Anne Frank's diary

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German First edition, Lambert Schneider, Heidelberg
House at Prinsengracht No. 263 in Amsterdam: Anne Frank wrote her diary in the Secret Annex.

The diary of Anne Frank ( Dutch original title: Het Achterhuis 'Das Hinterhaus' ) is a work of world literature . Anne Frank kept the diary from June 12, 1942 to August 1, 1944, initially in the apartment on Merwedeplein, but most of it in the rear of the building at Prinsengracht 263 (today's Anne Frank House ) in Amsterdam . There they hid for two years with family members and acquaintances before the Nazis to escape deportation and murder.

After the Frank family was arrested, their helper Miep Gies took the diary and kept it from the Gestapo . After the war she gave the diary to Anne's father Otto Heinrich Frank , who was the only one in his family who had survived the war and the Holocaust . This published the recordings, which became the best-selling paperback and most-performed play in the Federal Republic of Germany as early as the 1950s. They have been translated into over 70 languages ​​and made the author one of the most famous victims of the Holocaust. In 2009 the diary was included in the UNESCO World Document Heritage . It has been filmed several times .

Form and content

On June 12, 1942, for her 13th birthday, Anne Frank received a small notebook that she had shown her father in a shop window a few days earlier. Although the book, which is bound in red and white fabric and has a small lock on the front, was actually intended as a poetry album , Anne used it as a diary . After a brief introduction on June 12th, two days after her birthday, she started with the first entries describing herself, her family and friends, her school life and preferred places in the neighborhood. In addition to these remarks about her private life, she also commented - more or less incidentally - on the changes that made life increasingly difficult for the German Jews who had fled to the Netherlands . She wrote about the Star of David that Jews had to wear in public and other restrictions they were subjected to during the German occupation.

The diary became particularly important on July 6, 1942, when the Frank family retired to the rear building at Prinsengracht 263, where Otto Frank previously managed the Dutch branch of the Opekta company . The longer the stay in hiding, the more tense the situation became. The boredom of everyday life and the limitations caused ever more intense conflicts among each other. Since Anne was not allowed to have any contact with her actual friends, the diary developed as a medium to which she could entrust everything, to her most important companion in the difficult time.

From the end of September she wrote her entries in letter form. She addressed her thoughts to various girl names (Kitty, Conny, Emmy, Pop and Marianne) that she knew from the popular serial novel Joop ter Heul by Cissy van Marxveldt . The heroine of these stories, the headstrong Joop, also writes a diary and tells her friends about their worries and love affairs.

At first Anne wrote about various experiences in her unusual everyday life - the tightness of the hiding place, nice surprises like at the Hanukkah festival and the conflicts with the roommates, especially with Fritz Pfeffer and her mother. She often felt misunderstood when others criticized her for being cheeky and immodest. In the revised introduction, she expressed her desire for a true friend, someone to whom she could trust her most intimate thoughts and feelings. She found that she had several "friends" and as many admirers, but (by her own definition) no real boyfriend. Jacqueline van Maarsen was only able to partially meet this requirement. Helmut Silberberg might have become such a friend, even if she denied a love affair with him. So her diary remained the closest confidante. In the entries, one can understand how Anne discovered her own sexuality and describes burgeoning feelings of love for Peter van Pels ; the previously criticized roommate disappointed them. During the 25 months in hiding, she confided all her fears and hopes to the diary. It becomes clear how the girl, who sometimes got lost in her dreams, matured to inner strength.

Early on, Anne showed a keen interest in reading and writing, which her father encouraged. During her stay in the Secret Annex, she read numerous books, which steadily improved her literary knowledge and her writing skills. Over time, her journal entries became more complex, and she also came up with abstract and difficult subjects such as belief in God . She talked about wanting to become famous as a writer one day. In addition to her diary, she began to write other literary works, the quality of which is considered to be above average for her young age.

Anne began her diary as a private expression of her thoughts and feelings that no one was allowed to read, as she emphasized several times. However, on March 29, 1944, she changed her plan. On Radio Oranje she heard Gerrit Bolkestein , the Minister for Education, Art and Science in the Dutch government in exile , speak of how he wanted to publicly document the oppression of the Dutch under German occupation after the end of the war. As much everyday material as possible -  letters , diaries, etc. - should contribute to this. Anne liked the idea, which is why she prepared her diary for publication. In May she started revising her entries. She removed and changed some sections that she felt were uninteresting or too intimate for the public to see. In addition, she now addressed all entries uniformly to her imaginary friend Kitty , who had been her contact person since the entries in the second part, i.e. since November 1942.

There have been many speculations as to the identity of this kitty. In 1986, the critic Sietse van der Hoech wrote that the name refers to Kitty Egyedi, a friend of the Franks from the pre-war era. He could have his information from the 1970 Anne Frank Foundation published A Tribute to Anne Frank , in whose foreword the then chairman Henri van Praag suspected a real role model for this character and supported this by a group photo in which Anne with Sanne Ledermann , Hannah Pick-Goslar and Kitty Egyedi could be seen. Anne never mentioned this real kitty in her notes, however. The only girl from the group shown in this often printed photo who is mentioned in the diary is Mary Bos, whose drawings Anne dreamed of in 1944. The only comparable case of un-posted letters that Anne wrote to a real friend were two farewell letters to Jacqueline van Maarsen in September 1942.

In order to protect the anonymity of those involved, Anne came up with pseudonyms for all residents of the Secret Annex . The van Pels family - Peter van Pels , Auguste van Pels and Hermann van Pels - became the van Daan family , and Fritz Pfeffer called them Albert Dussel out of anger about the dentist's disruption of their privacy . For her own family, she planned the pseudonyms van Aulis or Robin , which were later not used.

Publications

Anne Frank's last diary entry is from August 1, 1944, three days before her arrest. After the security officer Karl Josef Silberbauer came into the Secret Annex to arrest the betrayed Jews, he carelessly scattered the sheets of paper with Anne's notes on the floor. Miep Gies , who had always helped the people in hiding and, unlike the company employees Kugler and Kleiman, was not arrested by the National Socialists, found the sheets on her return to Prinsengracht and stowed them in a drawer to send to Anne after the war or give back their family.

Otto Frank was the only one of the residents of the Secret Annex to survive and returned to Amsterdam, where he learned that his wife Edith had died and that his daughters had been deported to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp . He hoped Anne and Margot would have survived, but in July 1945 the Red Cross confirmed the two girls' deaths. Only then did Miep Gies give him the diary. Otto read it and later said he was unaware that Anne had kept such an accurate and well-written record of their time together. Years later he was asked what his first reaction was, to which he replied, “I didn't know my little Anne was so deep.” Moved by his daughter's desire to be a writer, he began planning a publication.

Otto Frank used Anne's original diary for the first published edition, which is now known as version A, and her revised version (version B), which has 324 individual sheets. The manuscript consists of three volumes. The first part extends from June 12, 1942 to December 5, 1942. Since the second part does not begin until over a year later and lasts until April 17, 1944, it can be assumed that the records were lost from December 1942 to December 1943 went. However, the missing period is covered by the revised version by Anne. The missing originals could have disappeared during or after the arrest. The last part contains the entries from April 17 to August 1, 1944.

Otto Frank removed some passages in which Anne spoke critically about her mother and sections that related to his daughter's sexuality. He adopted most of Anne's pseudonyms, but restored the identities of his own family. In addition to Anne's first notebook that she had received for her birthday, the material included other notebooks and numerous loose sheets. The diary entries initially did not show the chronological order of dates that we encounter in the printed versions. Today's editions also include entries that the father did not publish for private reasons.

After sending a copy to his relatives in Switzerland, Otto Frank gave the diary to the historian Annie Romein-Verschoor , who tried unsuccessfully to publish it. She passed it on to her husband Jan Romein , who wrote a report about it for the newspaper Het Parool . This appeared on April 3, 1946 under the heading “Kinderstem” (children's voice). In it he stated: "This apparently insignificant diary of a child, this de profundis stuttered in a child's voice , embodies the horror of fascism better than all the evidence from Nuremberg put together."

The report aroused the interest of the publishers of Contact Publishing in Amsterdam, who published the diary in Dutch in 1947 under the title Het Achterhuis: Dagboekbrieven van 12 June 1942 - 1 August 1944 and reissued it in 1950. In accordance with Otto Frank's request, some passages about Anne's sexuality were deleted because of expected protests from conservative circles. This edition is known today as version C.

This third version became a sales success and provided the basis for numerous films, theater performances, etc. The German translation was published in 1950 under the title Das Tagebuch der Anne Frank by Lambert Schneider and was translated into English by Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday ( The Diary of a Young Girl 1952). Since the diary broke off with the arrest in early August 1944, Anne's surviving father played a narrative role in the literary elaborations of later artists, although Anne had already started to rewrite her diary for later documentation. Some publications of accompanying circumstances and with interpretations come from Miep Gies, from other friends such as Hannah Goslar and Jacqueline van Maarsen or from writers.

In 1986 the Dutch Institute for War Documentation ( Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie , NIOD), to which Otto Frank had bequeathed the rights, published a historical-critical edition of the diary. This presents all known versions, whether edited or not, in comparison. It also includes a discussion of the authenticity of the work and additional historical information about the family and the diary.

In 1999, Cornelis Suijk , a former director of the Anne Frank Fund and President of the US Center for Holocaust Education Foundation , announced that he had five pages that Otto Frank had removed from the diary before publication. Suijk claimed that Otto Frank gave him these pages shortly before his death in 1980. The missing diary entries contained critical remarks from Anne about her parents' marriage and show her tense relationship with her mother. When Suijk claimed the publishing rights for these five pages and announced that he wanted to sell them to raise money for his US Foundation, a conflict arose. As the formal owner of the manuscript, the NIOD requested the delivery of the pages. In 2000, the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science agreed to donate US $ 300,000 to Suijks Foundation, and in 2001 the pages were returned. Since then they have appeared in more recent editions of the diary.

In 2015, the Swiss Anne Frank Fund in Basel announced that, due to the editing and publication of the diary by Otto Frank, it had co-authorship and thus the copyright would not expire at the end of 2015, 70 years after Anne Frank's death. However, Ronald Leopold, director of the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam, contradicted this legal opinion: “Otto Frank is not a co-author of his daughter's diaries.” According to a court ruling, only the parts first published in 1986 have a 50-year protection period for posthumous works until 2036. The Amsterdam Anne Frank Foundation and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences are allowed to use parts of it for a study on the manuscripts. A planned new complete edition has been suspended for the time being. For the first critical German edition, no public domain is in sight, as the translator Mirjam Pressler only died in 2019. The exact date of death of Anneliese Schütz , the translator of the German first edition, is not known.

At the beginning of 2016, the French MP Isabelle Attard and the information scientist Olivier Ertzscheid published the original Dutch version freely accessible on the Internet. The Anne Frank Fund protested against this and justified this with its legal opinion described above.

In 2018, the Anne Frank Stichting in Amsterdam published two pages from Anne Frank's diary, which she herself covered with brown wrapping paper and thus made illegible. With digital photo technology it was now possible to make these pages visible, on which Anne Frank had noted jokes and a passage about sexuality.

Political impact

In her introduction to the first edition of the diary in the United States , Eleanor Roosevelt described it as "one of the wisest and most moving comments on war and its impact on people that I have ever read." The Soviet author Ilya Ehrenburg later said: "One voice speaks for six million - not the voice of a sage or a poet, but that of an ordinary little girl."

When Anne Frank's reputation as a writer and humanist rose, she was discussed primarily as a symbol of the Holocaust or, more generally, as a persecuted person. Hillary Clinton read from the diary at her laudation for the Elie Wiesel Huminatarian Award in 1994, emphasizing that Anne Frank “opens our eyes to the folly of indifference and the terrible toll it takes on our youth” about current events in Sarajevo , Somalia and Rwanda . After receiving a humanitarian award from the Anne Frank Fund in 1994, Nelson Mandela spoke to the people of Johannesburg and said that he had read the diary while in prison on Robben Island and that he "took courage from it." He compared their fight against National Socialism with his fight against apartheid and was convinced that systems of injustice by people like Anne Frank are doomed to failure in the long term: “Because these views are obviously wrong and because they were challenged and always by people like Anne Frank they will inevitably fail. "

Literary classification

The diary was also recognized for its literary quality. Regarding Anne Frank's writing style, the writer Meyer Levin , who worked with Otto Frank on a dramaturgical implementation of the diary shortly after its publication, stated that the diary “maintains the tension of a well-constructed novel”. The poet John Berryman wrote that it was a unique description of "the mysterious, fundamental process by which a child becomes an adult as it really happens". Anne Frank's biographer Melissa Müller emphasized that Frank wrote “in a precise, safe, economical style whose honesty is astonishing”.

Anne Frank's notes are largely character studies . She describes every person around her with an astute, uncompromising look. She occasionally appears cruel and often prone to prejudice , for example in her descriptions of Fritz Pfeffer and her own mother, and Müller explains that she channels the "normal mood swings of youth" in her writing. Her study of herself and her environment leads her over a long period of time in an introspective , analytical and very self-critical manner and in moments of frustration she speaks of the inner struggle between the "good Anne" she wants to be and the "bad Anne" that she thinks of herself as. Otto Frank remembered how his publisher, when asked why so many people read the diary, replied: "The diary covers so many areas of life that every reader can find something that moves them personally."

Forgery theses

Since the diary was published, a tradition has emerged, with repeated doubts about its authenticity, to discredit and deny its truthfulness as a contemporary document of the Holocaust. These attempts are in the context of historical revisionism , in particular the denial of the Holocaust , and mostly come from right-wing extremists .

Since the 1950s, Holocaust denial has been punishable in several European countries, including the Federal Republic of Germany : initially as an insult and denigration of the memory of the deceased. In 1959 Otto Frank took the first time to court in Lübeck against a denier, the teacher Lothar Stielau. He had publicly described the diary as a forgery . The court consulted handwriting experts who came to the conclusion that Anne Frank had written the manuscripts herself. Stielau retracted his earlier testimony and Otto Frank did not pursue the matter any further.

In 1958, at a performance of The Diary of Anne Frank in Vienna , Simon Wiesenthal was exposed to a group of demonstrators who claimed that Anne Frank had never existed and asked him to find the man who had arrested her. Wiesenthal found Karl Josef Silberbauer in 1963. The former SD officer confessed to his role when asked and identified Anne Frank in a photo as one of the arrested people. He gave a full account of what had happened and remembered emptying a bag of paper on the floor of the hiding place. His statements underpinned the accounts of witnesses such as Otto Frank.

Since 1975 the British author and Holocaust denier David Irving has claimed that the diary was not real. Heinz Roth from Odenhausen relied on two of his books , who distributed a leaflet with the title "Anne Frank's diary - a forgery" en masse. In 1976 Otto Frank therefore took him to court. The district court in Frankfurt am Main prohibited Roth, who had cited the Holocaust deniers Arthur Butz and Robert Faurisson , from further disseminating his statements when threatened with a fine of up to DM 500,000 or imprisonment for up to six months. An appeal against the judgment was rejected by the Frankfurt Higher Regional Court in July 1979 . The neo-Nazi Faurisson , presented there by Roth as a reviewer, published his forgery theses as a book in 1980.

Further charges of incitement to hatred and defamation of the memory of deceased from 1976 against the neo-Nazis Ernst Römer , Edgar Geiss , Werner Kuhnt and Erwin Schönborn , for whom Otto Frank only appeared as a joint plaintiff, ended in 1979 after convictions in the first instance with acquittals because of the right to freedom of expression . This judgment and its justification met with strong criticism in the media. The grounds for the verdict left open a later conviction for insult in a private lawsuit.

After the counterfeit allegations had been forensically examined and refuted in 1986 , the trial against Edgar Geiss - Römer had since died - was resumed in 1988. The results of the forensic examination were accepted as evidence. In 1990 Geiss was sentenced to a fine of 6,000 DM. The statute of limitations revision was put down; on March 19, 1993 the proceedings were finally closed.

In 1991 Robert Faurisson and Siegfried Verbeke published a booklet entitled The Diary of Anne Frank: A Critical Approach , which the Antwerp-based right-wing extremist association Vrij Historisch Onderzoek (Free Historical Research) also distributed in public libraries. They claimed that Otto Frank wrote the diary himself, that it was impossible to hide in the Achterhuis , that the diary's style and handwriting were “too grown-up” for a teenager.

In December 1993, the Amsterdam Anne Frank House and the Basel Anne Frank Fund applied for a ban on the further distribution of the denouncing booklet in the Netherlands. On December 9, 1998, the Amsterdam District Court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs: It forbade denying the authenticity of the diary and imposed a fine of 25,000 guilders for each infringement. The Amsterdam Court of Justice upheld the distribution ban on April 27, 2000 in the last instance.

Nevertheless, Holocaust deniers claim in campaigns to this day that the diary is a forgery or try to discredit it in other ways. The British neo-Nazi Simon Sheppard, for example, tried in 1996 to portray the diary as an implausible fiction on the basis of the critical complete edition translated into English. He referred to individual passages in which Anne Frank herself changed earlier diary entries from July 1944. These continued attacks led Teresien da Silva to state on behalf of the Anne Frank House in 1999: “For many right-wing extremists, Anne is an obstacle. Her personal testimony to the persecution of the Jews and her death in the concentration camp prevent the rehabilitation of National Socialism. "

Forensic examination

As part of the trials from 1976 to 1979, the Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) was commissioned in 1978 to examine the paper and the ink used for the manuscript of the diary. The investigations showed that all types of paper and ink used for all volumes and loose sheets used for diaries 1 to 3 had been produced before 1950 and could be used between 1941 and 1944. The four-page report noted the following for only a few individual sheets: “The correction writings subsequently attached to the loose sheets […] were partly also written down using black, green and blue ballpoint pen color paste. Ballpoint pen color pastes of this type have only appeared on the market since 1951. "

The ballpoint pen also came onto the market after 1945. The BKA report did not contain any specific information about the sources, type and scope of the pen corrections. A journalist for the magazine Der Spiegel concluded in 1980: “The 'Diary of Anne Frank' has been subsequently edited. The authenticity of the document was thereby further cast into doubt. ”Unlike the BKA, the author did not speak of corrections, but of“ additions written in the original, which until now were always considered to be identical to the rest of the text. ”When, where and for what purpose they were inserted and whether they had even been included in the published editions of the diaries, he did not check. His article intensified the rumored doubts about the authenticity of the diary. In 2006 the Federal Criminal Police Office finally stated again publicly that the forensic investigation of 1980 did not give rise to any doubts as to the authenticity of the diary.

Otto Frank died in August 1980. He left the diary manuscripts to the Netherlands. In view of the ongoing allegations of counterfeiting, the NIOD commissioned the Gerechtelijk Laboratorium (state forensic laboratory) in Rijswijk to subject the original documents to a thorough technical and written comparative examination. The BKA, which was asked for help, could not give a single point in the manuscripts for the pen corrections. The laboratory found only two sheets of paper written on with ballpoint pen, which were inserted into Anne Frank's manuscript with loose sheets. There were a total of 26 corrections by the same hand, which was proven to have corrected typographical and grammatical errors in the original, mostly individual letters or words. Seven cases corrected the wrong sentence order of a word, further wrong page numbers.

These results were incorporated into the scientifically proven new edition of Anne Frank's complete diary in 1986. The editor H. J. J. Hardy summarized the results of the examination of the comparison of fonts in a report for the new edition of 2003 as follows: “The only traces of ballpoint pen writing were found on two loose sheets of paper between the loose pages. Graphics VI-II and 3 show how these sheets were put into the corresponding plastic sleeves. In relation to the actual contents of the diary, these traces have no meaning at all. The handwriting on the sheets differs significantly from that in the diary. ”A corresponding footnote adds:“ The Hamburg psychologist and court-appointed expert on handwriting Hans Ockelmann noted in a letter to the Anne Frank Fund dated September 27, 1987 that his mother, Mrs. Dorothea Ockelmann, wrote the texts in question with ballpoint pen while she was working with Mrs. Minna Becker on an examination of the diaries. "

Topicality

The Anne Frank Center is the German partner organization of the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam and has been showing the permanent exhibition “Anne Frank. here & today ”. The focus of the exhibition is on Anne Frank's diary and life story. Through listening stations and short portrait films, young people from Berlin who deal with current issues and create a connection to the present also have their say. In addition, a range of different events such as readings, discussions with contemporary witnesses, film screenings as well as seminars and panel discussions are offered.

At the end of January 2007, the Anne Frank Center opened an exhibition on the fate of Jewish people in Berlin during the Nazi era. It is part of the project “Rescuing Jews in National Socialist Germany” at the Center for Research on Antisemitism at the TU Berlin . The life of around 7,000 Berlin Jews in hiding, the problems of their daily clandestine care, relocation, medical treatment, etc. with constant mortal danger is exemplified using five families. For 5,500 Jews, this attempt at hiding ended in discovery, extradition, betrayal and death; only about 1,500 survived with the help of courageous non-Jewish “ Jewish rescuers ”. Three of the survivors, Zvi Aviram, Reha Sokolow and Werner Foss, came to the opening of the exhibition and reported on their struggle for survival in the presence of former Bundestag President Wolfgang Thierse .

In February 2007 a traveling exhibition about the life and death of Anne Frank began in the Kulturhaus Treffpunkt Europa in Grimmen . She is under police protection as neo-Nazis tried to disrupt her preparation in December 2006. To mark the opening of the exhibition, a neo-Nazi band released a CD with songs intended to mock Anne Frank and the memory of her. A circle of friends around the neo-Nazis Robert Rupprecht and Nico Bloedorn distributed the CD to local schools. The Hamburg neo-Nazi Christian Worch announced on the Internet a “financial solidarity contribution” for the CD authors. The Stralsund public prosecutor's office is investigating her on suspicion of sedition.

On June 24, 2006, several men from Pretzien and Plötzky ( Saxony-Anhalt ) publicly burned a copy of the diary at the solstice celebration in Pretzien , which was organized by the now dissolved Heimatbund Ostelbien . Seven men have been charged, five of them have since been sentenced to nine months' imprisonment with suspended sentences for incitement to hatred, the other two were acquitted because they could not prove their involvement. The court justified the conviction by saying that the book burning not only mocked Anne Frank but all victims of the National Socialist concentration camps, glorified the Nazi tyranny and denied the persecution of European Jews in the “ Third Reich ”. The incident aroused nationwide outrage, also about the investigating police officers. It was only afterwards that an anonymous report drew her attention to the solstice celebration. However, they did not know who Anne Frank was, and therefore initially did not take any charges of sedition.

See also

Expenses (selection)

  • Anne Frank. Het Achterhuis. Dagboekbrieven June 14, 1942 to August 1, 1944 . Amsterdam: Contact 1947.
  • Anne Frank's diary . Translated from Dutch by Anneliese Schütz , with an introduction by Marie Baum . Heidelberg: Lambert Schneider 1950 and later.
    • Anne Frank's diary . Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer 1955 and later. (Licensed edition by the Lambert Schneider publishing house, with a foreword by Albrecht Goes , without the introduction by Marie Baum)
    • Anne Frank's diary . Berlin (GDR): Union 1957. (Licensed edition by the Lambert Schneider publishing house, without forewords and the like)
  • Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie : De Dagboeken van Anne Frank . Staatsuitgeverij, Amsterdam 1986, first complete, text-critical and commented edition.
  • Anne Frank diary . Version by Otto H. Frank and Mirjam Pressler. From the Dutch by Mirjam Pressler . Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuchverlag 1992, (only authorized and supplemented version; Fischer Taschenbuch 11377); supplemented edition 2001, ISBN 978-3-596-15277-3 (Fischer Taschenbuch 15277) and ISBN 978-3-10-076713-4 .
  • Anne Frank Fund (Ed.): Anne Frank. Complete edition. Translation from Dutch by Mirjam Pressler. With contributions by Gerhard Hirschfeld , Mirjam Pressler and Francine Prose . S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main, 2013, 816 pages. ISBN 978-3-10-022304-3 (Complete edition of all texts by Anne Frank with previously unpublished letters and writings and many photos, contains all versions of the diary).

literature

biography

  • Melissa Müller : The girl Anne Frank. [Biography, with an afterword by Miep Gies ], Claassen, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-546-00151-6 ; as List-Taschenbuch 60730, Ullstein, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-548-60730-6 (The author critically examines the various editions, translations and adaptations of the diary).
    • The girl Anne Frank: the biography. (“New edition expanded to include unknown material”), Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt 2013, ISBN 978-3-596-18902-1

Edition review

  • Laureen Nussbaum : Anne Frank, elevated to a symbolic figure, vilified as a writer . In: Helge-Ulrike Hyams , Klaus Klattenhoff, Klaus Ritter, Friedrich Wißmann (eds.): Jewish children's life in the mirror of Jewish children's books. An exhibition of the University Library of Oldenburg with the Marburg Childhood Museum. Oldenburg: BIS-Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-8142-0766-1 , pp. 305-314 (literary criticism of the edition by Mirjam Pressler)
  • Laureen Nussbaum : Schematic overview of the different versions of Anne's diaries . In: Inge Hansen-Schaberg (Hrsg.): Persecuted as a child: Anne Frank and the others . Berlin: Weidler, 2004 ISBN 3-89693-244-6 , pp. 279-282

reception

  • Sven Kramer : Diary of Anne Frank . In: Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz (Eds.): Lexicon of “Coping with the Past” in Germany: Debate and Discourse History of National Socialism after 1945. transcript Verlag 2007, ISBN 978-3-89942-773-8 , p. 107– 109
  • Katja Heimsath: "Despite everything I believe in the good in people": Anne Frank's diary and its reception in the Federal Republic of Germany . Hamburg Univ. Press, Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-943423-00-6

Teaching materials

Web links

Wikisource: Het Achterhuis. Dagboekbrieven van 14 June 1942 - 1 August 1944.  - Sources and full texts (Dutch)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Stephan Scholz: "Strange Triumphzug". On the causes of the West German success of the "Diary of Anne Frank" in the 1950s. In: History in Science and Education. Volume 62, Issue 1/2, 2011, pp. 77-91.
  2. ^ Editions in various languages on the Anne Frank Webguide.
  3. ↑ Anne Frank's diary is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. (PDF) In: Courier. July 31, 2009, archived from the original on January 27, 2012 ; accessed on September 1, 2019 .
  4. ↑ A diary as a best friend . annefrank.org
  5. ↑ Otto Frank reads Anne's diary . annefrank.org
  6. ↑ The diary is published . annefrank.org
  7. ↑ Ralph Blumenthal: Five precious pages renew wrangling over Anne Frank . New York Times, September 10, 1998
  8. ↑ Copyfraud: Anne Frank Foundation claims father was “co-author”, extends copyright by decades . Cory Doctorow, Nov. 14, 2015
  9. ^ Anne Frank's Diary Gains 'Co-Author' in Copyright Move . NY Times, Nov 13, 2015
  10. ^ Anne Frank: Bataille de droits posthume . liberation, October 8, 2015
  11. ↑ Ronald Leopold: Does the father have rights as a co-author? In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , November 23, 2015, p. 9.
  12. ↑ Researchers are allowed to copy Anne Frank's texts. In: Tagesanzeiger. December 29, 2015, accessed December 29, 2015 .
  13. ↑ Lukas Zimmer: Bitter dispute over Anne Frank's diaries. Words that stand for themselves. In: orf.at. December 27, 2015, accessed December 29, 2015 .
  14. ↑ Olivier Ertzscheid: Le journal d'Anne Frank est un cadeau. In: Olivier Ertzscheid's blog. January 1, 2016, accessed February 1, 2016 (French).
  15. ↑ Yannick Cador: The dispute over the diary of Anne Frank. (Video) In: arte . February 1, 2016, accessed February 1, 2016 .
  16. ↑ "Diary of Anne Frank" available online. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . January 2, 2016, accessed February 1, 2016 .
  17. ^ The Anne Frank Foundation publishes two previously unknown pages from Frank's famous diary. Their content: "rough jokes" . faz.net, May 15, 2018, accessed May 15, 2018.
  18. ↑ Posted pages Anne Frank met intieme passages leesbaar gemaakt . ad.nl, accessed on May 17, 2018.
  19. ↑ a b page no longer available , search in web archives: short biography on Women's Lives@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.edwardsly.com
  20. ↑ The White House.gov: Remarks by the First Lady - Elie Wiesel Humanitarian Awards, New York City, April 14, 1994 ( Memento of May 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  21. ^ Address by President Nelson Mandela at the Johannesburg opening of the Anne Frank Exhibition at the Museum Africa, August 15, 1994, Johannesburg. In: sahistory.org.za. Archived from the original ; accessed on September 1, 2019 .
  22. ^ Jacob B. Michaelsen: Remembering Anne Frank (Judaism, Spring, 1997)
  23. ^ John Berryman: The Development of Anne Frank. In: Sandra Solotaroff-Enzer, Hyman Aaron Enzer: Anne Frank: Reflections on her life and legacy. University of Illinois Press, 2000, ISBN 0-252-06823-8 , p. 78
  24. ↑ Melissa Müller: The girl Anne Frank: The biography. List Tb., 2007, ISBN 3-548-60730-6 , p.
  25. ↑ Solarnavigator.net: Ann Frank Diaries (English)
  26. ↑ Teresien Da Silva (Anne Frank Foundation): On the authenticity of the diary ( Memento from June 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  27. ^ Frank Devine: David Irving & the Diary of Anne Frank. In: The Australian , July 25, 1994 (online at Nizkor.org).
  28. ↑ Jürg Altwegg: Noam Chomsky and the reality of the gas chambers , Zeit Online , November 21, 2012.
  29. ^ YG: A Study of the Diary of Anne Frank. Seminar paper with Elliot Neaman, spring 1997 (online at Pratique de l'histoire et dévoiements négationnistes , November 23, 2012).
  30. ↑ Anne-Frank.org: judgment of the Amsterdam Court of 27 April 2000 ( Memento of 10 November 2007 at the Internet Archive ) (PDF)
  31. ↑ Simon Sheppard, On the book of Frank . Heretical.com 1997
  32. ↑ quoted by Lars von Törne (Die Zeit, November 12, 2010): Anne Frank in the comic: "That could have been me"
  33. ↑ Blue paste . In: Der Spiegel . No. 41 , 1980 ( online ).
  34. ↑ Federal Criminal Police Office, press release July 26, 2006: Forensic expert opinion from 1980 does not raise any doubts about the authenticity of the Anne Frank diaries ( memento of the original from February 18, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bka.de
  35. ↑ Netherlands Institute for War Document (Ed.): The Diary of Anne Frank: The Revised Critical Edition. Doubleday, Amsterdam 2003, ISBN 0-385-50847-6 , p. 167 (English)
  36. ↑ Children in Hiding: Persecuted - Submerged - Saved? on hagalil.com
  37. ↑ Andrea Roepke: Brown provocation. Neo-Nazis mock Anne Frank . BNR, December 7, 2006; chargeable
  38. ↑ Inga Klöver, Christine Nobereit Seal: Sacrifice Feast in Pretzien . MDR broadcast FAKT, July 10, 2006
  39. ↑ Eberhard Löblich: Mockery of the concentration camp victims . In: Blick nach Rechts , 22/2006
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on March 5, 2007 .