Friedrich I. (Meissen)

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Friedrich the Bitten as Wilhelm Tell (Dresden, Fürstenzug )
Friedrich the bitten historical painting of the 19th century on the Albrechtsburg in Meißen

Friedrich der Freidige (* 1257 at the Wartburg in Eisenach ; † November 16, 1323 ibid), often also called "Friedrich the bitten", was Margrave of Meissen and Landgrave of Thuringia and after the death of his cousin Konradin the last male Staufer shoot.

He called himself "Friedrich III., King of Jerusalem and Sicily, Duke of Swabia, Landgrave of Thuringia and Count Palatine of Saxony". He probably wanted to use the title to make clear his claims to the Roman-German ruling throne in the succession of his grandfather, Emperor Friedrich II .

Life

Friedrich was the son of Albrecht the Degenerate and was born on the Wartburg in 1257 . According to legend, his mother Margaretha von Staufen , who fled from the Wartburg before her husband in 1270, overwhelmed by the pain of parting, bit him in the cheek, and so he was also called "the bitten one" or "with the bite on the cheek". Already as a boy he was invited by the Lombard Ghibellines as the grandson of Emperor Frederick II to take over the Hohenstaufen inheritance in Italy due to various prophecies announcing the coming of a third Emperor Friedrich . From 1280 he was Count Palatine of Saxony .

Because his father preferred his half-brother Apitz , he fought against him and was supported by his brother Dietrich IV. From Lausitz . He was captured in 1281, but in 1289, after a long struggle, forced his father to recognize the rights of the two brothers. After the death of their cousin Friedrich Tuta in 1291, they took possession of his lands, with Friedrich receiving the Mark Meissen , leaving their father only the Mark Landsberg . But since King Adolf von Nassau viewed Meissen and Osterland as fiefs that had fallen back through Tuta's death and Thuringia bought Albrecht from the indebted Albrecht, both took up arms again to defend their inheritance, but had to leave the country.

Friedrich stayed abroad until the death of King Adolf near Göllheim in 1298 returned his land to him . His father also made up with him. Soon afterwards, however, King Albrecht I raised claims on Thuringia and had the cities that wanted to become free of the empire on his side. The landgrave family was besieged by the Eisenachers at the Wartburg, but Friedrich managed to free them. But only the victory at Lucka on May 31, 1307 made room for the beleaguered pair of brothers again, and the king's new armor prevented his bloody end.

After Dietrich's death in 1307, the vassals paid homage to Friedrich alone, as Albrecht had previously renounced the government for an annual fee. Only the cities were still averse. But Erfurt was subjugated by force, and even with King Heinrich VII , to whom Friedrich had initially not wanted to submit, he was reconciled and received his lands back from him in 1310 in solemn enfeoffment.

The struggle continued with Brandenburg , and when Friedrich was captured by Margrave Waldemar , he had to buy his freedom in the Treaty of Tangermünde in 1312 with 32,000  marks of silver and the cession of the Lausitz region , the land between the Elbe and Elster and the cities of Hayn and Torgau . The feud renewed in 1316 was ended by the Peace of Magdeburg in 1317. With the extinction of the Ascanian house , Friedrich regained everything that was lost except for the Landsberg and Lausitz brands. Only now could he bring about a general peace in the country .

Paralyzed by a stroke since 1321 - he had seen the spiritual spectacle of the wise and foolish virgins in a monastery in Eisenach and was in great excitement that even the invocation of the saints did not help the foolish virgins - he died on May 16. November 1323. His bones were later transferred from Eisenach to Grimmenstein Castle in Gotha , but his tomb was erected in Reinhardsbrunn .

Marriages and children

Frederick the Open entered into two marriages:

  • on January 1, 1286 with Agnes , Countess of Gorizia and Tyrol († May 14, 1293) and
  • on August 24, 1301 with Elisabeth , Countess of Lobdeburg - Arnshaugk (* 1286; † August 22, 1359 in Gotha)

Agnes was the daughter of Count Meinhard of Gorizia and Tyrol and Elisabeth of Bavaria (1227–1273) . The marriage produced a son:

  • Friedrich the Lahme (born May 9, 1293; † January 13, 1315 in Zwenkau), married to Anna († November 22, 1327 in Wismar), daughter of Albrecht II of Saxony.

Elisabeth was the daughter of Hartmann XI. from Lobdeburg-Arnshaugk. Her mother of the same name was the third wife of Albrecht the Degenerate and thus also Friedrich's stepmother. From Friedrich's marriage to Elisabeth, only two children survived him , Elisabeth (* 1306; † 1368), who was married to Heinrich II of Hesse in 1322 , and Friedrich's successor, Friedrich the Serious (* November 30 - 1310 in Gotha; † November 18 1349 on the Wartburg in Eisenach).

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ralf Uschner: "In search of traces and identity - 700 years of land between Elbe and Elster (1312–2012)." In: Home calendar for the old district of Bad Liebenwerda, the Mückenberger Ländchen, outskirts on Schraden and Uebigau-Falkenberg . Ed .: Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Heimatkunde e. V. Bad Liebenwerda. Bad Liebenwerda 2012, p. 4-12 .
  2. ^ Karl Friedrich von Klöden : Diplomatic history of the Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg from 1295 to 1323 . M. Simion, Berlin 1844, part II, p. 109 ( digitized version )
  3. ^ Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel : Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis. Collection of documents, chronicles and other historical sources for the history of the Mark Brandenburg and its rulers. Berlin 1838–1869, Second main part or history of the external relations of the Margraviate of Brandenburg and its regents , p. 319 ( digitized version )
  4. ↑ See Wegele 1870, pp. 339, 341.
  5. ↑ JC Zenker : Historisch-topographisches Taschenbuch von Jena and its surroundings . Jena 1836

Web links

Commons : Friedrich I.  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
predecessor Office successor
Albrecht II. Margrave of Meissen
Landgrave of Thuringia
1292–1323 		Friedrich II.
personal data
SURNAME Friedrich I.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Frederick the Candid; Friedrich the bitten
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Margrave of Meissen and Landgrave of Thuringia
DATE OF BIRTH 1257
PLACE OF BIRTH Wartburg Eisenach
DATE OF DEATH November 16, 1323
Place of death Wartburg Eisenach