William Tell

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tell at the apple shot, woodcut by the Basel artist Daniel Schwegler for the edition of Etterlin's Chronicle from 1507.
Tellenbrunnen in Schaffhausen (copy of the original from 1522)
The apple shot on a stove tile (around 1700), Swiss National Museum
l'Héroïsme de Guillaume Tell , oil painting by Jean-Frédéric Schall (1793)
Tricolor of the Helvetic Republic (1799), Tell and his son with the apple shot through
Depiction of Tell in the first edition of Schiller's drama (1804)
Wilhelm Tell from the Schiller Gallery ,
steel engraving by Raab after Pecht , around 1859
Wilhelm Tell as Eichel-Ober in the double German card game after József Schneider (1864).
Tellensprung, study by von Ernst Stückelberg for the fresco in the Tell Chapel (1879)
Wilhelm Tell monument in Altdorf from 1895; the date of the Rütli oath to Tschudi , 1307, on the base
Ferdinand Hodler's Wilhelm Tell (1897)
Tell's arrest at Gesslerhut, mosaic by Hans Sandreuter (1901)
Tell with his family, illustration by Philip Dadd for William Tell Told Again by PG Wodehouse (1904)

Wilhelm Tell is a legendary Swiss freedom fighter . Its story takes place in what is now Central Switzerland and is dated to the year 1307. The poet Friedrich Schiller wrote the famous theatrical work of the same name in his late creative phase . Mentioned since the 15th century, he became a central figure of identification for various, both conservative and progressive circles in the Confederation . Tell has been Switzerland's national hero since the end of the 19th century .

narrative

According to the Tell legend in the White Book of Sarnen (first printed by Petermann Etterlin in 1507), the Habsburg bailiff Gessler zu Altdorf ( under die linden ze Ure ) had a hat ( Gessler hat ) on a pole and ordered the local subjects to do it every time to say hello when they pass him by. A "honest man" called Tell, who is secretly in league with Stauffacher , refuses to say hello, and the following day the Vogt orders him to shoot an apple off his son's head with his crossbow : otherwise his child must die with him. Reluctantly, Tell did as he was told and hit the apple. He is asked why he took a second arrow. After the bailiff assured him that he would not kill him, he replied and said that if he had hit his child, the second arrow would have been intended for the bailiff. Therefore the bailiff has him tied up and transferred to his castle in Küssnacht , where he is to be imprisoned for life.

On Lake Lucerne, however, a storm puts the ship in danger and Tell is released from his chains in order to steer the boat. He skilfully steers it towards the bank, where the Axen steep face rises, and there jumps onto a protruding slab of rock, which is already called Tellsplatte ( tellen blatten ) in the White Book of Sarnen . He hurries over the mountains to Küssnacht and waits for the Vogt returning home in a ravine , the Hohlen Gasse , and shoots him from ambush with a crossbow. Tell's tyrannicide triggered the armed uprising (the " Burgenbruch "), which after the victory at Morgarten (1315) established the Confederation as a regional power directly under the Empire .

The dating to 1307 goes back to Tschudi, as does the statement that Tell's child was not more than six years old. Tschudi takes his first name Wilhelm from the Tellenlied. The first names Walther for Tell's son and Herrmann for Gessler, on the other hand, were first introduced by Schiller (1804). Also in Tschudi, but not in the earliest versions, it is reported that Tell fought in the battle of Morgarten in 1315 and found death in Schächenbach in 1354 while attempting to save a child.

Emergence

swell

The first sources in which the story is documented date back to around 1470. After that, the Tell saga seems to spread very quickly and is generally popular by 1510 at the latest.

Tell appears for the first time in the White Book of Sarnen as “Thäll” (variants “Thall”, “Tall”), written down around 1472 by the Obwalden land clerk Hans Schriber . In the "Song of the Origin of the Confederation" (also called "Tellenlied" or "Bundeslied") around 1477, the figure of Tell also appears. This deals with the time of the Burgundian Wars and was first passed on orally, the first copy is from 1501. In the White Book of Sarnen, as in Tschudi, Tell's son is only referred to as a child and thus remains of an indeterminate gender; in the Tellenlied, however, there is explicit mention of a son.

Tell's story found its way into the Lucerne chronicles by Melchior Russ and Petermann Etterlin , which were first printed around 1507, and into the Swiss chronicle written by Heinrich Brennwald in Zurich from 1508 to 1516 . Tell is already referred to as the "first Confederation" in the Tellenlied, and Russ also sees Tell as the main creator of the liberation and founder of the Confederation.

The chronicler Aegidius Tschudi finally tells the Tell saga in its Chronicon Helveticum (around 1550) in its final form. It is Tschudi who dates the events to the autumn of 1307, and the apple shot itself to Monday, November 19, 1307.

Origin of the apple shot motif

The motif of the apple shot first appears in the Gesta Danorum (“History of the Danes”) by Saxo Grammaticus (written around 1200–1216). At Saxo the shooter is called Toko . The boastful shooter Toko is a follower of the Danish King Harald Blauzahn and is forced by him to shoot an apple from the head of his son. In revenge, Toko later shoots the king from an ambush. The apple shot episode in Sarnen's White Book agrees in every detail with Saxo Grammaticus (Toko also slips himself a second arrow and, when asked by the king, confesses that it would have been for him if he had hit his son), so that Saxo can evidently be used as the source for the Tell saga (the story by Punker von Rohrbach in Hexenhammer is from 1486, so it is a little younger than the first evidence for Tell; here the shooter has to hit a coin instead of an apple).

The name Tell

An Alemannic nickname Tello or Tallo (to a * dallo- "proud, shining, splendid") is attested in place names, Delligen in Obwalden, Dallenwil in Nidwalden, furthermore Dällikon and Thalwil in Zurich and Delsberg in the Jura. It is more likely that the Tall in the White Book of Sarnen is a nickname. Täll is a term for "simple- minded, fool " , from a verb talen "simple-minded, childish to do". This meaning is implied when Tschudi Tell says to Gessler because I would be funny, and my name was different and not tall ("if I were sensible, my name would be different and not tall"). The Swiss Idioticon makes a reference to the name of the apple shot hero at Saxo Grammaticus, Toko , to Danish tokke, "running around wildly, being silly". Mythologizing historians like Alois Lütolf preferred the derivation of "proud, splendid" (the second element in the god name Heimdallr ).

Reception history

The wide reception of the Tell saga in the 16th century is evidenced by numerous pictorial representations of the apple shot scene and the existence of public memorials. Popular dramatizations in the tradition of the carnival games ( plate games ) can be grasped from 1512. The Tell Chapel on the Tellsplatte already existed in the early 16th century. Another Tell Chapel was built in Bürglen in 1582. The first Tell monument in Altdorf dates from 1583. In the 17th century, "the Three Tells" became a popular name for the Three Confederates .

Tschudi's “ Chronicon Helveticum ” was not published until 1734–1736. Tschudi's version of the legend nevertheless reached a wide audience from the late 16th to the early 19th century through Josias Simler's De Republica Helvetiorum libri duo, whose work was first published in 1576 and has been repeatedly reprinted.

A song "Wilhelm bin ich der Telle" has been handed down in prints from 1613 to 1633, "improved and increased" by the bed master Hieronymus Muheim from Uri, probably a revision of an older original.

The geographer and polymath Johann Gottfried Gregorii alias Melissantes spread the story between 1708 and 1729 through several of his popular geography books in German-speaking countries. Ultimately, it was primarily through the dramatization of Friedrich Schiller (1804), but also through the historian Johannes Müller, that the story first became known in Europe and later worldwide. In 1818 the Brothers Grimm included the legend in their work Deutsche Sagen .

With the processing by Schiller, Tell's tyrannicide is also perceived internationally and effective as a political symbol. For example, a republican citizen in Mulhouse is said to have painted the facade of his house with a depiction of Tell, who was aiming his arrow at the French royal coat of arms, on the occasion of Charles X's visit to the city. This was widely understood as a threat to the king and the homeowner was forced to at least remove the lily shield. An even more direct reference to Tell was made in the revolution of 1848/1849 in the Austrian Empire , namely in Hungary , since the "tyranny" that was being fought here, as in original Switzerland, still emanated from the House of Habsburg . As early as 1835 in Hungary, in order to circumvent censorship, figures from Schiller's Tell were shown on playing cards.

Adolf Hitler initially expressed himself enthusiastically about Schiller's play. He quotes it in Mein Kampf , and authorized a performance in which Emmy Sonnemann , Hermann Göring's lover , played Tell's wife. Later, on June 3, 1941, Hitler banned the performance of the play, possibly in connection with the attempted assassination attempt by the Swiss Maurice Bavaud , celebrated by Rolf Hochhuth (1976) as the "new Wilhelm Tell". At a table conversation in February 1942, he is said to have been angry about Schiller's Tell ("Schiller, of all people, had to glorify this Swiss sniper")

iconography

The oldest known representation of the Tell saga is the apple shot scene in woodcut by Daniel Schwegler (approx. 1480 - before 1546) for the Chronicle of Petermann Etterlin, printed in 1507. As early as 1520–1530, the representations became numerous and can be found on various Image carriers, including a wooden relief in the Klauser House in Lucerne (around 1523), in the Bernese sermon mandate from 1523 and in a coat of arms of the Zurich family Froschauer (around 1530). Another early woodcut is in the Chronicle by Johannes Stumpf , printed by Froschauer in 1527. All of these earliest depictions show the apple shot scene and their composition depends on Schwegler's woodcut.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, silver medals with the apple shot scene were minted several times in Uri.

Tell was also depicted early on as a fountain figure , first in Schaffhausen (1522). The Tell statue by Joseph Benedikt Curiger (1786) was a fountain figure in Altdorf, and since 1891 in Bürglen. The Tell monument by Friedrich Schäferle (1709–1786), erected in 1780 on the Lindenhof in Zurich, was stolen in 1800.

Further representations of Tell that were not yet dependent on Schiller were made at the time of the French Revolution. In the watercolor pen drawing Wilhelm Tell Fights the Revolution by Balthasar Anton Dunker (1798) Tell is an allegorical representative of the Swiss Confederation and defends against the French Revolution allegorized by a sign depicting the Rütli oath scene. Conversely, Jean-Baptiste Marie Poisson portrayed Tell as the hero of the revolution at the moment of the tyrant murder in 1794. The seal of the Helvetic Republic depicted Tell embracing his son after being shot at the apple.

In the depictions before 1800, Tell is usually not depicted in a peasant garb, but as a mercenary armed with a sword or Swiss rapier, often in a slit costume and a plumed hat.

Representations after 1804 are strongly influenced by Schiller's drama. In national romanticism, Tell is now often depicted in the costume of an alpine shepherd. Ernst Stückelberg (1879) designed the scene of Tell's jump on the tells plate for the Tell chapel there . The Tell monument by Richard Kissling in Altdorf (1895) is particularly well-known . The painting by Ferdinand Hodler (1897) was also influential ; it was actually a study for a larger work by Gessler's Death , which Hodler planned for the State Museum's competition. Hodler's portrayal of Tell was described as "sacred" and compared with the classic iconography of God the Father, Moses, John the Baptist or Jesus. In 1901 , Hans Sandreuter created a mosaic for the Landesmuseum in Zurich that shows the scene of Tell's arrest by Gessler's henchmen.

Historical criticism

The fact that the story of Tell was a legend was considered relatively early on, by Franz Guillimann from Freiburg in 1607, then by Christian and Isaak Iselin from Basel , pastor Uriel Freudenberger from Bern in 1760 and Voltaire (“Annales de l'Empire”). In an anonymously published essay, Freudenberger put forward the thesis that the Swiss Wilhelm Tell was a copy of the Toko episode from the Gesta Danorum . Gottlieb Emanuel von Haller translated Freudenberger's treatise into French and, because of Freudenberger's fears, published it under his own name.

In the 19th century, Tell, along with the liberation tradition as a whole , was called into question by a «critical Swiss historiography», the founder of which is considered to be Joseph Eutych Kopp (around 1835). An international “historians' debate” on the subject took place in the second half of the 19th century, triggered by the rediscovery of the White Book of Sarnen in 1856. The view that Tell had no historicity largely prevailed among historians even before 1900, especially due to the critical representations by Moritz von Stürler and Johannes Dierauer . The apple shot episode in particular has now been recognized as fabulous by representatives of a historical murder of tyrants, due to the parallel to a " Danish fairy tale " discovered by Gottlieb Emanuel von Haller and Simeon Uriel Freudenberger around 1760 . In the early 20th century, however, the question was still considered controversial among historians and is recognized by Anton Largiadèr in the Swiss Historical-Biographical Lexicon of 1931. In the same publication, Karl Meyer defends Tell's historical existence. It was not until after 1945 that the Tell saga was unanimously classified as fabulous by historians. As the historical core of the legend, Bruno Meyer suspected the actual murder of a governor in the early 14th century in 1959.

The main argument against Tell's historical existence is the complete lack of contemporary evidence for Tell as a person or for the murder of a governor named Gessler. The existence of the Tell saga cannot be proven before the last third of the 15th century, i.e. more than 150 years after the narrated events. There were also no pictorial representations of the apple shot scene before this time.

No Tell family could be identified in Uri. Alleged references to this name in the findings of the Urner Landsgemeinden from 1387 and 1388 as well as entries such as “Tello” and “Täll” in death registers and year books by Schattdorf and Attinghausen were classified as later forgeries as early as the 19th century.

Artistic adaptations

Theatrical performances of the Tell saga in the tradition of the carnival games have been taking place in central Switzerland since 1512 at the latest. The Uri Tellspiel is the oldest written record of such a play. It was probably performed in Altdorf in the winter of 1512/3. It is likely that similar performances, as improvisations without a fixed text based on the model of the Commedia dell'Arte , go back to the later 15th century. Ulrich Zwingli praised the Uri Tell game in a letter to his friend Valentin Compar and praised Wilhelm Tell as the godly hero and first promoter of Swiss fraternity ..., the origin and founder of a laudable Eydgno creation .

The tragedy "Guillaume Tell" by Antoine-Marin Lemierre was first performed in 1766 by the Comédiens ordinaires du Roi ( Louis XV ). Based on Lemierre's piece, Michel-Jean Sedaine wrote the libretto for the opera "Guillaume Tell" by André-Ernest-Modeste Grétry (1791) for the Comédie-Italienne in Paris.

Schiller's drama “Wilhelm Tell” from 1804 became very influential for the reception of the Tell material both internationally and in Switzerland. Rossini's 1829 opera " Guillaume Tell " is an adaptation of Schiller's piece, with a libretto by Étienne de Jouy .

Schiller's piece is gratefully received in Swiss national romanticism. The Mythenstein mentioned in the White Book of Sarnen was designed as a Schiller monument in 1859, the «Schillerstein» with the inscription «Dem Singer Tells». The popular Tell plays in central Switzerland are completely superseded by Schiller's play. Schiller's play was performed for the first time in Altdorf in 1823. In 1898 the Tellspielgesellschaft Altdorf was founded and undertook to perform Schiller's “Wilhelm Tell” at least twenty times. The annual Tell Games in Interlaken take place for the first time in 1912. Both the Altdorf and the Interlaker Tell games continue to exist today.

Adaptations of the Tell saga since 1900 are listed below:

year title medium description
1900 Movie Silent film fragment by Charles Pathé
1904 "William Tell Told Again" novel Story by PG Wodehouse , illustrated by Philip Dadd.
1913 "The liberation of Switzerland and the legend of William Tell" Movie Silent film by Friedrich Feher
1923 "William Tell" Movie German silent film with Hans Marr as Tell and Conrad Veidt as Gessler.
1924 " The Origin of the Confederation " Movie Swiss-American silent film based freely on historical facts, legends and Schiller's drama.
1925 "William Tell" radio play German radio play by Nordische Rundfunk AG (NORAG, Hamburg), director: Hermann Beyer ; Processing: Hans Bodenstedt .
1934 "William Tell" Movie German sound film, director: Heinz Paul (with Hans Marr , Conrad Veidt and Emmy Sonnemann ).
1951 "William Tell" radio play German radio play, production: Bayerischer Rundfunk , director: Hannes Küpper .
1955 "William Tell" radio play German radio play, production: Hessischer Rundfunk , director: Gustav Rudolf Sellner .
1958 "William Tell" radio play German radio play, production: Bayerischer Rundfunk , director: Heinz-Günter Stamm .
1960 " Wilhelm Tell (castles in flames) " Movie Swiss film, directed by Michel Dickoff and Karl Hartl , Robert Freytag , Hannes Schmidhauser , Zarli Carigiet and Alfred Rasser .
1968 "William Tell" Movie German TV film of a performance of Schiller's «Wilhelm Tell» at the Staatstheater Stuttgart with Max Eckard as Tell and Peter Roggisch as Gessler.
1971 "Wilhelm Tell for school" novel Entheroising parody by Max Frisch . The Tell story is told from Gessler's point of view, Tell and the people of Uri are portrayed as xenophobic, stubborn and proud.
1975 "Sagittarius Tell" Play Entheroisifying parody by Hansjörg Schneider . Tell is an apolitical crosshead who shoots Gessler for purely private motives and thus favors the local elite who want to enforce their own power interests.
1998 "The Legend Of William Tell" Television series 16-part television series from the fantasy genre without direct reference to the Tell material. The German version appeared under the title Tell - Im Kampf gegen Lord Xax .
2007 «Tell» Movie Swiss satirical on the Tell material by Mike Eschmann , with Mike Müller as Tell. Tell is an Austrian quack who travels through Switzerland with the Eskimo Val-Tah. The intended provocation failed and the film flopped.
2012 « Tell - The Musical » musical Musical by Hans Dieter Schreeb (text book), Wolfgang Adenberg (lyrics), Marc Schubring (music) and John Havu (creative development), performed for the first time on the Walensee stage in Walenstadt .
- "Tell 3D" Movie Unrealized Hollywood film, announced in 2008, then delayed after financial problems, announced again in 2011 with Brendan Fraser and Til Schweiger in the lead roles, with a planned release in 2014.
2016 «Tell - man. Hero. Legend." novel Historical novel by Thomas Vaucher .
2017 «The sword maker Wilhelm Gorkeit» novel Self-published novel by Monica Beckmann, which takes up the theory of Schärer (1986), according to which the historical Tell was a Zurich named Wilhelm Gorkeit.

literature

Web links

Commons : Wilhelm Tell  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Wilhelm Tell  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Tell, Wilhelm. Meyers encyclopedia , published by the Bibliographic Institute, Leipzig and Vienna, Fourth Edition, 1885-1892, p  576 / 577 in Volume 15th
  2. ↑ Nu what a honest one was called the thäll Sarnen, Obwalden State Archives, Sig. A.02.CHR.0003 (Weisses Buch von Sarnen), p. 447. Nu what the tall really protects . Digital copy: e-codices - Virtual Manuscript Library of Switzerland. In: e-codices.unifr.ch. Retrieved July 7, 2015 .
  3. ↑ Angelo Garovi : Schriber, Hans. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  4. ↑ The old Tellenlied "Vom Ursprung der Eidgnoschaft" , ed. Ludwig Tobler, Swiss folk songs; with introduction and notes (1882), 1–5 , introduction xvi-xviii; ed. Rocholz, Tell and Gessler in Sage and Geschichte (1877), 180–187 .
  5. ↑ like a must sim own sun shoot an apple from the top with your hands. Tobler (1882), p. 4.
  6. ↑ Aegidius Tschudi, Chronicon Helveticum , ed.JR Iselin, Basel (1734), s. a. 1307, p. 238 . an honest country man from Uri, called Wilhelm Tell (who was also secretly in the Pundts society) ; Tell's refusal to salute the hat is stated for the "Sunday after Othmari , which is the 18th winter month", the meeting with Gessler "morndes afterwards on Monday". According to the current Julian calendar , November 18, 1307 is a Saturday.
  7. ↑ See Hans-Peter Naumann: Tell and the Nordic tradition. On the question of the archetype of the master marksman. In: Swiss Archives for Folklore 71, 1975, pp. 108–128.
  8. ↑ oldest mention as Tellewilare , until the 14th century Tellenwile ; the derivation from a personal anemn Tello , Dallo is uncertain, possibly also from a Dag-al- or Dag-ilo- from * daga- "burn". ( ortnames.ch )
  9. ↑ Tello is also used as a personal name for Walahfrid Strabo ; In the 14th century at the latest, however, the name no longer seems to have been in use. ( ortsnames.ch ; Förstemann, Namenbuch (1856), 330f. )
  10. ↑ Christoph Landolt, Wilhelm Tell - where does this name come from? idiotikon.ch (2014); The valley that said: It has been given, because I did not know that it should be viewed so highly, because I was funny and my name was different and not the valley ; at Tschudi Tell says: dear sir, it is uneventful, and with no contempt, forgiving me if I were funny, then my name would not be tell, ask for mercy, it should not be done any more. (ed. Iselin 1734, p. 238); from Schiller: Forgive me dear sir! It happened out of thought, not out of contempt for you, if I would be prudent, my name would not be Tell, I beg your mercy, it should no longer happen.
  11. ↑ Schweizerisches Idiotikon 12.1398-1409
  12. ^ Tobler (1882), xvi
  13. ↑ For example Melissantes: Cosmographia universalis, Leipzig, Frankfurt [and Erfurt] 1715, p. 810 f .; Geographia novissima, Frankfurt, Leipzig [and Erfurt] 1709, part 1, p. 600 f.
  14. ↑ German sagas. Edited by the Brothers Grimm. Nicolai, Berlin 1865, 2nd edition, volumes 1–2. Digitized edition No. 518 Wilhelm Tell in vol. 2
  15. ^ Revue nationale de Belgique 4 (1840), p. 381 .
  16. ↑ Luc Weibel: Maurice Bavaud. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . 2004 .
  17. ↑ G. Ruppelt, Hitler against Tell (2004), quoted from: Martin Steinacher, Maurice Bavaud - prevented Hitler assassin under the sign of the Catholic faith? (2015), p. 97.
  18. ^ Gottlieb Emanuel von Haller, Schweizerisches Münz- und Medaillenkabinett (1780/1), p. 8 ; Salve Urania Filia Martis (Yale University Art Gallery).
  19. ↑ J. Stückelberger: Hodler's path to becoming a national painter using the example of his "Wilhelm Tell". In: Journal for Swiss Archeology and Art History 53/4 (1996), doi: 10.5169 / seals-169495 .
  20. ↑ Peter Kaiser: Liberation tradition. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . 2013 .
  21. ↑ Anton Gisler in Die Tellfrage (1895, p. 126) mentions the change of the name Walter de trullo to Schattdorf as a "small deception [...] with which an unrequested hand out of a different gender name had artificially produced that Tell" a Walter de tello .
  22. ^ Jean-François Bergier, Wilhelm Tell: Reality and Myth . Munich: Paul List Verlag, 1990, p. 76.
  23. ↑ William Tell by André Grétry at the Opéra Royal de Wallonie ( Memento of the original from August 31, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Video on arte live web, 1 hour 27 minutes, recorded on August 9, 2013 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / liveweb.arte.tv
  24. ↑ History of the Altdorfer Tellspiele ; tellspiele-altdorf.ch ; Tell open-air theater in Interlaken .
  25. ↑ Urs film
  26. ↑ Apple shot was not required , Adolf Muschg on Max Frisch: Wilhelm Teil für die Schule, article in Spiegel dated August 9, 1971
  27. ↑ The Legend of William Tell - Overview Information page for the film on the website of the production company Cloud 9 Productions, accessed on May 5, 2012
  28. ↑ Tell - In the fight against Lord Xax Entry in the German version of the Internet Movie Database
  29. ^ Christoph Egger: Tell, a tragedy. The Swiss comedy film has reached a new low. Neue Zürcher Zeitung , September 27, 2007. Accessed February 20, 2012.
  30. ↑ Hollywood shoots Wilhelm Tell in Switzerland Article in 20 Minuten from May 8, 2008. Tell film project put on hold due to financial crisis. Article on nachrichten.ch from October 10, 2008
  31. ↑ Lorenz Hanselmann: Brendan Fraser plays Tell. 20 Minuten Online, May 9, 2011. Accessed February 20, 2012.
  32. ^ The Legend Of William Tell information page for the film on filmkritiker.com, accessed August 15, 2013
  33. ↑ The Legend of William Tell: 3D entry in the German version of the Internet Movie Database, accessed on August 15, 2013
  34. ↑ Thomas Vaucher: Tell - man. Hero. Legend. Stämpfli Verlag, Bern 2016, ISBN 978-3-7272-7900-3 .
  35. ^ Arnold Claudio Schärer, "... and there was Tell after all", Harlekin-Verlag (1986). As the work of an autodidact, Schärer's proposal provoked fierce opposition from historians (e.g. Jean-François Bergier, Guillaume Tell , 1988, pp. 415, 446.).