Eldena Monastery (Western Pomerania)
| Cistercian Abbey of Eldena | |
|---|---|
 West end of the abbey church from the southwest |
|
| location |
Germany Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania |
| Coordinates: | 54 ° 5 ′ 21 ″ N , 13 ° 27 ′ 8 ″ E |
| Serial number according to Janauschek |
524 |
| founding year | 1199 |
| Year of dissolution / annulment |
1535 |
| Mother monastery | Esrom Monastery |
| Primary Abbey | Clairvaux Monastery |
The Eldena Monastery or Hilda Monastery (Latin Abbatia Hilda ) is a former Cistercian abbey in the Eldena district of Greifswald . The monastery is only preserved as a ruin , which gained national fame through the painter Caspar David Friedrich .
history
prehistory
In the twelfth century, was south of Rügen location Baltic Sea coast in the area of influence of local Pomerania Principality of Ranen , which was under the suzerainty of the Danes since 1168/69. Under this constellation, the Cistercian monastery Esrom , based on the Danish island of Zealand , succeeded in founding a daughter monastery in Dargun, west of Demmin, in 1172 . Since this was destroyed as early as 1198 as a result of armed conflicts between Denmark and Brandenburg , the Rügen prince Jaromar I , whose wife came from the Danish royal family, offered the Danish Cistercian monks to settle at the mouth of the Hilda River (the river later called Ryck ) (the Ryck flowed directly north of the monastery into the Danish Wiek before it was moved north .
Foundation and name
Since there was a profitable salt pan in the vicinity , the monks accepted the offer and founded the Hilda monastery in 1199 , which Pope Innocent III. Officially confirmed in 1204. The monastery was endowed by the Rügen princes with extensive land on Rügen ( Mönchgut ) as well as in the border area between the Rügen countries Gristow and Wostrose ( Wusterhusen ), the disputed country Lositz ( Loitz ) between Rügen and Mecklenburg and the Pomeranian county Gützkow . The possessions of the monastery were controversial because of the often ambiguous rulership. For example, Jaromar I's donation of real estate from 1207, with which he transferred half of the forest between Eldena and Gützkow to the monastery, was given in 1208 by Pomeranian Duke Casimir II , in 1216 by King Waldemar II of Denmark , in 1218 by Pomeranian Duke Bogislaw II and in 1221 confirmed by the Prince of Rügen Barnuta .
The name Hilda for the river called Ryck today is first documented in 1241 (“Hildam fluvium”) and thus 42 years later as the documentary evidence for the corresponding name of the monastery. Nevertheless, historians assume that the monastery was named after the river and not the other way around. The name Eldena for the monastery was first recorded in 1347. The town Eldena, which has belonged to Greifswald as a district since 1939 and where the ruins of the monastery are located, is named after this. In addition to the initial name Hilda and the final name Eldena, other names are attested: For example, the name of the monastery is given in a document from 1204 as "Hilda or Ilda"; Hylda (1220) has also come down to us , later also Eldenow (1621).
Greifswald emerged and became independent in the 13th century
The settlement of the later city of Greifswald also started from the Eldena monastery. Greifswald was founded in the first half of the 13th century as a settlement of presumably saline workers at the intersection of two old trade routes opposite the saline; the original name of this settlement has not been passed down. In 1241 the monastery was given by Prince Wizlaw I of Rügen , as well as by the Pomeranian Duke Wartislaw III. granted market rights by means of a certificate each . In 1249, Duke Wartislaw III. get the monastery to give him the market settlement of Greifswald as a fief. In a document from 1249, the monastery was at least confirmed that the patronage of the former Greifswald churches ( Nikolaikirche and Marienkirche ) continued to exist. In the following year, Wartislaw III. the market settlement the Lübische city charter , which Greifswald from then on was much more independent from the Pomeranian dukes.
Development up to the 16th century
The construction of the monastery building dragged on over four centuries. The eastern parts of the monastery church had started around 1200; the construction of the cloister building was busy from the middle of the 13th century to the 14th century, before the completion of the western facade of the monastery church and the The nave of the monastery was essentially complete.
The monastery played a major role in the Christianization of Western Pomerania . In addition to the burial places of the abbots and priors, several of the dukes of Pomerania and their wives were also in the monastery. The burials of nobles such as the Count of Gützkow or the Lepel brothers (grave slab from 1386/1388) are documented. The coffin handles of the latter were even found in the 1996 excavations. The grave slabs from the cloister were embedded in the remains of the wall for security in modern times.
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Reformation and Secularization
In 1534 the dukes Barnim XI decided. and Philip I of Pomerania at the state parliament in Treptow an der Rega to finally recognize the Reformation in Pomerania , to introduce a church order by Johannes Bugenhagen and to convert some of the Pomeranian monasteries into Protestant sites and some of them completely, i.e. to secularize them . In 1535 the Eldena monastery was secularized and the monastic area was converted into a ducal office (Princely Office of Eldena). Duke Philip I took over the monastery and its lands and converted it into an estate. The last abbot Enwald Schinkel and the last prior Michael Knabe could stay in the monastery until the end of their lives and received a pension.
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Decay in the Thirty Years War and in the Swedish times
During the Thirty Years War (1618 to 1648) the former monastery was badly damaged. In 1634 the property, including most of the former monastery property of 14,400 ha , became the property of the University of Greifswald as a gift from the last Pomeranian Duke, Bogislaw XIV . During the Swedish occupation of Western Pomerania (1648 to 1815) the buildings fell into disrepair. In addition, the structural remains of the monastery served as a quarry for the construction and repair of the fortifications in and around the historic city center of Greifswald in the 17th century . In 1728 the university even took part in the demolition of the monastery building in order to be able to erect official buildings with the building material obtained in this way. At the beginning of the 19th century, the romantic painter Caspar David Friedrich found the monastery only as a ruin, which he made the motif for several of his works.
Restoration and scientific excavations
The pictures of Caspar David Friedrich brought back the focus of public interest, the first excavation work began in 1828 under the direction of the university taxidermist Schilling, and a park was created on the monastery grounds according to plans by the Prussian garden designer Peter Joseph Lenné . In 1926/27, Hans Kloer carried out further scientific excavations in order to be able to reconstruct the original condition and location of the monastery buildings.
In the GDR era, in the 1960s, renovation measures were carried out, in 1968 the open-air stage was installed and then the monastery grounds were used for cultural events.
After the fall of the Wall in 1995 and 1996/97, the newly formed State Office for the Preservation of Monuments and the City of Greifswald initiated further excavations as well as security and renovation work, which ultimately led to the establishment of a cultural site for the Pomerania Euroregion .
Preserved buildings
Parts of the nave and the convent building, in which an open-air stage has been located since 1968, have been preserved as ruins.
The Eldena beer cellar on Boddenweg is one of the monastery's former buildings . Originally run by the monks, the brewery belonged to the ducal court of Eldena after the secularization . In 1837 the estate brewery, which had meanwhile been donated to the University of Greifswald and leased, fell victim to a major fire, but was rebuilt that same year. In June 1877 Konrad Becker leased the university estates Eldena and Koitenhagen and with it the brewery, which he immediately enlarged. In 1932, however, the brewery had to cease operations because it was no longer able to cope with the competition with the Hinrichsschen brewery in Greifswald.
The beer cellar is now used by priority bat species as winter quarters and is therefore subject to nature conservation law.
On a floor plan of the monastery complex placed in the access area of the garden (see adjacent picture) the following parts of the building are shown and named in remnants: the church building , the sacristy, the chapter room, a pilgrim cell / prison, a chapel, the brother's room, a warming room, two refectories , the storage cellar, the cloister and a well house .
Furthermore, a monastery barn from the 14th century and the former monastery wall from the same time belong to the monastery complex. The remains of the two structures are on Wolgaster Landstrasse. Both the monastery barn and the monastery wall are made of brick and are supported by sturdy buttresses. The narrow window hatches most likely date from post-medieval times.
The route of the North German Romanticism leads past the building. The 54 km long nature trail connects a total of ten life and motif stations of early romantic painters from the region from Greifswald to Wolgast .
Library
The library of the monastery, including works from the library of the Greifswald professor Enwaldus Klene , came to St. Petri Church (Wolgast) in 1535 . 68 volumes can still be assigned to this collection today. The St. Petri Library, in turn, was transferred to the Greifswald University Library in 1829 . Of the 938 volumes taken over in 1829, 554 volumes are still available after losses due to outsourcing during World War II.
The abbots and priors of Eldena Monastery
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Individual evidence
- ↑ Gerhard Hess: The cultural-geographic development of the academic villages Koitenhagen, Groß-Schönwalde, Klein-Schönwalde and Weitenhagen-Potthagen on a historical-geographical basis , at the same time dissertation, Univ. Greifswald, 1957, p. 21 f.
- ↑ Teodolius Witkowski: The place names of the circle Greifswald , Weimar 1978, p 53 f.
- ^ Lutz Mohr: A foray and guide through the Greifswald districts of Eldena and Friedrichshagen in the past and present , 2nd edition, Greifswald 1979, p. 13; Teodolius Witkowski: The place names of the Greifswald district , Weimar 1978, p. 52.
- ↑ Teodolius Witkowski: The place names of the circle Greifswald , Weimar 1978, p 52nd
- ^ Günter Mangelsdorf: On the prehistory and early history of the Greifswald area, on the beginnings of the Eldena monastery and the city of Greifswald in the 12th / 13th. Century , in: Horst Wernicke (Ed.): Greifswald. History of the City , Schwerin 2000, p. 26; Horst Wernicke: Greifswald - as it was , Droste 1995, p. 5.
- ↑ a b Norbert Buske: References to the church history of Greifswald from the foundation of the city to the time of the two world wars , in: Horst Wernicke (Hrsg.): Greifswald. History of the city , Schwerin 2000, p. 164.
- ↑ Norbert Buske: References to the church history of Greifswald from the founding of the city to the time of the two world wars , in: Horst Wernicke (Hrsg.): Greifswald. History of the City , Schwerin 2000, p. 163; Günter Mangelsdorf: On the prehistory and early history of the Greifswald area, the beginnings of the Eldena monastery and the city of Greifswald in the 12th / 13th centuries. Century , in: Horst Wernicke (Ed.): Greifswald. History of the city , Schwerin 2000, p. 27.
- ↑ Detlef Kattinger: The urban development from the end of the 13th century to 1500 , in: Horst Wernicke (Hrsg.): Greifswald. History of the city , Schwerin 2000, p. 51.
- ↑ Gerhard Hess: The cultural-geographic development of the academic villages Koitenhagen, Groß-Schönwalde, Klein-Schönwalde and Weitenhagen-Potthagen on a historical-geographical basis , at the same time dissertation, Univ. Greifswald, 1957, p. 37 f.
- ↑ Norbert Buske: References to the church history of Greifswald from the founding of the city to the time of the two world wars , in: Horst Wernicke (Hrsg.): Greifswald. History of the City , Schwerin 2000, p. 176; Horst Wernicke: Greifswald - as it was , Droste 1995, p. 10; Lutz Mohr: A foray and guide through the Greifswald districts of Eldena and Friedrichshagen in the past and present , 2nd edition, Greifswald 1979, p. 25 f .; Gerhard Hess: The cultural-geographic development of the academic villages Koitenhagen, Groß-Schönwalde, Klein-Schönwalde and Weitenhagen-Potthagen on a historical-geographical basis , at the same time dissertation, Univ. Greifswald, 1957, p. 38
- ^ Lutz Mohr: A foray and guide through the Greifswald districts of Eldena and Friedrichshagen in the past and the present , 2nd edition, Greifswald 1979, p. 26; Theodor Pyl : Schinkel, Enwald . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 31, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1890, p. 300.
- ^ Lutz Mohr: A foray and guide through the Greifswald districts of Eldena and Friedrichshagen in the past and the present , 2nd edition, Greifswald 1979, p. 26; Barbara Rimpel: Cityscape and cityscape of Greifswald from the Middle Ages to 1780 , in: Horst Wernicke (Hrsg.): Greifswald. History of the city , Schwerin 2000, p. 466 f.
- ↑ a b c Lutz Mohr: A foray and guide through the Greifswald districts of Eldena and Friedrichshagen in the past and present , 2nd edition, Greifswald 1979, p. 27.
- ^ Günter Mangelsdorf: On the prehistory and early history of the Greifswald area, on the beginnings of the Eldena monastery and the city of Greifswald in the 12th / 13th. Century , in: Horst Wernicke (Ed.): Greifswald. History of the city , Schwerin 2000, p. 24.
- ^ Lutz Mohr: A foray and guide through the Greifswald districts of Eldena and Friedrichshagen in the past and present , 2nd edition, Greifswald 1979, p. 28.
- ↑ Lutz Mohr: A foray and guide through the Greifswald districts of Eldena and Friedrichshagen in the past and present , 2nd edition, Greifswald 1979, p. 28 f.
- ↑ a b Lutz Mohr: A foray and guide through the Greifswald districts of Eldena and Friedrichshagen in the past and present , 2nd edition, Greifswald 1979, p. 29. For the Hinrichsschen brewery, see Bernfried Lichtnau: Architecture in Greifswald from 1900 to the present , in: Horst Wernicke (Ed.): Greifswald. History of the city , Schwerin 2000, p. 493 f.
- ↑ Information board with floor plan and explanations, seen and photographed on July 9, 2018.
- ↑ Gerd Baier; Horst Ende & Renate Krüger: The monuments of the Greifswald district , Leipzig 1973, p. 145.
- ↑ Entry in the manual of the historical book inventory online
- ↑ a b Lutz Mohr: A foray and guide through the Greifswald districts of Eldena and Friedrichshagen in the past and present , 2nd edition, Greifswald 1979, p. 84.
literature
Older representations
- Julius Heinrich Biesner : History of Pomerania and Rügen with attached special history of the Eldena monastery . Koch, Greifswald 1839 (552 pages), p. 399 ff. ( Full text ).
- Theodor Pyl : History of the Cistertiens monastery Eldena in connection with the city and University of Greifswald. 1st and 2nd part and addendum in 2 vol. Greifswald, Bindewald: 1880–1883.
Newer representations
- Horst Wernicke (Ed.): Greifswald. History of the city , Schwerin 2000. ISBN 3-931185-56-7
- In this:
- Günter Mangelsdorf : On the prehistory and early history of the Greifswald area, the beginnings of the Eldena monastery and the city of Greifswald in the 12th / 13th centuries. Century , pp. 24–26.
- Norbert Buske : References to the church history of Greifswald from the foundation of the city to the time of the two world wars , pp. 161–163.
- Günter Mangelsdorf: Eldena Monastery near Greifswald and the beginning of the German-Slavic regional development in Western Pomerania . In: Christian Lübke (ed.): Structure and change in the early and high Middle Ages. An inventory of current research on Germania Slavica (= research on the history and culture of eastern Central Europe, vol. 5), Stuttgart 1998, pp. 301–311.
- Nicole Kiesewetter; Tobias Kunz & Felix Schönrock: An interdisciplinary research project on the Eldena Monastery. In: Oliver H. Schmidt; Heike Frenzel & Dieter Pötschke (eds.): Spirituality and rule (= studies on the history, art and culture of the Cistercians, vol. 5), Berlin, pp. 206–222.
- Lutz Mohr : Greifswald-Eldena and the Hilda monastery. A foray and guide through the Greifswald districts of Eldena and Friedrichshagen in the past and present . Neue Greifswald Museumshefte (NGM), No. 1, Greifswald 1977, 2nd ext. Edition 1979.
- Gerd Baier; Horst Ende & Renate Krüger: The monuments of the Greifswald district , Leipzig 1973, pp. 135–146.
