Marie Baum

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Marie Baum

Marie Baum , actually Maria Johanna Baum (born March 23, 1874 in Danzig ; † August 8, 1964 in Heidelberg ), was a German social scientist and social politician during the Weimar Republic and is now regarded as a pioneer of social work .

Biography and work

Maria Johanna Baum was the third of six children. Her father Wilhelm Georg Baum, a son of the surgeon Wilhelm Baum , was the chief physician of the city hospital in Danzig. The mother, Florentine ("Flora") Baum, was involved in the women's movement ; she headed the Women's Welfare Association in Danzig . The maternal grandparents were Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and Rebecka Dirichlet , geb. Mendelssohn Bartholdy. In her hometown, Maria Baum attended real-world courses from 1891 to 1893, which prepared for the Abitur . Then she went because women could not earn academic degrees at German universities, the ETH Zurich to there chemistry to study. During her stay in Zurich, she met Frieda Duensing , Käthe Kollwitz and Ricarda Huch , among others .

Maria Baum interrupted her studies for one semester to look after her seriously ill father. She did her doctorate at the age of 22 and also worked as an assistant at the University of Zurich . Her job had been fought for. Originally, the university authorities wanted to fill the position with a man (“Preferably a Swiss citizen”), but were then changed by a petition supported by Albert Heim . Then Maria Baum, called "Marie" Baum, worked briefly in Berlin as a chemist in the patent department of Agfa , which was founded by her great cousin Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy . In 1902, at the suggestion of national economist Else von Richthofen and through the mediation of Alice Salomon, she became a trade inspector in the Grand Duchy of Baden , a position in which she also had to supervise working conditions in the factories. She found the following unreasonable conditions:

“I have seen numerous children far below the legal age limit of 10 years, probably from 4 years upwards, pale and crooked, bent over their work ... The working hours of the young people were 10 hours excluding the breaks; there was no maximum working day for adult men…; At that time, women's working hours were reduced from 12 to 11 hours. For the married couple, for whom a second burden was waiting at home, the pressure of daily repetitive overexertion increased to such an extent that one could separate them from a crowd of workers at first sight. "

- Marie Baum : Review of my life
Building Witzelstrasse 150 (formerly Werstenerstrasse)

In 1907 she took over the management of the Association for Infant Care and Welfare Care founded by Arthur Schlossmann in Düsseldorf , based in the building at Witzelstrasse 150. This was subordinate to the Federation of German Women's Associations , where Marie Baum soon made contacts with like-minded people. In 1909, a German association for public and private welfare elected her to the main committee and board. Furthermore, from 1908 she became a member of the board of directors and the presidium of the German Center for Youth Welfare .

Marie Baum was asked by Gertrud Bäumer to head the newly founded Social Women's School and Social Pedagogical Institute in Hamburg , which opened its doors on April 30, 1917. She taught social policy , economics and was mainly responsible for the practical training of the seminarians. She also worked as a welfare officer in the Baden Ministry. In 1919/20 Marie Baum was a member of the German Democratic Party of the Weimar National Assembly . Then she was a member of the Reichstag until the new election of the Schleswig-Holstein MPs in February 1921 . In 1921, at the end of the legislative period, she resigned from parliament out of consideration for her new professional tasks in Karlsruhe, in the Baden State Ministry. Marie Baum devoted herself to building up the state welfare system for seven years . In the years between 1919 and 1924, Marie Baum, together with Clara Henriques Marie Juchacz and Helene Simon, did a great job of organizing Quaker meals for German school children. Through this Quaker feeding, underweight children could be offered the urgently needed supplementary food after a prior medical examination. Probably the largest child and youth welfare project in Baden in the post-war period, the “Children's Town of Heuberg” near Stetten on the kalten Markt , went back to Maria Baum.

Together with other women and men, including Alice Salomon , Gertrud Bäumer and Eduard Spranger , she founded the German Academy for Social and Educational Women's Work in Berlin-Schöneberg in 1925 , for whose research department, in collaboration with Alice Salomon, she published the publication Das Familienleben in der Present. 182 family monographs. composed. In 1928 Marie Baum was given a teaching position for social welfare and welfare work at the Institute for Social and Political Sciences at the University of Heidelberg . This involved a move from Karlsruhe to Heidelberg . From 1928 to 1933, the social politician developed a wide range of lectures and traveled a. a. to England, Italy and the USA. After the so-called seizure of power in 1933, she had to give up all her teaching posts and offices because her maternal grandmother was of Jewish descent. She supported Pastor Hermann Maas , who organized aid for “non-Aryans” and Jews and helped them emigrate . In November 1941, the Gestapo carried out a search of Marie Baum's house, which, however, was unsuccessful because it was able to bring incriminating documents to safety in good time.

From 1946, the now over 70-year-old took on a teaching position at the University of Heidelberg, where she founded the Friesenberg student club and for a few months was involved in the Heidelberg Christian Social Union (CSU), a forerunner of the CDU district association in Heidelberg, until the CDU turned away from Christian socialism . In the following, Marie Baum joined the circle of Alfred Weber , Alexander Mitscherlich a . a. with the name “ Heidelberg Action Group ”. She no longer wanted to be bound by party politics and therefore no longer performed any political functions; She saw the main focus of her work in teaching. In addition, she supported the reconstruction of the educational home founded by Elisabeth von Thadden in Wieblingen Castle in 1927 . In 1950 she wrote the introduction to Anne Frank's diary .

Marie Baum's grave in the Bergfriedhof (Heidelberg) in the forest department (Dept. WB)

Baum was buried in the Bergfriedhof (Heidelberg) . Her grave site is adorned by a boulder that bears her name and dates of life in simple bronze letters. In Heidelberg a home economics vocational school and a vocational high school since 1974 and a street in Karlsruhe since 2000 has been named after her.

Honors

  • Honorary citizen of Heidelberg University on his 75th birthday
  • Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for the 80th birthday
  • Name giver of the Marie Baum School, Heidelberg
  • Name giver for the Emeriti Prize of the Theological Faculty of Heidelberg University

Publications (selection)

  • About p-xylylhydroxylamine: Contributions to the knowledge of 1-2-naphthalene diazooxide , dissertation at the University of Zurich 1899, Leemann, Zurich 1899 ( OCLC 246211145 ).
  • Welfare, its uniform organization and its relationship to poor relief. Munich / Leipzig 1916 (= writings of the German association for poor relief and charity. Volume 104).
  • Healthcare plan , Munich 1923
  • with Ricarda Huch , Ludwig Curtius , Anton Erkelenz (eds.): Frieda Duensing: A book of memory , Berlin: FA Herbig, 3rd increased edition 1926 (1st edition 1922). (In addition to texts by the editors about Duensing, it contains a longer portrait of Marie Baum)
  • Family welfare , Karlsruhe 1928
  • Family life in the present. 182 family monographs , Berlin 1930
  • Review of my life , Heidelberg 1950
  • Luminous trail. The life of Ricarda Huch , Tübingen 1950
  • From a picture of Anna von Gierke's life . In: Mädchenbildung und Frauenschaffen, issue 2/1952, pp. 1–12.
  • Anna von Gierke. A picture of life , Belz, Weinheim / Berlin 1954 ( DNB 450267415 ).
  • Foreword to: Diary of Anne Frank , Schneider, Heidelberg 1950 (German first edition DNB 451336453 ).

Literature (selection)

  • Eckhard Hansen, Florian Tennstedt (Eds.) U. a .: Biographical lexicon on the history of German social policy from 1871 to 1945 . Volume 1: Social politicians in the German Empire 1871 to 1918. Kassel University Press, Kassel 2010, ISBN 978-3-86219-038-6 , p. 9 f. ( Online , PDF; 2.2 MB).
  • Hugo Maier : Baum, Marie - practical scientist, social politician. In: Hugo Maier (Ed.): Who is who of social work. Freiburg / Br. 1998, pp. 59-64
  • Maike Eggemann / Sabine Hering (eds.): Pioneers of modern social work. Weinheim / Munich 1999, pp. 204-228.
  • Manfred Berger : Who was ... Marie Baum? In: social magazine. 23 1998 / H. 12, pp. 6-8
  • Werner Moritz (Ed.): Marie Baum. A life of social responsibility. Heidelberg 2000
  • Ruth Mendelssohn-Bartholdy: Women's movement and social work - Marie Baum (1874-1964) for example. Munich 2002
  • Sabine Andresen : Marie Baum and the formation of the social. In: Dagmar Beinzinger / Isabell Diehm (ed.): Early childhood and gender relations. Economic cycles in social education. Frankfurt 2003, pp. 37-53
  • Ilona Scheidle: A consequence of the barriers imposed on women. Marie Baum (1874-1964) . In: Markus Bitterolf / Oliver Schlaudt / Stefan Schöbel: Intellectuals in Heidelberg 1910 - 1933. Heidelberg 2014, pp. 27–45.
  • Heide-Marie Lauterer : Because I hope that the use of my strength will help me overcome the difficulties. Marie Baum (1874-1964) . In: Peter Blum: SHAPING WOMEN . Social commitment in Heidelberg. Heidelberg 1995, pp. 55-120.
  • Martin Schumacher (Hrsg.): MdR The Reichstag members of the Weimar Republic in the time of National Socialism. Political persecution, emigration and expatriation, 1933–1945. A biographical documentation . 3rd, considerably expanded and revised edition. Droste, Düsseldorf 1994, ISBN 3-7700-5183-1 .
  • Entry Dr. phil. Marie Baum In: Norbert Giovannini; Claudia Rink; Frank Moraw: Remember, preserve, commemorate: the Jewish residents of Heidelberg and their relatives 1933-1945 . Das Wunderhorn, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-88423-353-5 , p. 45 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Wilfried Witte: Baum, Maria Johanna (called Marie). In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 155.
  2. ^ Verein Feministische Wissenschaft Schweiz (ed.), Responsible for editing this volume: Katharina Belser, Gabi Einsele and others: Just as new as kühn. 120 years of women's studies at the University of Zurich . Zurich, eFeF-Verlag 1988, p. 160
  3. Marie Baum: Review of my life ; 1950, p. 100 ff.
  4. http://digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de/ihd/periodical/pageview/8622060 Werstenerstraße 150, E. Association for infant care in the district of Düsseldorf, Baum, Maria, Dr. phil., in address book for the city of Düsseldorf, 1909, p. 410
  5. ^ Wolfgang U. Eckart : Medicine and War. Germany 1914-1924 , 6.3 Famine relief for Germany: Quäkersfeisungen 1919-1924 , Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag Paderborn 2014, pp. 400–409, ISBN 978-3-506-75677-0 .
  6. Wilfried Witte: Explanation emergency. The flu epidemic 1918–1920 in Germany with special emphasis on Baden , dissertation Institute for the History of Medicine, Chair Wolfgang U. Eckart , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 2003, p. 331.
  7. Ilona Scheidle: With all her might for building a more humane society . The scientist and politician Marie Baum, in: Heidelberg women who made history, portraits of women from five centuries , Kreuzlingen / Munich 2006: Diederichs, p. 130
  8. ^ Heidelberg cemetery office
  9. a b Heide-Marie Lauterer: Because I hope that the use of my strength will help me overcome the difficulties. Marie Baum (1874-1964) . In: Peter Blum: Frauengestalten. Social commitment in Heidelberg. Heidelberg 1995, ISBN 978-3-924973-36-0 , p. 55.
  10. Christoph Brandt: Awarding of the Marie Baum Prize. In: www.dwi.uni-heidelberg.de. Retrieved March 15, 2016 .