Charles X (France)
Karl's signature:
.PNG){kind=small}
Karl X. Philipp ( French Charles X Philippe; born October 9, 1757 in Versailles , † November 6, 1836 in Gorizia , Austria ) from the House of Bourbon was King of France from 1824–1830. He was the last ruler of France to bear the title " King of France and Navarre ". He followed his older brother Louis XVIII on September 16, 1824 . on the throne. Charles X was overthrown by the July Revolution in 1830 . His successor Louis-Philippe I carried the title "King of the French".
Period of the Ancien Régimes (1757–1789)
Karl was a son of the Dauphin Louis Ferdinand (1729–1765) and his wife Maria Josepha of Saxony and grandson of Louis XV. Before his accession to the throne, he had the title of Count of Artois . At the age of sixteen he married Maria Theresa of Sardinia , as did the wife of his brother Louis XVIII. a daughter of Viktor Amadeus III. from Sardinia-Piedmont was. In 1779 he joined the French army during the siege of Gibraltar . Because of his lifestyle, he had accumulated a debt of 56 million francs within a few years, which the French state, which was already in financial difficulties, took over.
Revolution and Exile (1789-1814)
Before the revolution of 1789, Karl played only a minor role in politics. After the storming of the Bastille , he and Queen Marie Antoinette became the leader of the reactionary wing at court. In July 1789 he left France. As the highest-ranking Prince of the Blood abroad, he became the leader of the anti-revolutionary emigrants. He visited various European courts to promote royalist interests. In August 1791 he was involved in the creation of the Pillnitz Declaration , which was signed by Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia and Emperor Leopold II . She played an important role on the way to France's declaration of war on Austria on April 20, 1792, with which the First Coalition War began.
After the execution of his eldest brother Louis XVI. in January 1793, his next elder brother, the Count of Provence, who had also emigrated in the meantime, awarded him the title of Lieutenant General of the Kingdom . After the death of the Dauphin , who was named Louis XVII by the royalists . was counted, claimed the Count of Provence as Louis XVIII. the title of king. Charles was now called Monsieur by the royalists , a title traditionally due to the eldest brother of the King of France and presumptive heir to the throne. In 1795 Charles tried to support the uprising in the Vendée . As an exile and after he was denied the right to stay in the neutral imperial city of Bremen , he lived as Count von Artois on the Grolland estate , in a two-story mansion in the vicinity of Bremen. Here he organized military exercises with opponents of the French Revolution. But he refused to put himself at the head of these insurgents. Instead he went to England and stayed there until 1813. It was not until February 1814 that he returned to France in the wake of the Allied troops and entered Paris in April.
Restoration and period of rule (1814-1830)
During the now following reign of his brother Louis XVIII. Karl was the leader of the ultra-royalists . When he himself ascended the throne after Ludwig's death in September 1824, the dignity of his address and his affable condescension gave him fleeting popularity. His coronation in the cathedral of Reims , with the magnificent ceremonial of the Ancien Régime, made it clear, however, that he saw himself as a king by the grace of God and not as a constitutional monarch . His first official acts calmed the fears of the liberals; but it soon became apparent that Charles X would consistently throw the weight of the crown in favor of the reactionary forces. The emigrants were compensated for their confiscated land; Gallicans and Liberals alike were upset by the measures that gave the Jesuits and Ultramontans more power. The royal princesses were insulted in the street, and when Karl inspected the National Guard on April 29, 1825, he was confronted with shouts of "Down with the ministers!" In response, he issued a decree the next day that dissolved the National Guard.
It was only in 1829, when the result of the elections had demonstrated the futility of the repressive policies of the government of Jean-Baptiste de Villèles , that Karl agreed to try a policy of compromise. It was too late now, however. Villèle's successor was Jean-Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac , who took Élie Decazes as a model. In his speech from the throne, Charles proclaimed that the happiness of France depended on the sincere union of royal authority with the freedoms enshrined in the constitution.
July Revolution and Abdication (1830)
The end of the rule of Charles X due to the revolution was not yet in sight at the turn of the year 1829/1830. An unusually long winter affected the country, which ruined the harvests. Still, hunger riots broke out in only a few regions of France. The danger of a military coup also seemed small, since the army was busy conquering Algeria . The French government under Prime Minister Jules de Polignac hoped to divert domestic political tensions between parliament and monarch by establishing a colony in North Africa. In March 1830, the second chamber of parliament asked Charles X to dismiss ministers from the government who found no support in the chamber ( ministerial responsibility ). In this way the parliament tried to influence the political course of the royal government. Thereupon Charles X arranged for new elections to break the opposition against him. Meanwhile, under the pretext of fighting piracy and slavery in the Mediterranean Sea, around 37,000 soldiers landed on the Algerian coast in June 1830. On July 4, 1830, the troops took Algiers . However, the expectations of the royal government were not met. The citizens entitled to vote further strengthened the opposition forces in parliament. The Liberals received 274 seats on July 3, 1830. This was 53 places more than before and a clear defeat for the political course of the Polignac government.
Faced with the new majority in July 1830, Karl planned new elections under a changed legal framework. In the so-called Juliordonnanzen of July 26, 1830, he stipulated, among other things, a renewal of the electoral census , which excluded the majority of the middle class from voting. 75% of the citizens previously entitled to vote were no longer allowed to take part in a vote. In addition, the resolutions enforced stricter censorship.
Charles X issued the ordinances without taking security precautions for Paris beforehand. Not enough troops had been stationed in the French capital to respond to any protests and riots. The king himself showed no presence. He traveled to his country estate in Rambouillet and enjoyed the courtly hunt there. On July 27, 1830, the first barricades were erected in the vicinity of the Palais Royal . On the evening of the same day the situation worsened. Protesting students, workers and retired soldiers gathered on the streets of Paris. The crowds spread unhindered in the city as the commanding marshal concentrated his troops at the Louvre . On July 28, the marshal still received no instructions from Charles X. Parts of his troops therefore began to overflow with the rebels during the first clashes. Finally, on July 29, 1830, the government forces withdrew from the city.
On August 2, 1830, Charles X renounced his throne and appointed his grandson Henri d'Artois as his successor. The parliament was not impressed by this and on August 7, 1830 proclaimed Louis-Philippe I king of the French. This marked the beginning of the so-called July Monarchy in France , which lasted until 1848. With the rule of Louis-Philippe, the political interests of the aristocracy and the clergy no longer dominated the country, but rather those of the upper class (especially bankers and large landowners).
Final Years of Life in Exile (1830-1836)
Karl retreated with his retinue to the coast, accompanied by infantry, cavalry and artillery. Apart from watching his movements, the new government did nothing to stop his departure. At Maintenon , Karl separated from the majority of his troops and moved on to Cherbourg with an escort of 1,200 men , where he embarked for England on August 16. For a time he returned to Holyrood Palace near Edinburgh , which was at his disposal. Later he went to Prague and at the end of October 1836 finally to Gorizia (then Austria , today divided between Italy and Slovenia ) as a guest of Count Coronini von Cronberg . Seventeen days after his arrival in Gorizia, Charles X died of cholera on November 6, 1836 and was laid to rest on November 11, 1836 in Kostanjevica Monastery (today in Nova Gorica in Slovenia). Five other family members and a faithful rest in the Bourbon crypt there.
.JPG)
title
- Count of Artois (1757)
- Duke of Angoulême and Peer of France (1773)
- Count of Limoges and Peer of France (1773–1776)
- Duke of Auvergne and of Mercoeur and Peer of France (1773–1778)
- Marquis of Pompadour and Vice-Count of Turenne (1774–1776)
- Lord of the Castle of Cognac and Bagatelle (1775)
- Duke of Berry, Châteauroux and La Meilleraye
- Count of Argenton and Ponthieu and Lord of Henrichemont (1776)
- Marquis of Maisons (1777)
- Count of Poitou (1778)
- Baron of Picquigny (1779)
- Count of Saint-Valery and Roc-de-Cayeux (1780)
- Baron von Domart (1782)
- Colonel général des Cent-Suisses et Grisons (1771–1790)
- Colonel général de Garde nationale
ancestors
| Louis de Bourbon, duc de Bourgogne (1682–1712) | |||||||||||||
| Louis XV King of France (1710–1774) | |||||||||||||
| Maria Adelaide of Savoy (1685-1712) | |||||||||||||
| Louis Ferdinand de Bourbon (1729-1765) | |||||||||||||
| Stanislaus I. Leszczyński (1677–1766) | |||||||||||||
| Maria Leszczyńska (1703–1768) | |||||||||||||
| Katharina Opalińska (1680–1747) | |||||||||||||
| Charles X. King of France | |||||||||||||
| August II. King of Poland and Elector of Saxony (1670–1733) | |||||||||||||
| August III. King of Poland and Elector of Saxony (1696–1763) | |||||||||||||
| Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1671–1727) | |||||||||||||
| Maria Josepha of Saxony (1731–1767) | |||||||||||||
| Joseph I German Emperor (1678–1711) | |||||||||||||
| Maria Josepha of Austria (1699–1757) | |||||||||||||
| Wilhelmine Amalie of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1673–1742) | |||||||||||||
progeny
Karl had married Maria Theresa of Sardinia in 1773 , with whom he had the following four children:
- Louis-Antoine de Bourbon, duc d'Angoulême (* August 6, 1775 - June 3, 1844): ⚭ 1799 Princess Marie Therese of France , daughter of King Louis XVI.
- Sophie d'Artois (August 5, 1776 - December 5, 1783)
- Charles Ferdinand d'Artois, Duke of Berry (* January 24, 1778; † February 14, 1820): ⚭ 1816 Maria Karolina of Naples-Sicily (1798–1870)
- Marie Thérèse d'Artois (6 January 1783 - 22 June 1783).
literature
- Jean-Paul Clément: Charles X. Le dernier Bourbon. Editions Perrin, Paris 2015, ISBN 978-2-262-04386-5 .
- Pierre de La Gorce: La restoration , Volume 2: Charles X . Plon, Paris 1927
- Villebrumier (d. I. Jacques Vivent): Charles X: dernier roi de France et de Navarre. Le Livre contemporain, Paris 1958
- Jean-Paul Garnier: Charles X, le roi, le proscrit. Fayard, Paris 1967.
- José Cabanis: Charles X: roi ultra. Gallimard, Paris 1972.
- Éric Le Nabour: Charles X: Le dernier roi. Jean-Claude Lattès, Paris 1980.
- André Castelot : Charles X: la fin d'un monde. Perrin, Paris 1988.
- Georges Bordonove : Charles X: dernier roi de France et de Navarre. Pygmalion, Paris 1990, ISBN 2-85704-322-8
- Landric Raillat: Charles X ou le sacre de la dernière chance. Payot, Paris 1965.
- Yves Griffon: Charles X: roi méconnu. Rémi Perrin, Paris 1999, ISBN 2-913960-00-6
Web links
- Literature about Karl X. in the catalog of the German National Library
- Works by and about Karl X. in the German Digital Library
- Entry on Charles X in Calliope
- Schneider, Lars: Karl X., in: historicum.net, URL: http://www.historicum.net/no_cache/persistent/artikel/527/
Individual evidence
- ↑ Adam Zamoyski : Phantoms of Terror. The fear of revolution and the suppression of freedom . Beck, Munich 2016, p. 390.
- ^ Heinrich August Winkler: History of the West. From the beginnings in antiquity to the 20th century . 2nd edition, Beck, Munich 2010, p. 509.
- ^ Heinrich August Winkler: History of the West. From the beginnings in antiquity to the 20th century . 2nd edition, Beck, Munich 2010, pp. 508-509.
- ^ Andreas Fahrmeir : Europe between restoration, reform and revolution 1815-1850 . Oldenbourg, Munich 2012, pp. 56-57; Heinrich August Winkler: History of the West. From the beginnings in antiquity to the 20th century . 2nd edition, Beck, Munich 2010, p. 510.
- ↑ Adam Zamoyski: Phantoms of Terror. The fear of revolution and the suppression of freedom . Beck, Munich 2016, p. 390.
- ↑ Adam Zamoyski: Phantoms of Terror. The fear of revolution and the suppression of freedom . Beck, Munich 2016, p. 390.
- ^ Heinrich August Winkler: History of the West. From the beginnings in antiquity to the 20th century . 2nd edition, Beck, Munich 2010, p. 510.
- ↑ Adam Zamoyski: Phantoms of Terror. The fear of revolution and the suppression of freedom . Beck, Munich 2016, pp. 392–393.
- ^ Andreas Fahrmeir: Europe between restoration, reform and revolution 1815-1850 . Oldenbourg, Munich 2012, p. 57.
- ^ Heinrich August Winkler: History of the West. From the beginnings in antiquity to the 20th century . 2nd edition, Beck, Munich 2010, p. 512.
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Louis XVIII |
 King of France and Navarre 1824–1830 |
(after the July Revolution ) Ludwig Philipp as King of the French |
| Louis XVIII |
 Co-Prince of Andorra 1824–1830 |
(after the July Revolution ) Ludwig Philipp as King of the French |
| Louis XVIII |
Head of the House of Bourbon 1824–1836 |
Louis-Antoine d'Angoulême |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Charles X. |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Karl Philipp |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | King of France |
| DATE OF BIRTH | October 9, 1757 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Versailles |
| DATE OF DEATH | November 6, 1836 |
| Place of death | Gorizia , Austria |