March 23

The March 23 is the 82nd day of the Gregorian calendar (83rd in leap years ), thus remain 283 days by year end.

Historic anniversaries February · March · April

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Events

Politics and world events

• 0625 : In the Battle of Uhud , a coalition of Arab tribes led by the Quraish under Abū Sufyān ibn Harb defeats the Muslims under their prophet Mohammed . The battle has no consequences, however, as the victors do not pursue the possible capture of the weakly fortified medina .
• 1153 : Friedrich Barbarossa swears the Treaty of Constance , in which the with Pope Eugene III. negotiated conditions for his imperial coronation are set.
• 1324 : Pope John XXII. imposed against Emperor Louis IV. the excommunication for disobedience against the Pope, calling him only contempt in the wake Ludwig of Bavaria to deny to any claim to power.
• 1513 : The Republic of Venice changes sides in the Holy League and allies itself with France under King Louis XII, which was fought by the League .
• 1568 : With the Peace of Longjumeau, Caterina de 'Medici attempts to end the hostilities that began with the Second Huguenot War . But only six months later, the next religious war breaks out in France .
• 1708 : The Old Pretender James Francis Edward Stuart , son of the deposed English King James II , lands on the Firth of Forth in Scotland to assert his claims to the throne against the reigning Queen Anne .

1766: Madrid hat riot

• 1766 : 13 days after the ban on wide-brimmed hats and long coats by Minister Leopoldo de Gregorio , Marquis de Esquilache, the Madrid hat revolt against the Spanish King Charles III breaks out . out. The uprising, in which around 50,000 people took part, could not be brought under control by the troops either, the king had to flee and dismiss Esquilache.

1775: Patrick Henry giving his famous speech

• 1775 : Attorney Patrick Henry gives a speech beginning with the sentence “ Give me Liberty, or give me Death! “ Ends. He thereby secures the support of Virginia in the preparation of the American War of Independence .

1801: Michaelsburg

• 1801 : Tsar Paul is killed in a nightly assassination attempt by noble officers in his bedroom in St. Petersburg's Michaelsburg . The castle is designed as a high security building for the ruling family. Paul's son Alexander , who was presumably initiated into the murder plot, is succeeded as Tsar .
• 1806 : After crossing the North American continent from Saint Louis and reaching the Pacific coast, the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition set out on their return journey after wintering at Fort Clatsop under the direction of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark .

1819: Kotzebue is murdered

• 1819 : The fraternity member Karl Ludwig Sand kills the author and Russian consul general August von Kotzebue in Mannheim because he sees him as an enemy of German unity. Months later, this served as the occasion for the Karlsbad resolutions to combat liberal and national ideas in Germany.
• 1821 : In the Peloponnesian city ​​of Kalamata , conquered by insurgents, the Greek Revolution is announced, which should lead to independence from the Ottoman Empire .
• 1848 : In the course of the March Revolution , Venice declares itself independent from Austria and proclaims the Repubblica di San Marco under Prime Minister Daniele Manin , which lasts until 23 August 1849.
• 1848 : Due to the events of the revolution, the rumor spreads in Kiel that the Danish king, in his capacity as Duke of Schleswig and Holstein, was incapable of acting and "in the hands of the mob". With this view of the revolution, which in Copenhagen led to the dismissal of the previous cabinet and the formation of a liberal - “Eider-Danish” - government, one justifies the break with the government of the Danish-Schleswig-Holstein state. Thereupon a provisional government is formed, which on the following day leads the two duchies of Schleswig and Holstein into the Schleswig-Holstein war against Denmark.
• 1849 : Troops from Sardinia-Piedmont suffer a defeat in the First Italian War of Independence in the Battle of Novara . The Austrians, whose army is commanded by General Radetzky , retain their dominance in northern Italy and delay the Risorgimento .
• 1860 : Morocco suffers the decisive defeat in the war against Spain near the city of Tétouan and asks for an armistice. The peace agreement will take place on April 25th.
• 1862 : In the Confederate Shenandoah campaign under "Stonewall" Jackson during the Civil War , the first battle with Union troops takes place at Kernstown near Winchester, Virginia. Though losing the battle, the Confederates achieved a strategic success as the Union subsequently withdrew troops from other locations.
• 1867 : Luxembourg crisis : Wilhelm III. , King of the Netherlands, agrees to sell the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg under his reign to France, but makes this dependent on the consent of the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck . Since this does not take place, the sale does not take place.
• 1881 : Great Britain concludes a peace treaty with the South African Republic that ends the First Boer War .

1889: The Indian territory on what is now Oklahoma

• 1889 : US President Benjamin Harrison signs a proclamation clearing the last Indian territory on United States territory in Oklahoma for white settlement. The Oklahoma Land Run based on it will take place on April 22nd.
• 1914 : The Japanese government under Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe resigns as a result of the Siemens scandal .
• 1919 : Benito Mussolini joins various fighting groups directed against the socialists under the organizational direction of Roberto Farinacci and founds the Fasci di combattimento , the fascist movement in Italy .
• 1919 : The last monarch of Austria-Hungary , Karl I, leaves Austria with his family and goes into exile in Switzerland. In the Feldkirch Manifesto, before crossing the border, he revoked his waiver of government business, which soon became the basis for the Habsburg law .
• 1926 : The Fianna Fáil party is founded in Ireland by Éamon de Valera . She rejects the Anglo-Irish Treaty and only changes this attitude many years later.

1933: Kroll Opera (picture from 1930)

• 1933 : Two days after the Potsdam day , the Reichstag in the Kroll Opera House - against the votes of the SPD under Otto Wels  - adopts the Enabling Act . It is announced the next day and thus comes into force as a further step in the National Socialists' seizure of power.

1935: Signing of the Philippine Constitution

• 1935 : The Philippines , previously an outer territory of the USA , received a constitution with the status of a Commonwealth of the United States for a period of ten years when the President of the Philippine Parliament Manuel Quezon and US President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed . This is to ensure a peaceful transition to the country's independence.
• 1937 : Republican troops achieve their last major victory in the Spanish Civil War in the Battle of Guadalajara, which has lasted since March 8, and thus prevent the enclosure of Madrid . Francisco Franco then focuses on the war in the north .
• 1939 : Hungarian units attack the newly founded Slovak state from the east and thus open the Slovak-Hungarian war that lasts until March 31 .
• 1940 : The All India Muslim League , led by Ali Jinnah , adopts the Lahore resolution in Lahore , British India . It calls for a separate state for the Indian Muslims on the basis of the two-nation theory . It will then be seven years before the founding of Pakistan .
• 1949 : After the Kingdom of Egypt , Lebanon also signs a ceasefire agreement with Israel to end the fighting in the Palestinian War .
• 1950 : With the entry into force of the founding convention, the World Meteorological Organization is created , which subsequently becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations .
• 1956 : With the promulgation of the new constitution, Pakistan becomes the first Islamic republic . Iskander Mirza becomes provisional president.
• 1964 : The first World Trade Conference convened by the General Assembly of the United Nations meets in Geneva , from which UNCTAD emerges as a permanent institution in December .
• 1966 : Two days after the resignation of Konrad Adenauer, the federal party congress of the CDU elects Ludwig Erhard as the new party chairman.
• 1972 : In Hobart , the capital of Tasmania , protesters against dams in Lake Pedder found the United Tasmania Group , the world's first “Green Party”. Richard Jones becomes its first president.
• 1982 : Guatemalan President Fernando Romeo Lucas García is overthrown in a military coup led by Efraín Ríos Montt . This marks the beginning of one of the bloodiest phases in the Guatemalan civil war .
• 1983 : The President of the United States Ronald Reagan , acting within the Cold War , an initiative to defend against intercontinental ballistic missiles , which the Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ).
• 1987 : Willy Brandt resigns as federal chairman of the SPD after harsh internal party criticism was expressed about his nomination by Margarita Mathiopoulos as candidate for the office of party spokeswoman.
• 1994 : Luis Donaldo Colosio , running for election as President of Mexico, is killed by an assassin during an election campaign in Tijuana .
• 1994 : The last German Bundeswehr soldiers of the UN operation UNOSOM II leave Somalia .
• 1996 : In the first direct election of the President of the Republic of China , incumbent Lee Teng-hui is confirmed in Taiwan with 54 percent of the vote.
• 2003 : In two referendums, almost 90 percent of Slovenian voters vote in favor of joining the EU , and a good 60 percent in favor of joining NATO .
• 2009 : The National Congress for the Defense of the People signs a peace agreement with the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and becomes a legal political party.

economy

1857: Elisha Graves Otis

• 1857 : Elisha Graves Otis is in the department store Haughwout Store in New York City the world's first passenger elevator with fall protection ready.
• 1869 : Carl Graebe and Carl Liebermann apply for a patent for the production of alizarin . The development of technical synthesis for the product used as a colorant subsequently led to the cultivation of madder .
• 1889 : At the suggestion of Sir Joseph Bazalgette , the free Woolwich Ferry begins operating across the Thames in London under the supervision of the Metropolitan Board of Works .
• 1909 : In Bissingen / Enz found Wilhelm Maybach and Ferdinand von Zeppelin , the aircraft engine construction GmbH , later Maybach engine GmbH and a forerunner of today's MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH .
• 2007 : The PlayStation 3 game console is launched in Europe.

science and technology

• 1779 : The British astronomer Edward Pigott is the first person to see the Blackeye Galaxy in the constellation Haar der Berenike .
• 1806 : After wintering at the mouth of the Columbia River , the American Lewis and Clark Expedition set out on the way home to St. Louis .
• 1868 : The contractual merger of two Californian colleges leads to the establishment of the University of California .
• 1895 : William Ramsay isolates the chemical element and noble gas helium from the uranium mineral Cleveit for the first time .

Excavations in Knossos started in 1900

• 1900 : British archaeologist Arthur Evans begins excavating the Minoan city ​​of Knossos , an activity that will take over 14 years.

1965: Gemini 3 - Liftoff

• 1965 : Gemini 3 , the first manned mission under the US Gemini program , runs successfully with astronauts Gus Grissom and John Watts Young . The space race against the Soviet Union continues.
• 2001 : After more than 15 years in orbit , the Mir space station is deliberately crashed and burns up over the Pacific .

Culture

1782: Choderlos de Laclos

• 1782 : The first edition of the letter novel Les Liaisons dangereuses ( Dangerous Liaisons ) , written by Pierre-Ambroise-François Choderlos de Laclos , appears in France . After four weeks, the 2,000 printed copies are sold out.
• 1783 : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart gives a large academy concert at the Vienna Burgtheater in the presence of Emperor Joseph II , at which several of his works are premiered, including the Haffner Symphony and the 13th Piano Concerto .
• 1878 : The operetta The Enchanted Castle by Carl Millöcker is premiered at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna .
• 1918 : The world premiere of based on authentic Indian melodies opera Shanewis or The Robin Woman by Charles Wakefield Cadman place with great success at the Metropolitan Opera held in New York City.
• 1927 : Ehm Welks play Gewitter über Gotland premiered at the Volksbühne Berlin . The revolutionary play staged by Erwin Piscator caused a scandal and was quickly canceled despite popular success.
• 1998 : At the Academy Awards , James Cameron's 14-time nominated film Titanic with Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet in the leading roles receives eleven Academy Awards , including for Best Picture . This makes it one of the most successful films of all time.

society

• 1839 : The use of OK as an abbreviation for oll korrect is documented for the first time in the Boston Morning Post .

religion

• 1126 : Heinrich Zdik takes over the office of Bishop of Olomouc after the death of John II .

1889: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

• 1889 : Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founds the Ahmadiyya religious community in the Indian city of Qadian as a reform movement within Islam .
• 2013 : In Castel Gandolfo meet with Francis and Benedict XVI. for the first time in modern times an incumbent and an emeritus Pope together.

Disasters

• 1911 : The Australian passenger steamer Yongala goes down in a cyclone off Townsville . All 122 people on board are killed in one of Australia's largest shipping disasters.

1980: The Ixtoc I accident

• 1980 : The borehole of the oil platform that exploded on June 3, 1979 at the Ixtoc I exploration well of the Mexican oil company PEMEX can be closed. By then, around 100,000 to 300,000 barrels of crude oil had spilled into the sea every day, causing one of the greatest oil spills .
• 1994 : When Aeroflot flight 593 from Moscow to Hong Kong crashed , all 75 people on board were killed. The recordings of the voice recorder show that the pilot's 15-year-old son was behind the wheel in the crash.

Minor accidents are listed in the sub-articles of Catastrophe .

Sports

• 1919 : The Steyr football club Vorwärts is founded in the former Salzburg beer hall in Steyr , Upper Austria .
• 1994 : Wayne Gretzky scores his 802nd goal in the NHL in the Los Angeles Kings game against the Vancouver Canucks , replacing Gordie Howe as the NHL's record scorer.

Entries of athletics world records can be found under the respective discipline under athletics .

Born

Before the 18th century

• 0603 : K'inich Janaab Pakal I , ruler of the Maya city of Palenque

Margaret of Anjou (* 1430)

• 1395 : Johann Jakob , Margrave of Montferrat
• 1430 : Margaret of Anjou , Queen of England
• 1438 : Ludwig II , Margrave of Saluzzo
• 1514 : Lorenzino de 'Medici , Italian writer
• 1526 : Joachim vom Berge , German diplomat and statesman
• 1599 : Thomas Selle , German baroque composer
• 1609 : Johann Heinrich Schönfeld , German baroque painter
• 1699 : John Bartram , American botanist

18th century

• 1703 : Johann Georg Üblhör , German plasterer and sculptor
• 1712 : Christoph Friedrich Geiger , German lawyer and university professor
• 1750 : Johannes Matthias Sperger , Austrian composer

Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden (* 1752)

• 1752 : Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden , German mining captain
• 1754 : Georg von Vega , Slovenian mathematician
• 1763 : Fyodor Wassiljewitsch Rostoptschin , Russian general and minister
• 1766 : Pierre Antoine Poiteau , French botanist
• 1769 : Augustin-Daniel Belliard , French general
• 1769 : William Smith , British engineer and geologist
• 1772 : Ludwig Schellenberg , German bookseller, printer and publisher
• 1775 : Gottlieb Bertrand , German author
• 1776 : Vicente Salias , Venezuelan revolutionary, journalist and writer
• 1777 : Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont , Austrian general and statesman
• 1781 : Albert von Schultze , German forest official
• 1791 : Wilhelm Joseph Imhoff , German sculptor
• 1795 : Bernt Michael Holmboe , Norwegian mathematician and didactic scientist
• 1799 : Joshua Baker , American politician

19th century

1801-1850

Franz Joseph von Buß (* 1803)

• 1803 : Franz Joseph von Buß , German lawyer, constitutional lawyer, Catholic politician and court councilor of Baden
• 1806 : Hermann Ulrici , German philosopher
• 1809 : Charlotte von Hagn , German actress
• 1811 : Wilhelm Taubert , German composer
• 1818 : Balthasar Elischer , Hungarian collector
• 1822 : Justus Wilhelm Lyra , German pastor and song writer
• 1823 : Josef Chmelíček , Czech priest and theologian, organist and composer
• 1823 : Schuyler Colfax , American politician
• 1825 : Theodor Bilharz , German physician and natural scientist
• 1825 : Franz von Roggenbach , German politician, Foreign Minister, MdR
• 1826 : Léon Minkus , Austrian ballet composer
• 1829 : Norman Robert Pogson , British astronomer

Wilhelm Sauer (* 1831)

• 1831 : Wilhelm Sauer , German organ builder
• 1833 : Carl Westphal , German psychiatrist and neurologist
• 1834 : Julius Reubke , German composer
• 1835 : Nicolaus von Prittwitz , Russian officer
• 1835 : Manuel Tapia , Chilean painter and photographer
• 1836 : Constantin Uhde , German architect and lecturer
• 1838 : Wilhelm Pailler , Austrian theologian and folklorist
• 1839 : Julius von Hann , Austrian physicist and meteorologist, founder of modern meteorology
• 1842 : Friedrich Amelung , Baltic industrialist, chess player and publicist
• 1844 : Eugène Gigout , French organist and composer
• 1847 : Karl Heinisch , German painter

1851-1900

• 1854 : Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner , British politician, High Commissioner for South Africa and Governor of the Cape Colony
• 1854 : Otto Taschenberg , German scientist and professor
• 1855 : Amy Sherwin , Australian opera singer (soprano)
• 1856 : Ferdinand Lachner , Czech violinist and music teacher
• 1858 : Adolph Hoffmann , German politician, MdR

Ludwig Quidde (* 1858)

• 1858 : Ludwig Quidde , German historian, publicist, pacifist and politician, Nobel Prize winner
• 1864 : Hjalmar Borgstrøm , Norwegian composer
• 1864 : Louis Glass , Danish composer
• 1865 : Louis Levin , German lawyer of Jewish origin, President of the Braunschweig Higher Regional Court
• 1865 : Josef Schwab , German journalist and publisher, formerly a supporter of National Socialism and who gave ideas to Adolf Hitler
• 1866 : Peter Berchem , German pedagogue and dialect poet
• 1868 : Fiddlin 'John Carson , old-time American musician
• 1868 : Dietrich Eckart , German publicist
• 1868 : Papken I , Armenian bishop
• 1869 : Kurt Floericke , German scientist and nature lover

Calouste Gulbenkian (* 1869)

• 1869 : Calouste Gulbenkian , Armenian-British oil trader
• 1870 : Henri Carré , French veterinarian, discoverer of the distemper virus
• 1870 : Georg Fürst , German composer, Bavarian military musician
• 1873 : Hata Sahachirō , Japanese scientist and bacteriologist
• 1874 : Marie Baum , German social politician, pioneer of social work
• 1874 : Charles Cresson , American tennis player
• 1874 : Grantley Goulding , British athlete, Olympic medalist
• 1876 : Karl Seidenstücker , German Buddhist, author and translator
• 1878 : Franz Schreker , Austrian composer
• 1881 : Roger Martin du Gard , French writer, Nobel Prize winner
• 1881 : Egon Petri , Dutch pianist
• 1881 : Hermann Staudinger , German chemist, Nobel Prize winner
• 1882 : Walter Friedrich August Arnold , German politician

Emmy Noether (* 1882)

• 1882 : Emmy Noether , German mathematician
• 1883 : Basilio Khouri , Syrian Archbishop
• 1883 : Rudolf Nilius , Austrian conductor and composer
• 1884 : Else von Hollander-Lossow , German translator and narrator
• 1884 : Robert Thelen , German engineer, pilot and aviation pioneer
• 1885 : Platt Adams , American athlete, Olympic champion
• 1886 : Emil Fey , Austrian politician
• 1887 : Josef Čapek , Czech painter, draftsman and illustrator
• 1887 : Juan Gris , Spanish-French painter of Cubism
• 1887 : Rudolf Kinau , German writer
• 1887 : Anthony van Hoboken , Dutch musicologist
• 1888 : Hans Thirring , Austrian physicist
• 1890 : Augustus Bertelli , British entrepreneur and racing car driver
• 1890 : Adolf Julius Merkl , Austrian constitutional and administrative lawyer
• 1892 : Walter Krüger , German general of the tank troops

Gisken Wildenvey (* 1892)

• 1892 : Gisken Wildenvey , Norwegian writer
• 1893 : Andreas von Aulock , German officer, fortress commander of Saint-Malo
• 1893 : Victor Desautels , Canadian singer and impresario
• 1893 : Cedric Gibbons , American art director, designer of the Oscar sculpture
• 1893 : Fritz Johlitz , German politician, MdR, functionary of the German Labor Front (DAF)
• 1893 : Oskar Nerlinger , German painter and graphic artist
• 1895 : Edna Mayo , American film actress
• 1897 : Béla Hamvas , Hungarian writer
• 1898 : Roger Delano , French racing car driver
• 1899 : Louis Adamic , American journalist and writer
• 1899 : Dora Gerson , German actress and singer
• 1899 : Boris Alexandrowitsch Tschagin , Russian philosopher and historian
• 1900 : José Antonio Calcaño , Venezuelan composer, music critic and diplomat
• 1900 : Hassan Fathy , Egyptian architect
• 1900 : Erich Fromm , American psychoanalyst
• 1900 : Cobb Rooney , American football player
• 1900 : Werner Schütz , German politician, Minister of Education of North Rhine-Westphalia

20th century

1901-1925

• 1902 : Josef von Báky , Hungarian director
• 1903 : Alejandro Casona , Spanish writer

Lale Andersen (born 1905)

• 1905 : Lale Andersen , German singer ( Lili Marleen ) and actress
• 1905 : Joan Crawford , American film actress
• 1905 : Paul Grimault , French animator and director
• 1906 : Viktor Afritsch , Austrian theater and film actor
• 1906 : José Della Torre , Argentinian football player and coach
• 1906 : Walter Eckhardt , German politician, MdL, MdB, MdEP
• 1906 : Lea Grundig , German painter and graphic artist
• 1907 : Daniel Bovet , Italian pharmacologist, Nobel Prize winner
• 1907 : Bernhard Hanssler , German priest, student pastor and education politician, co-founder of the Cusanuswerk
• 1907 : Gerhart Münch , German pianist and composer
• 1907 : Hassler Whitney , American mathematician
• 1908 : Archip Michailowitsch Lyulka , Soviet jet engine designer
• 1909 : Hugo Aufderbeck , Catholic theologian and bishop in the GDR
• 1909 : Waldemar Fritsch , German sculptor
• 1910 : Jakob Bender , German football player
• 1910 : Akira Kurosawa , Japanese director
• 1910 : Alfredo Valdés , Cuban singer and band leader

Wernher von Braun (* 1912)

• 1912 : Leo Amberg , Swiss cyclist
• 1912 : Wernher von Braun , German-American rocket designer and space official, pioneer of manned space travel
• 1912 : Alfred Schwarzmann , German gymnast
• 1913 : Piero Chiara , Italian writer
• 1913 : Heinz Linge , German SS officer, chief of personal service and valet of Adolf Hitler
• 1915 : Lotte Adolphs , German educator
• 1915 : Vasily Grigoryevich Saizew , Soviet sniper in World War II
• 1917 : Oscar Shumsky , American violinist and music teacher
• 1918 : Émile Derlin Henri Zinsou , President of Benin
• 1920 : Reg Attwell , English football player
• 1920 : Alfred Böhm , Austrian actor
• 1920 : Arthur Grundmann , German politician, Member of the Bundestag
• 1921 : Donald Campbell , British motorboat and automobile racing driver, speed record holder
• 1921 : Heinz Rox-Schulz , German globetrotter, adventurer and travel writer
• 1921 : Gert Fritz Unger , German writer and author of Wild West novels
• 1923 : Gustavo Giagnoni , Italian football player and coach
• 1923 : Gunnar Nilsson , Swedish boxer
• 1923 : Arnie Weinmeister , Canadian American football player
• 1925 : Joachim Illies , German biologist, entomologist and non-fiction author
• 1927 : Mato Damjanović , Croatian chess grandmaster
• 1928 : Karl-Heinz Tuschel , German science fiction author, poet and cabaret writer
• 1925 : Gerhard Schill , German party official, Lord Mayor of Dresden

1926-1950

• 1927 : Vytautas Astrauskas , Lithuanian rheumatologist and politician
• 1928 : Jean E. Sammet , American computer scientist

Roger Bannister (* 1929)

• 1929 : Roger Bannister , British athlete and neurologist
• 1929 : Vera Kistler , American composer, music teacher and writer
• 1929 : Jürgen von Woyski , German sculptor and painter
• 1929 : James Maxwell , British actor and screenwriter
• 1930 : Gerd Fitz , German folk actor
• 1930 : Brunhilde Hanke , German politician
• 1930 : Zygmunt Hübner , Polish theater director
• 1930 : Anne-Catherine Martenet , Swiss ophthalmologist
• 1931 : Yevgeny Romanowitsch Grischin , Russian speed skater
• 1931 : Viktor Korchnoi , Russian-Swiss chess player
• 1931 : Masako Togawa , Japanese writer, singer and actress
• 1931 : Catherine Wirth , German writer
• 1933 : John Taylor , British racing car driver
• 1933 : Kurth Lehr , Austrian football player
• 1933 : Philip Zimbardo , American social psychologist

Mark Rydell (born 1934)

• 1934 : Mark Rydell , American film director, producer, and actor
• 1935 : Ernst Finkemeyer , German lawyer and City Director of Essen
• 1935 : Erika Haase , German pianist
• 1935 : Yvonne Haddad , American university professor
• 1935 : Hans Lenk , German philosopher, rower and Olympic champion
• 1935 : Valentino Ragni , Swiss composer and pianist
• 1936 : Wolfgang Fritz Haug , German philosopher
• 1937 : Ibrahim Abouleish , Egyptian chemist, entrepreneur and development worker, recipient of the Alternative Nobel Prize
• 1937 : Robert Gallo , American microbiologist
• 1937 : Judith D. Sally , American mathematician
• 1938 : Silvano Agosti , Italian film editor and director
• 1938 : Peter Anheuser , German politician
• 1938 : Robert Auld , Scottish football player
• 1938 : Federica de Cesco , Swiss writer
• 1939 : Barbara Gass , German photographer, author and film actress
• 1939 : Robin Herd , British engineer and racing car designer
• 1939 : Gerda Lepke , German painter and graphic artist
• 1939 : Boris Ivanovich Tishchenko , Russian composer
• 1940 : Alan Tudor Blaikley , British pop music writer

Nelly Olin (born 1941)

• 1941 : Nelly Olin , French politician
• 1942 : Ama Ata Aidoo , Ghanaian writer and politician

Michael Haneke (* 1942)

• 1942 : Michael Haneke , German-Austrian film director and screenwriter
• 1942 : Walter Rodney , Guyanese historian and politician
• 1943 : Andreas Abouna , Iraqi auxiliary bishop
• 1943 : Detlef Dzembritzki , German politician, Member of the Bundestag
• 1943 : Benjamin Joses Odoki , Ugandan presiding judge at the Supreme Court
• 1944 : Wolfgang Assmann , German politician
• 1944 : Michael Nyman , British film music composer
• 1945 : Elke Austenat , German doctor and author
• 1945 : Christian Bussi , French racing car driver
• 1945 : Erich Gerer , Austrian sculptor
• 1945 : Martin Gillo , German-American social psychologist, economic manager and politician, MdL, State Minister
• 1945 : Karsten Ocker , German doctor and admiral, inspector of the Bundeswehr medical service
• 1945 : Erik De Vlaeminck , Belgian professional cyclist
• 1946 : Hella Brumme , German horticultural engineer and director of the Europa-Rosarium
• 1946 : Pepe Lienhard , Swiss band leader, saxophonist, flautist and arranger
• 1946 : Lee Towers , Dutch singer
• 1947 : Christiane Brunner , Swiss lawyer, trade unionist and politician
• 1948 : Peter CB Phillips , New Zealand economist
• 1949 : Thomas Aumüller , German lawyer
• 1949 : Trevor Jones , South African film composer
• 1949 : Max Stadler , German judge and politician, Member of the Bundestag
• 1949 : Ric Ocasek , American musician ( The Cars )
• 1950 : J. David Archibald , American zoologist
• 1950 : Corinne Cléry , French actress
• 1950 : Mike Easley , American politician, governor of North Carolina

1951-1975

• 1951 : Michel Aupetit , French Archbishop
• 1951 : Vinci Clodumar , Nauruan politician
• 1951 : Bernd Landvoigt , German rower and rowing trainer, Olympic champion
• 1951 : Jörg Landvoigt , German rower and rowing trainer, Olympic champion
• 1951 : Lee McBee , American blues musician
• 1951 : Wendy Mogel , American clinical psychologist
• 1951 : María Felicia Pérez , Cuban choir director and music teacher
• 1951 : Lynne Willingham , American film editor
• 1952 : Margareta Böckh , German local politician
• 1952 : Francesco Clemente , Italian painter
• 1952 : Bodo Dieckmann , German archaeologist
• 1952 : Jan Hadermann , Belgian composer and professor
• 1952 : Pola Kinski , German actress
• 1952 : Kim Stanley Robinson , American science fiction writer
• 1952 : Rex Tillerson , American manager and politician
• 1952 : Franziska Walser , German actress
• 1953 : Chaka Khan , American singer

Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw (* 1953)

• 1953 : Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw , Indian entrepreneur
• 1953 : Amorn Surangkanjanajai , Thai actor
• 1954 : Catherine Alric , French actress
• 1954 : Geno Auriemma , American basketball coach
• 1954 : Gabriele Eckart , German writer
• 1954 : Marianne Thomann-Stahl , German politician, MdL, district president
• 1955 : Moses Malone , American basketball player

José Manuel Barroso (* 1956)

• 1956 : José Manuel Barroso , Portuguese politician, Foreign Minister, Prime Minister, President of the European Commission
• 1956 : Rita Ernst , Swiss artist
• 1956 : Herbert Knaup , German film actor
• 1956 : Edgar Madi , Lebanese bishop in Brazil
• 1956 : Steven Saylor , American writer
• 1956 : Alexei Walentinowitsch Ulyukayev , Russian economist and politician
• 1957 : Akira Asada , Japanese philosopher, economist and cultural critic
• 1957 : Lucio Gutiérrez , Ecuadorian officer and president
• 1957 : Amanda Plummer , American actress
• 1958 : Serena Grandi , Italian actress
• 1958 : Bruno Mathieu , French organist
• 1959 : Zuzana Brabcová , Czech writer
• 1959 : Catherine Keener , American actress
• 1960 : Andreas Ammer , German author, journalist and radio play maker
• 1960 : Espen Beranek Holm , Norwegian rock musician and comedian

Yōko Tawada (* 1960)

• 1960 : Yōko Tawada , Japanese writer
• 1961 : Eivind Aarset , Norwegian jazz guitarist and composer
• 1961 : Steve Holmes , Romanian-German porn actor
• 1961 : Tomás Saldaña , Spanish racing car driver
• 1961 : Petra Selg , German politician, Member of the Bundestag
• 1962 : Basil al-Assad , Syrian politician
• 1962 : Stefan Kellner , German handball goalkeeper
• 1962 : Günther Paal , Austrian cabaret artist
• 1962 : Steven Redgrave , British rower
• 1963 : Míchel , Spanish football player
• 1963 : Ana Fidelia Quirot , Cuban athlete

Hope Davis (born 1964)

• 1964 : Hope Davis , American actress
• 1964 : Chris Henchy , American screenwriter, film producer, and executive producer
• 1964 : Heike Schäfer , German pop singer
• 1965 : Richard Grieco , American actor
• 1965 : Trine Haltvik , Norwegian handball player and trainer
• 1965 : Pavel Mayer , German entrepreneur and politician, MdL
• 1965 : Marti Pellow , British singer
• 1965 : Steve Turner , American rock musician
• 1965 : Alexander Wagendristel , Austrian composer and flautist
• 1966 : Karin Enström , Swedish politician and professional officer
• 1966 : Marin Hinkle , American actress
• 1966 : Silke Krebs , German politician
• 1966 : Alfred Nijhuis , Dutch football player and coach
• 1966 : Thorsten Wingenfelder , German guitarist and songwriter
• 1967 : Uwe Leichsenring , German politician, MdL

Damon Albarn (* 1968)

• 1968 : Damon Albarn , British singer ( Blur )
• 1968 : Fernando Hierro , Spanish soccer player
• 1969 : Helle Jensen , Danish soccer player
• 1969 : Youri Mulder , Dutch football player, coach and sports commentator
• 1969 : Franz Stocher , Austrian track cyclist
• 1970 : Jordi Lamelas , Andorran football player
• 1971 : Erik Dreesen , German bodybuilder and strength athlete
• 1971 : Karen McDougal , American playmate and model
• 1972 : Jonas Björkman , Swedish tennis player
• 1972 : Joe Calzaghe , British boxer
• 1972 : Erwin Vervecken , Belgian racing cyclist

Delphine Batho (* 1973)

• 1973 : Delphine Batho , French politician
• 1973 : Jerzy Dudek , Polish football player
• 1973 : Walther Kaiser , Liechtenstein judoka
• 1973 : Jason Kidd , American basketball player
• 1973 : Philipp von Schulthess , German actor
• 1974 : Patricio Muente , Argentine show jumper
• 1974 : Anna Schudt , German actress
• 1975 : Hossein Askari , Iranian cyclist
• 1975 : Katie Mactier , Australian cyclist

1976-2000

• 1976 : Chris Hoy , Scottish cyclist
• 1976 : Smriti Irani , Indian actress and politician
• 1976 : Michelle Monaghan , American actress
• 1976 : Jeļena Rubļevska , Latvian pentathlete and fencer
• 1976 : Keri Russell , American actress and dancer
• 1976 : Ricardo Zonta , Brazilian Formula 1 driver
• 1977 : Wayne Carpendale , German actor
• 1977 : Anne Klesse , German journalist
• 1977 : Maxim Marinin , Russian figure skater

Airelle Besson (* 1978)

• 1978 : Airelle Besson , French jazz trumpeter
• 1978 : Piero Mazzocchetti , Italian singer and pianist
• 1978 : Lena Park , Korean-American R&B and soul singer
• 1978 : Walter Samuel , Argentine soccer player

Nicholle Tom (* 1978)

• 1978 : Nicholle Tom , American actress
• 1979 : Johannes Anyuru , Swedish writer and poet
• 1980 : Asaf Avidan , Israeli folk rock musician
• 1980 : Martha Bißmann , Austrian project manager and politician
• 1980 : Ryan Day , Welsh snooker player
• 1980 : Roberto Rolfo , Italian motorcycle racer
• 1980 : Edrissa Sonko , Gambian soccer player
• 1981 : Stefan Ruppe , German actor
• 1981 : Giuseppe Sculli , Italian football player
• 1982 : Katharina von Keller , German voice actress
• 1982 : Jeff Parke , American football player
• 1983 : Marcel Eger , German football player
• 1983 : Sascha Riether , German soccer player
• 1984 : Sandrine Dusang , French soccer player
• 1984 : Lisa Wirén , Swedish handball player
• 1986 : Andrea Dovizioso , Italian motorcycle racer
• 1987 : Vesna Rožič , Slovenian chess player
• 1988 : Sergei Andrejewitsch Afanassjew , Russian racing driver
• 1988 : Sarah Jane Scott , American pop singer
• 1989 : Jim Aernouts , Belgian cyclocross and mountain bike rider
• 1989 : Edu Bedia , Spanish soccer player

Eric Maxim Choupo-Moting (* 1989)

• 1989 : Eric Maxim Choupo-Moting , German-Cameroonian football player
• 1990 : Jaime Alguersuari , Spanish racing car driver
• 1990 : Gordon Hayward , American basketball player
• 1990 : Eugenie of York , British princess
• 1991 : Thordis Arnold , German cross-country summer biathlete, medium and long-distance runner
• 1992 : Tolga Ciğerci , German-Turkish soccer player
• 1992 : Ana Marcela Cunha , Brazilian long-distance swimmer
• 1992 : Kyrie Irving , American basketball player
• 1992 : Valonis Kadrijaj , Kosovar football player
• 1992 : Vanessa Morgan , Canadian actress and singer
• 1992 : Juan Carlos Sistos , Mexican racing car driver
• 1992 : Gaël Suter , Swiss cyclist
• 1993 : Michael Seiz , German handball player
• 1994 : Matteo Beretta , Italian racing car driver
• 1994 : Nick Powell , English soccer player
• 1995 : Will Owen , American racing car driver
• 1996 : Claudio Majer , Liechtenstein soccer player
• 1997 : Iago , Brazilian soccer player

Died

Before the 16th century

• 0890 or 891 : Engelberga , wife of Ludwig II of Italy
• 1022 : Song Zhenzong , Chinese emperor of the Song Dynasty
• 1120 : Bruno von Beutelsbach , abbot of the Hirsau monastery
• 1145 : Tashfin ibn Ali , ruler of the Almoravids
• 1169 : Shirkuh , Kurdish military commander of the Ayyubids
• 1229 : William of Ecublens , Bishop of Lausanne
• 1234 : Guillaume II. Des Barres , French knight, lord of Oissery and La Ferté-Alais
• 1237 : John of Brienne , King of Jerusalem
• 1277 : Eberhard I , Bishop of Worms
• 1283 : Joseph I. Galesiotes , Patriarch of Constantinople
• 1322 : John Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray , English nobleman and rebel
• 1322 : Roger de Clifford, 2nd Baron de Clifford , English magnate and rebel
• 1342 : Napoleone Orsini , Cardinal of the Catholic Church
• 1361 : Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster , English diplomat, politician, soldier and commander
• 1369 : Peter I , King of Castile and León
• 1418 : Margaret Stewart, Countess of Angus , Scottish noblewoman
• 1421 : Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence , prince of the English royal family
• 1432 : Ernst Auer von Herrenkirchen , German bishop
• 1445 : Günther II von Schwarzburg , German Archbishop of Magdeburg
• 1469 : Jakob Fugger the Elder , Augsburg master weaver, councilor and businessman, ancestor of the Fugger von der Lilie dynasty
• 1483 : Jolande , Duchess of Lorraine and Bar and titular queen of Jerusalem

16th to 18th century

• 1515 : Giacomo Cozzarelli , Italian architect, sculptor, bronze caster and painter
• 1524 : Giulia Farnese , Italian nobleman, mistress of Pope Alexander VI. and sister of Pope Paul III.
• 1555 : Julius III. , Pope
• 1559 : Claudius , Emperor of Ethiopia
• 1560 : Christoph Zobel , German lawyer
• 1566 : Wolfgang , Prince of Anhalt-Köthen and reformer

Martinus Cromerus († 1589)

• 1589 : Martin Cromer , Polish historian, theologian and bishop
• 1593 : Henry Barrowe , English Puritan
• 1606 : Justus Lipsius , Flemish legal philosopher and philologist
• 1611 : Johann Siebmacher , German coat of arms painter, etcher, engraver and publisher
• 1619 : Georg Gotthart , Swiss iron merchant and poet
• 1624 : Samuel Huber , Swiss Lutheran theologian
• 1627 : Ludovico Zacconi , Italian music theorist
• 1638 : Georg Flegel , German painter
• 1641 : Andries Both , Dutch painter
• 1653 : Christian Arnd , German theologian and logician
• 1653 : Johan van Galen , Dutch squadron commander
• 1667 : Franz Wesselényi , Hungarian palatine
• 1678 : Cornelis Gerritsz. Decker , Dutch painter
• 1680 : Nicolas Fouquet , French finance minister under Louis XIV.
• 1686 : Philipp Ludwig von Reiffenberg , first governor of the Electorate of Mainz in Erfurt
• 1688 : Marcantonio Giustinian , 107th Doge of Venice
• 1699 : Martin Knorre , German mathematician
• 1711 : Bernhard Michael Mandl , Salzburg sculptor
• 1714 : Bernhard Simon von Kerssenbrock , lieutenant general in Hesse-Kassel
• 1720 : Hans Heinrich von Ahlefeldt , owner of Gut Seestermühe
• 1720 : Lorenz Werder , Mayor of St. Gallen
• 1730 : Karl , Landgrave of Hessen-Kassel
• 1731 : August Wilhelm , Duke of Braunschweig and Lüneburg
• 1732 : Friedrich II. , Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
• 1739 : Georg Friedrich Schröer , German Lutheran theologian
• 1747 : Claude Alexandre de Bonneval , French nobleman, soldier and adventurer
• 1748 : Johann Gottfried Walther , German organist, conductor, composer and musicologist
• 1770 : Martin van Meytens , Dutch painter
• 1778 : Heinrich Martin Thümmig , German Protestant theologian
• 1790 : Georg Christian Crollius , German historian
• 1797 : Marcus Anton Wittola , Austrian theologian and pastor

19th century

• 1801 : Paul I , Tsar of Russia
• 1806 : George Frederick Pinto , British composer and piano virtuoso
• 1813 : Augusta Friederike Luise , Duchess of Braunschweig-Lüneburg and Princess of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
• 1818 : Nicolas Isouard , Maltese composer
• 1819 : August von Kotzebue , German playwright
• 1826 : Ernst Gottlieb Bengel , German theologian
• 1829 : Robert Nares , English clergyman and philologist
• 1840 : William Maclure , British geologist, scholar and philanthropist

Stendhal († 1842)

• 1842 : Stendhal , French writer
• 1850 : Mathias Drexler German-Austrian master stonemason and sculptor of historicism
• 1851 : Christian Friedrich Goedeking , German civil servant
• 1852 : Heinrich Karl Ludwig Bardeleben , German lawyer and politician
• 1852 : Alexis de Garaudé , French music teacher and composer
• 1853 : Alexander Duncan , American politician
• 1860 : Francisco Ruiz Tagle , Chilean President

Sofia Adlersparre († 1862)

• 1862 : Sophie Adlersparre , Swedish painter
• 1862 : Karl Robert von Nesselrode , Russian diplomat, foreign minister and chancellor
• 1866 : Ferdinand von Arnim , German architect and construction officer
• 1868 : Karl Braun , Saxon lawyer and politician, Minister and Prime Minister
• 1869 : Albert Methfessel , German composer and conductor
• 1869 : Anton Wilhelm von Zuccalmaglio , German poet musician
• 1878 : Ernst Keil , German bookseller and founder of the family magazine Die Gartenlaube
• 1880 : Gustaf Adolf Mankell , Swedish organist and composer
• 1881 : Nikolai Grigoryevich Rubinstein , Russian composer, pianist and conductor
• 1892 : Louis Angermann , German architect
• 1893 : Philipp Ludwig Adam , German entrepreneur and politician
• 1898 : Hans Wachenhusen , German travel and novelist

20th century

1901-1950

• 1903 : Albin Ackermann-Teubner , German publisher and bookseller
• 1903 : Karl Holub , Bohemian weapons technician
• 1908 : Luis Felipe Arias , Guatemalan pianist and composer

Godfried Marschall († 1911)

• 1911 : Godfried Marschall , Austrian priest, vicar general, auxiliary bishop of Vienna
• 1911 : Reinhard Kekulé von Stradonitz , German archaeologist
• 1911 : Eduard Zacharias , German botanist
• 1914 : Rebekka Ar Rayès , saint of the Catholic Church
• 1917 : Adolf von Guttenberg , Austrian professor of forestry
• 1917 : Louis Schmeisser , German weapons designer
• 1919 : Francesco di Paola Cassetta , Italian clergyman, cardinal to the Curia
• 1924 : Francesca Arundale , English Freemason and theosophist
• 1931 : Richard Reitzenstein , German classical philologist and historian of religion
• 1935 : Otto Bardenhewer , German theologian
• 1938 : Thomas Walter Scott , Canadian politician
• 1940 : Minakami Takitarō , Japanese writer

Ludwig von Höhnel († 1942)

• 1942 : Ludwig von Höhnel , Austrian naval officer, Africa explorer and geographer
• 1942 : Walter Stahlecker , German lawyer, general of the SS and the police, task force leader, mass murderer and war criminal
• 1946 : Gilbert Newton Lewis , American physical chemist
• 1947 : Theodor Leipart , German trade unionist and politician, MdL and state minister
• 1948 : Nikolai Alexandrowitsch Berdjajew , Russian philosopher
• 1948 : George Milne, 1st Baron Milne , British Field Marshal and Chief of the Imperial General Staff
• 1949 : Joseph Neuhäuser , German composer
• 1950 : Josef Schatz , Austrian Germanist and dialect researcher

1951-2000

• 1953 : Heinrich Aschenbrandt , German officer
• 1953 : Raoul Dufy , French painter and printmaker
• 1955 : Gustav Ammann , Swiss landscape architect
• 1956 : Mort Dixon , American musician, songwriter, and lyricist
• 1957 : Rudolf Fischer , German chemist and entrepreneur
• 1958 : Don Hartman , American composer, film director, film producer and screenwriter
• 1959 : Emma Trentini , American singer of Italian origin
• 1960 : Franklin Pierce Adams , American journalist, translator and radio announcer
• 1960 : Ludwig Bergsträsser , German politician, historian, political scientist and archivist, MdR, MdL, MdB
• 1960 : Said Nursî , religious Islamic leader of Kurdish origin during the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of the Republic of Turkey
• 1961 : Otto Aurich , Austrian-Dutch actor and theater director
• 1961 : Valentin Wassiljewitsch Bondarenko , Soviet fighter pilot and aspiring astronaut
• 1961 : Heinrich Rau , German politician, MdL, party functionary, chairman of the State Planning Commission and Minister of the GDR
• 1962 : Eugenio Canfari , Italian football official and entrepreneur

Albert Thoralf Skolem († 1963)

• 1963 : Albert Thoralf Skolem , Norwegian mathematician, logician and philosopher
• 1964 : Claire Anderson , American actor
• 1964 : Peter Lorre , American film actor, screenwriter and film director
• 1965 : Karl Barwick , German classical philologist
• 1966 : Max Strub , German violin virtuoso and violin teacher
• 1966 : Otto Reche , German anthropologist
• 1967 : Lalla Carlsen , Norwegian actress and singer
• 1970 : Ludwig Rödl , German chess master
• 1971 : Simon Vestdijk , Dutch writer
• 1972 : Cristóbal Balenciaga , Spanish fashion designer of haute couture
• 1975 : Walter Auerbach , German politician and trade unionist, resistance fighter against National Socialism
• 1976 : Shiga Mitsuko , Japanese writer
• 1977 : Emile Biayenda , Congolese priest, Archbishop of Brazzaville and Cardinal
• 1977 : Joe Stydahar , American football player and coach
• 1980 : Bill S. Ballinger , American writer
• 1980 : Dietrich Keuning , German politician, Member of the Bundestag, Lord Mayor of Dortmund
• 1980 : Jacob Miller , Jamaican reggae singer
• 1980 : Arthur Melvin Okun , American economist
• 1980 : Anne-Cécile Rose-Itier , French racing car driver
• 1981 : Mike Hailwood , British motorcycle racer
• 1984 : Knud Børge Andersen , Danish politician
• 1984 : Jean Prouvé , French architect and designer
• 1985 : Anton Levien Constandse , Dutch author, editor, magazine publisher, free thinker and anarchist
• 1985 : Zoot Sims , American jazz musician
• 1986 : Otto Bramm , German art historian and folklorist
• 1988 : Theodore Fred Abel , American sociologist
• 1989 : Renzo Avanzo , Italian documentary filmmaker

Friedrich August von Hayek († 1992)

• 1992 : Friedrich August von Hayek , Austrian economist and Nobel Prize winner
• 1993 : Hans Werner Richter , German writer, founder of the group 47 writers' meeting
• 1994 : Giulietta Masina , Italian film actress
• 1996 : CC Bergius , German writer

21st century

David McTaggart († 2001)

• 2001 : David McTaggart , Canadian environmentalist
• 2002 : Jan Kotík , Czech painter
• 2002 : Richard Sylbert , American production designer
• 2004 : Lorand Fenyves , American violinist and music teacher of Hungarian-Jewish origin
• 2005 : David Kossoff , British actor and author
• 2007 : Damian McDonald , Australian cyclist
• 2011 : José Argüelles , Mexican-American painter and writer
• 2011 : Richard Leacock , British director and cameraman

Elizabeth Taylor († 2011)

• 2011 : Elizabeth Taylor , American-British actress
• 2012 : Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed , Somali politician
• 2012 : Francisco Anysio de Oliveira Paulo Filho , Brazilian actor, writer, comedian and composer
• 2012 : Khalil Shaheed , American musician
• 2013 : Boris Berezovsky , Russian entrepreneur
• 2013 : Richard Griffiths , English actor
• 2013 : Klaus-Jürgen Jacob , German biologist and zoo director
• 2013 : Reinhard Lakomy , German composer, pianist and singer
• 2014 : Adolfo Suárez , Spanish politician
• 2015 : Günter Asser , German mathematician
• 2015 : Lee Kuan Yew , Singaporean politician and Prime Minister
• 2016 : Ken Howard , American actor and trade unionist
• 2017 : Lola Albright , American actress
• 2017 : William Henry Keeler , American Cardinal

Ingeborg Rapoport († 2017)

• 2017 : Ingeborg Rapoport , German pediatrician who received her doctorate at the age of 102
• 2017 : Denis Nikolayevich Voronenkow , Russian politician
• 2018 : Philip Kerr , British writer
• 2018 : Zell Miller , American politician
• 2019 : Rafi Eitan , Israeli politician and head of the Lakam secret service

Holidays and memorial days

• Church memorial days
  • Wolfgang (Anhalt-Köthen) , German prince, promoter of the Reformation (Protestant)

• State holidays and memorial days
  • Poland , Hungary : Polish-Hungarian Friendship Day (2007)

• Anniversaries of international organizations
  • World Meteorological Organization : World Meteorology Day

The list of days of remembrance and action contains further entries .

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Commons : March 23rd  - Collection of images, videos and audio files