the famous Prague cathedral builder by Peter Parler ), which was completed in 1384. In 1369 the emperor founded a monastery on the Oybin for the Cölestiner order . An important member of this convent was the inquisitor and prior (from 1395) Petrus Zwicker .
The oybin was attacked twice during the Hussite Wars . In 1420 under Zbynec Buchowec and Chwal Repicky von Machowitz (Czech: Chval Řepický z Machovic ). It was mainly thanks to the strong walls and steep rocks that the besiegers had to withdraw without result. The Meierhof at the foot of the mountain was burned down. However, this news is unfounded, as Richard Jecht (1911, p. 62f) determined. The Hussites appeared on September 28, 1429 in front of the castle monastery and stormed the mountain fortress. They were troops from Prokop the Great and their attack is said to have lasted four hours. Again the defenses proved to be stronger than the stormy will of the Hussites to attack. They withdrew unsuccessfully and unsettled the surrounding area of Zittau. The oybin has since been considered impregnable.
A part of the Prague cathedral treasure from St. Vitus Cathedral was kept on the Oybin in order to protect it from access by the Hussites. A chariot (upgraded covered wagon) was later found during excavations at the foot of the Oybin. The castle was expanded until the second half of the 16th century. In the course of the Reformation , the monastery was dissolved and the slow decline began. In 1577 lightning struck the church, causing it to burn down. Further destruction followed in 1681 by a rock fall. At this point the castle was no longer inhabited and was used as a quarry by the valley residents.
Modern times (from 1800)
The castle was “rediscovered” during the Romantic era , when the Saxon court painter Johann Alexander Thiele discovered the romantic walls overgrown by nature as a motif. Caspar David Friedrich , Carl Gustav Carus and other Romantic painters painted the ruins and made them known. As a result, the castle was freed from rubble from 1829 and the imperial house was renovated in 1877 to save it from further deterioration. Since the middle of the 19th century, more and more hikers and spa guests came to the mountain. This was ultimately due to the establishment of an express mail coach connection from Zittau in 1830 and the opening of the narrow-gauge railway from Zittau to Oybin in 1890. In 1883, Alfred Moschkau opened a museum on the mountain for the first time . At the beginning of the 20th century, the castle was scientifically recorded and examined by Cornelius Gurlitt and Hugo Rathgens . In 1936 there was a setback, the rich museum holdings were significantly decimated by the sale of the heirs of Alfred Moschkau. Another setback followed at the end of World War II when larger parts of the museum were looted. Herrmann Knobloch rescued the Große Zittauer Lenten Cloth from 1472 , which was stored there and was almost destroyed. In the following decades a race against decay began. Further renovation work followed. Because of the good acoustics, the ruins of the monastery were used as a concert venue from 1972 (including for the traditional monk procession). Since 1991 the castle has been extensively renovated and larger parts exposed and reconstructed. Today, up to 100,000 guests visit the castle and monastery ruins on the Oybin mountain each year. There are special tours and an annual historical castle and monastery festival.
Paths to the summit
The ascent to the plateau of the mountain begins in the center of Oybin and leads up to the famous mountain church and can be done in about 15 minutes. A variant leads through the "Ritterschlucht", a narrow rock cut. Alternatively, it is also possible to take the “Oybiner Gebirgs-Express”, a road-bound tourist train , which runs every half hour to get to the entrance of the castle and monastery complex.
An entrance fee must be paid for the interior of the monastery complex. A circular hiking trail leads around the entire summit plateau.
Depiction of mountains and ruins in literature and art
A jump legend (“Jungfernsprung auf dem Oybin”) is connected to the mountain , which was recorded by the brothers Grimm and Ludwig Bechstein , among others . The picturesque ruins on the Oybin with the cemetery of the village Oybin located there were a popular motif of numerous romantic painters, such as Caspar David Friedrich , Carl Gustav Carus , Ernst Ferdinand Oehme , Carl Blechen and Adrian Ludwig Richter . But they are by no means at the beginning of this tradition; As early as the 18th century, the oybin was represented many times by renowned artists such as Johann Alexander Thiele , Adrian Zingg or Johann Philipp Veith . The 2019 special exhibition Der Oybin and Romantic Painting in Upper Lusatia in the Zittau Municipal Museums was dedicated to this art-historical topic .
Carl Gustav Carus: Window at the Oybin in the Moonlight, 1828
Caspar David Friedrich: The Dreamer (Oybin Monastery Ruins), around 1835
Caspar David Friedrich: Oybin ruins by moonlight, 1810
Monk trains
The historic monks' procession on the Oybin are some of the few who cultivate and preserve the historical memory of the Cölestiner. Since 2008 the Verein Historische Mönchszug Berg Oybin eV has been an official member of the Centro Celestiniano in L'Aquila Italy.
Quote
From Zittau's blue mountains,
Vom Glockenfels Oybin,
Mag with the clouds flying
A greeting to you draw.
Alfred Moschkau
literature
- Carl Gottlieb Brauer: The Oybin near Zittau. A poetic painting of his localities and history presented in 43 sections and provided with explanations . Schöps u. Heyn, Zittau 1828 ( digitized version )
- Eduard Eschke: The Oybin and its ruins , Zittau 1832
- Cornelius Gurlitt : Oybin (castle and monastery). In: Descriptive representation of the older architectural and art monuments of the Kingdom of Saxony. 29. Issue: Amtshauptmannschaft Zittau (Land) . CC Meinhold, Dresden 1906, p. 161.
- Bernd Hauser: Oybin. Castle and monastery complex , Kunstführer series, vol. 2028, Schnell & Steiner publishing house, Munich 1992
- Alfred Moschkau : The Oybin near Zittau. Its description, history and sagas; together with a guide through Zittau, to the potter, Ameisenberg, Brandstein, Carlsfried and Weißbachthal, Pferdeberg, Hochwald, Nonnenklunzen, Lausche, etc. Zittau 1875 ( digitized )
- Alfred Moschkau : The Oybin Castle near Zittau described topographically and historically . Mustard, Leipzig 1879 ( digitized version )
- Alfred Moschkau : Goethe and Karl August on the Oybin near Zittau from September 28th to 29th, 1790 . Mustard, Leipzig 1879 ( digitized version )
- Alfred Moschkau (ed.): Archive for topography and history of the Oybin and its surroundings . several volumes, Oybin 1881ff. ( Digitized version )
- Alfred Moschkau : Oybin Chronicle. documented history of the castle, Celestine monastery and village of Oybin near Zittau . Artist, Leipa 1884 ( digitized version )
- Alfred Moschkau : Knight's Castle and Oybin Monastery. Description, history and legends , Die Setzerei Verlag, Zittau 1999, ISBN 3-934038-00-X
- Gunter Oettel: Oybin - Burg und Kloster , Verlag Oettel, Görlitz 1999, ISBN 3-932693-43-4
- Christian Adolph Pescheck: Small Chronicle of Oybins , Seyfert, Zittau 1854 ( digitized version )
- Christian August Pescheck : Der Oybin bey Zittau , 1804 ( limited preview in the Google book search)
- Moritz Oskar Sauppe : On the history of the Oybin monastery in the 15th century. in: New Archive for Saxon History 13 (1892), pp. 315–322 ( digitized version )
Web links
- Oybin Castle and Monastery
- TREASURES of the past of the castle and monastery of Oybin
- Places of cultural memory: Oybin
- The maiden jump on the Oybin in texts and illustrations
- Reconstruction drawing in the medieval state
Individual evidence
- ↑ see also the exhibition catalog by Anke Fröhlich-Schauseil : The Oybin and the Romantic Painting in Upper Lusatia . Michael Imhof Verlag , 2019 (280 pages), ISBN 978-3-7319-0907-1