Niederwartha Castle Hill
| Niederwartha Castle Hill | ||
|---|---|---|
 Niederwartha Castle Hill, 2018 |
||
| Alternative name (s): | Niedere Warte, Woz, Gvozdek, Neu-Gvozdek | |
| Creation time : | 9th century Slavic settlement center, 10th to 11th century construction of the castle, abandoned before 1200 | |
| Castle type : | Höhenburg, spur fastening with section fastening | |
| Conservation status: | Castle stable, wall and moat remains | |
| Standing position : | Royal Castle, Burgward | |
| Place: | Niederwartha Castle Hill | |
| Geographical location | 51 ° 5 '25 " N , 13 ° 35' 58.7" E | |
|
||
The Niederwartha Castle Hill is a defunct Slavic fortification near Niederwartha on Tännichtgrund in the west of the city of Dresden .
Location and description
The Burgberg is located near Niederwartha on a mountain spur above the Tännichtgrund. On three sides the slopes of the mountain spur fall conically to the Tännichtgrund. The top view of the mountain spur resembles an outstretched arm with a thumb-down gesture ( dislike ), on whose hand the spur castle and on the forearm the outer castle . The main castle of the complex has a west-east extension of approx. 100 m and has a rampart with a defensive moat to the east . The access to the former gate runs parallel to the south of the ramparts, which improves the defense. There are three different elevation levels within the main castle. The entrance leads to a kind of castle square, while a fork in the path leads southwest around the highest level of the main castle up to it. On the highest level there are wall remains of unknown but probably more recent origins, such as u. a. Remnants of a terrace or a former swimming pool. Due to the building materials used, older and newer structures were apparently merged. A modern use probably took place in connection with the allotment garden settlement to the east , of which remains are currently still in the area of the outer bailey. In the southern area of the main castle, the lowest level, there is a kind of bastion (thumb of the hand, see above), to which the remains of a further surrender of access can also be seen. To the east of the main castle, on the moat towards the main wall, there are remains of a stone wall. The outer bailey to the east of the main castle also has a rampart, in the southern section of which the former passage is located. The west-east extension of the outer bailey is approx. 100 m.
Access from Oberwarthaer Straße is currently blocked by private property and not open to the public. Another very steep access is possible at the end of the street “Am Burgberg”.
Remnants of the wall of unknown origin, view to the west over the highest level of the main castle, in the background Weistropp, 2018
View north over Burgplatz, middle elevation level of the main castle, 2018
View south of the bastion (thumb), lowest elevation level of the main castle, 2018
Name Woz / Gvozdek
The word Woz could be derived from the Polish wóz for vehicle fleet, or Polish wozić for drive or convey . Before the 9th century, the village of Woz probably only consisted of a rest area with no or only simple wall and ditch systems. This resting place was probably in the Oberwartha area , near the trade route that ran from the Niederwartha ford into the Bohemian Basin .
The word Gwozdek, Gvozdek or Guodezi shows a relationship to the Polish Gwizdek what Pfeifer (occupation) means and could with the existing on castles profession (musicians) are connected. A derivation of hvozd for the mountain forest ( high forest in the Zittau Mountains) or from the Polish word gwozd for forest is also conceivable.
history
The castle hill Niederwartha (Woz) was after the end of the Great Moravian Empire , which was due to the Hungarian invasions at the turn of the 9th / 10th century. Century disintegrated, created by Bohemia advancing into the Dresden Elbe widening on a previously existing Slavic settlement. Due to the dynastic marriage connection between Christian Bohemians and Sorbs along the Elbe , which reached into the Havel area , the Woz (Gvozdek) castle was incorporated together with Dohna and Buistrizi (Coschütz) into the oldest military strategy and state administration of the Bohemians. Woz was near the border forest to Daleminzien and Meißen , a then uninhabited strip of forest on the Wilsdruffer plateau, on the northern border of the Nisan Gau . Here the castle monitored an important river crossing (Niederwarthaer Furt ) in the Elbe bend from Niederwartha and the shipping route on the Elbe.
With the conquest of the Slavic castle Gana (presumably near Hof / Stauchitz southwest of Riesa ), the main castle of the Daleminizers, in the winter of 928/929 by Heinrich I , the landscape of the Dresden Elbe valley widening called Nisan also came under the supremacy of the (German) king have fallen.
Between 929 and 932, finally in 950, the Dresden Elbe basin (Gau Nisan) was annexed to the German Empire . In 1045, at the request of the margrave, his vassal Jamir transferred three royal hooves in the district of burchwardo Guodezi ( Burgward Gvozdek). The Burgward Gvozdek (= Woz) had its center in the castle hill of Niederwartha and reached as far as the Wild Sau in the northwest of the Gaus Nisan. The courtyards / farms "villa Scutropei" (Wilsdruff) and Weistropp (= Woz-Dorf) belonged to Burgward . In 1087 Vratislav moved to Zribia (Mark Meißen) and rebuilt the Gvozdek Castle near Meißen. In 1088 Cosmas reported about a knight named Beneda who was returning from Poland and was thinking about reconciliation with King Vratislav . After the king had drawn his sword from him, there was a scuffle in which the king was injured by Beneda and he himself was finally stabbed by the king's servants. In addition to these reports on 1087 and 1088, there are no precise details about the location of the castle. For example, Gvozdec Castle, in addition to Niederwartha Castle Hill, was originally assumed to be on Gohlberg near Constappel . In 1088 Vratislav I moved the castle to another safe place. The place of this relocation has so far been identified with the so-called Böhmerwall. However, recent studies assume that the place where the castle was relocated could only be the castle hill in Niederwartha. The previous Gvozdek (or Alt-Gvozdek) castle, which was rebuilt in 1087, was located in the area of Oberwartha and was built in 1088 on the castle hill near Niederwartha (Neu-Gvozdek) on the area of a Slavic settlement that had existed here since the 9th century relocated. Reference is made to the name change from Woz to Gvozdek, see section Name.
In 1123 a Bohemian-Moravian army under Duke Vladislav moved across the Ore Mountains to support Wiprecht and camped across from Duke Lothar beyond Gvozdek Castle . Further or later mentions of Gvozdek Castle are not known. The castle award organization lost its importance as early as the 12th century. To this end, cities like Dresden gained in importance. For these reasons it can be assumed that Gvozdek Castle (Niederwartha Castle Hill) was also abandoned at the same time .
On the Freiberg Meilenblätter from 1785, the castle hill bears the name "Die Niedere Warthe". The former fortification of the Niederwartha castle hill has been a protected ground monument since January 13, 1937 . This status was renewed on May 20, 1960.
In the Oberwartha area there are other defensive structures, such as the Bohemian Wall , the Holy Grove and the Obere Warte . In addition to the Vorwerk in Wilsdruff and Weistropp, due to the traditional field name "Herrenkuppe", another facility (Vorwerk) is assumed to be on the area of today's Bismarck monument in Cossebaude.
Footnotes
- ↑ a b c Bernd Hofmann: Where was Gvozdec Castle ?, A reassessment of the medieval fortifications of Niederwart and Oberwartha from a historical, linguistic, fortified and transport logistical point of view , academic essay, 2016
- ^ A b Reinhard Spehr , Herbert Boswank: Dresden, City Foundation in the Darkness of History, Dresden 2000, pp. 169 & 171, 173–176
- ↑ a b Judith Oexle (ed.), State Office for Archeology Dresden: Dresden 8000 , Dresden 2006, pp. 76-78
- ↑ Cosmas von Prag , Berthold Bretholz : Die Chronik der Böhmen des Cosmas von Prag , 2nd book, Berlin 1923, p. 141
- ↑ Berthold Bretholz : History of Bohemia and Moravia up to the extinction of the Premyslids 1306, 3rd book, Munich and Leipzig 1912, p. 182
- ↑ Gustav Hey : The Slavic settlements in the Kingdom of Saxony with an explanation of their names, Dresden 1893, p. 241
- ↑ Cosmas von Prag , Berthold Bretholz : Die Chronik der Böhmen des Cosmas von Prag , 2nd book, Berlin 1923, p. 144
- ↑ Cosmas von Prag , Berthold Bretholz : Die Chronik der Böhmen des Cosmas von Prag , 3rd book, Berlin 1923, pp. 225-226
- ↑ Meilenblatt (Freiberg copy) : Blatt 226, Keßelsdorf , 1: 12000, basic record 1785, additions up to 1876
- ↑ Harald Qietzsch, Heinz Jacob: The protected archaeological monuments in the district of Dresden , Dresden 1982, p 27
Web links
- 3D laser surface scans of the Niederwartha, Böhmerwall and Heiliger Hain area on the Saxony geoportal map application
- The 1000 year old castle on YouTube