Simon Wiesenthal

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Simon Wiesenthal (1982)

Simon Wiesenthal ( December 31, 1908 in Buczacz, Galicia , Austria-Hungary , today Buschatsch , Ukraine - September 20, 2005 in Vienna , Austria ) was an Austrian - Jewish survivor of the Holocaust . He was an architect , publicist and writer by profession .

After his liberation from the Mauthausen concentration camp in May 1945, Simon Wiesenthal made the “search for justice for millions of innocently murdered” his life's work. As a result, he became a contemporary witness of the Holocaust, who researched perpetrators from the time of National Socialism around the world in order to bring them to legal proceedings. He founded the Documentation Center for Jewish Historical Documentation in Linz and later the Documentation Center of the Association of Jews Persecuted by the Nazi Regime in Vienna.

Wiesenthal did not see himself as a "Nazi hunter", as he was described both appreciatively by supporters and disapprovingly by critics over the years. Wiesenthal saw himself more as a researcher who wanted to hold those responsible who had contributed to the planned “ final solution to the Jewish question ”. Accordingly, after an early rethink , he rejected the collective guilt thesis. Wiesenthal saw in his work, among other things, the fulfillment of his duty as a contemporary witness and survivor of the Holocaust to warn against forgetting the Shoah , which did not begin with mass murder and gas chambers , but with the dismantling of democracy and human rights . His international lecturing activities were therefore based on the motto "Enlightenment is defense".

As the author of numerous books that have been translated into several languages, Wiesenthal wanted to leave a legacy for future generations.

Life

Pre-war and Shoah

Simon Wiesenthal (around 1940)

Wiesenthal was the son of the sugar wholesaler and officer of the multi-ethnic state Austria-Hungary Hans Wiesenthal, who died in the First World War in 1915 . In Buczacz, which from July 1919 belonged to the newly founded Poland , Simon Wiesenthal only barely survived a pogrom of marauding Russian Cossacks at the age of twelve . After his Matura (May 23, 1928, Butschatsch Gymnasium), he was not admitted to the Polytechnic Institute in Lviv due to a quota restriction for Jewish students . Instead he studied architecture in Prague at the Czech Technical University in Prague and graduated in 1932 with an engineering degree.

In 1936 he married his school friend Cyla Müller, a distant relative of Sigmund Freud , and opened an architecture office in Lemberg. After the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland in 1939, his stepfather was imprisoned and dispossessed. Eventually he died as a result of his imprisonment. Wiesenthal had to close his architecture office. He was only allowed to work as a technician.

After the German attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, Wiesenthal was arrested by members of the Wehrmacht Nachtigall battalion in Lemberg in July of that year . Even then he was working with the Polish resistance organization. He used these contacts to save his wife, so that she escaped deportation and, under the name of Irena Kowalska, was able to flee to Warsaw first. With a false passport she was deported to the Rhineland for forced labor and was able to survive undetected.

After his arrest in Lemberg, German SS and Wehrmacht members forced men from the city to stand next to man-sized wooden boxes on the market square. The shootings began. The church bells rang at noon. One shouted “Stop it now, Vespers” (original interview with S. Wiesenthal) and about 10 to 20 men in front of Simon Wiesenthal stopped the killing. He was then taken to a concentration camp.

Simon Wiesenthal was imprisoned in a total of twelve labor and concentration camps, including the main camps at Groß-Rosen and Buchenwald , the internment camp in Plaszów and the Lemberg ghetto . In early May 1945 he was released from the Mauthausen concentration camp in Upper Austria by the US Army .

After the world war

After the Second World War , he immediately came into contact with the responsible American authorities and on May 20, 1945, he handed over a list of 91 National Socialist criminals. In July the Americans asked him to look for Adolf Eichmann . He did not see his wife Cyla again until the end of 1945.

His only daughter, Pauline, was born in 1946. In 1947 , he founded the Jewish Historical Documentation in Linz , Upper Austria, which , among other things, set itself the goal of evaluating information received from witnesses and creating files on perpetrators and crime scenes. He closed the office in Linz in 1954 because at the height of the Cold War there was hardly any government organization involved in his investigations and he therefore received no support. During this time he worked in further training for Jewish refugees, who without a job hardly had a chance to emigrate. In 1961 he again founded a Jewish Documentation Center in Vienna . This center was only able to work on the basis of donations.

Simon Wiesenthal reported how his nine-year-old daughter Pauline came home from school and asked: What kind of people are we? Everyone in the class has grandma, grandpa, uncles, aunts, why don't we have anyone? He couldn't answer that and burst into tears. He reported how horror and murder haunted him again and again in dreams and thoughts: Then I lay drenched in sweat during the night. The Wiesenthal couple lost 89 relatives in the Holocaust. Wiesenthal fought his sleep disorders by meticulously collecting postage stamps, mainly from his Galician homeland.

As early as 1953, Wiesenthal tracked down Eichmann in Argentina with the help of postage stamp friends. In 1954 he found an intermediary who was ready to identify Eichmann. However, he was missing $ 500 for his travel expenses. Wiesenthal asked the then President of the World Jewish Congress, Nahum Goldmann , for this amount, but he refused. Wiesenthal then passed on his knowledge to the Israeli government.

In May 1960, Eichmann was by Israeli agents after Israel kidnapped and in the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem brought to justice. Up until this point in time, Eichmann had been able to live undisturbed in Argentina with the help of Argentine diplomats , officials of the Catholic Church and also the CIA . Alongside John Demjanjuk, Eichmann was the only National Socialist who was brought to justice in Israel.

The former Mossad boss Isser Harel later denied that Wiesenthal helped in the capture of Eichmann. Tom Segev , Wiesenthal biographer and Israeli journalist, confirmed in June 2006 the existence of a letter from Wiesenthal to the World Jewish Congress from 1954, in which he referred to Eichmann's stay in Argentina.

Tom Segev also wrote in his biography that Wiesenthal worked with the Israeli Mossad for years. He received a monthly salary from the secret service and regular visits from agents from Israel. Wiesenthal used the money to finance the work of his documentation center.

One of the best-known perpetrators that Wiesenthal found alongside Eichmann was Karl Silberbauer in Vienna in 1963 , who had arrested Anne Frank, then 15, in Amsterdam in 1944 . Until then, Silberbauer worked as a Viennese detective paleon inspector. Wiesenthal's uncovering was the most difficult case, as old Nazi cliques were also active in Austria.

In 1967 he found the concentration camp commanders of the Treblinka extermination camp , Franz Stangl , Franz Murer, and in 1987 in Brazil the former ghetto commandant of Przemyśl , Josef Schwammberger . The Gestapo chief of Lyon , Klaus Barbie , known as the "butcher of Lyon", first worked as a torture specialist with the CIC and then went into hiding in 1951 in Bolivia . There the couple Serge and Beate Klarsfeld tracked him down, whereupon he was extradited to France in 1983 with Wiesenthal's help.

Franz Murer , the "butcher of Vilnius ", was brought to court several times at Wiesenthal's instigation. Murer was extradited to the Soviet Union in 1948 and sentenced to 25 years in prison in Vilnius. The death penalty was not imposed on him at the time because of a change in the law. In 1955 he was extradited to Austria in accordance with the agreements in the State Treaty , but at that time the Austrian judiciary did not pursue him any further. It was not until 1962, after Simon Wiesenthal intervened, that he was arrested again and a trial in Graz ended with a scandalous acquittal. Franz Murer lived until the end of his life, even after repeated attempts to bring him to court again, in Gaishorn am See , Liezen district. Most recently he was the district farmers' representative of the ÖVP . In the process, prominent advocates, especially from the ÖVP camp, stood by his side.

Since there is no central public prosecutor's office in Austria, numerous Nazi trials were not conducted. Only 20 people have been convicted in Austria since 1955, 23 people (including some with scandalous sentences) were acquitted. In his 1966 memorandum to the ÖVP government , Wiesenthal criticized the Austrian authorities' lack of interest in investigating and prosecuting Nazi perpetrators in Austria. His finding had no consequences, because public prosecutors and police officers were always overworked, investigations were delayed, former Nazi members were among the investigating officers, and no observers were sent to German parallel trials. Without Simon Wiesenthal's tireless commitment, a large number of investigations against, in some cases, prominent perpetrators, would not have come about. A total of around 5,500 people have been surveyed since 1955, but most of them are not sufficiently forceful.

The few trials in Austria only took into account the foreign policy necessity to conduct Nazi trials at all. After the two builders of the Auschwitz crematoria , Fritz Ertl and Walter Dejaco , and in 1975 Johann Gogl , once a butcher in Mauthausen, were acquitted by the Austrian jury in 1972 , Wiesenthal seemed to give up temporarily: around 800 Nazis remained in Austria, who were being investigated , unpunished. This record is particularly bitter for those affected by the Holocaust because immediately after 1945 there had been serious attempts to prosecute Nazi perpetrators; the " People's Courts " were responsible for this . As soon as the polluted became interesting as voters from 1949 onwards, the interest of the ÖVP- SPÖ coalition in the investigation of Nazi crimes waned.

Conflicts

In 1975 a dispute arose between Wiesenthal and the Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky about the SS past of FPÖ chairman Friedrich Peter , which went down in the history books as the Kreisky-Peter-Wiesenthal affair . In the course of this affair, Kreisky accused Wiesenthal of collaborating with the Gestapo without evidence . Wiesenthal stated in a television interview in 1978 that the period of these attacks by Kreisky had been the worst for him since his stay in the concentration camp. A court order sentenced Kreisky to a fine for his allegations.

In 1986, the World Jewish Congress (WJC) was instrumental in investigating the past of the then Austrian presidential candidate Kurt Waldheim (see also " Waldheim Affair "). Waldheim was accused of having provided false information about his activities in occupied Greece during the Second World War, as well as about his memberships. Waldheim only gradually admitted his euphemisms, but he was never an SS member, as representatives of the WJC had initially assumed. As the Federal President who had already been elected , Waldheim was put on the “ Watch List ”, primarily at the instigation of the World Jewish Congress in the United States in 1987 , which meant that he was banned from entering the country as a private person. Wiesenthal took a more differentiated attitude towards Waldheim and instead called for a historians' commission. This was also used by the Austrian government and came to the conclusion that Waldheim was not personally responsible for war crimes, but that he was responsible for the deportation of Greek Jews and for keeping quiet and glossing over his activities during the war.

1996 accused Eli Rosenbaum , former "general counsel" bzw.Chef counsel or solicitor of the World Jewish Congress, Wiesenthal of having failed in finding the major war criminals and accused him of base motives. However, this accusation only temporarily damaged Wiesenthal's reputation.

A broadcast by the NDR magazine Panorama on February 8, 1996 caused a sensation. In addition to some Jewish witnesses, Joachim Wagner, in particular, had Eli Rosenbaum repeat his allegations, such as an exaggerated presentation of Wiesenthal's successes and even an obstruction in ongoing investigations. The FAZ (February 14, 1996) saw it as an “attempt at an execution” . Wiesenthal's reaction remained calm: "My life's work cannot be ruined by a few people who have hardly done anything themselves with the help of TV journalists addicted to quotations" ( SZ , February 12, 1996). Dangerous threats remained, in 1982 he narrowly escaped a bomb attack by neo-Nazi Ekkehard Weil .

Late recognition

In 1977 the Simon Wiesenthal Center named after him was founded with headquarters in Los Angeles . The aim of the center was and is to this day to prosecute war criminals and Nazis on the run. Further institutes have now been founded in New York , Miami , Toronto , Jerusalem , Paris and Buenos Aires .

Initially, Simon Wiesenthal felt it was a great honor that the Simon Wiesenthal Center was named after him. Its director, Marvin Hier , provided him with numerous lectures, prizes and honors in the United States. He did not succeed in having Simon Wiesenthal honored with the Nobel Prize. In later years, Simon Wiesenthal often felt ignored or poorly informed, so that the conflicts increased. Marvin Hier succeeded time and again in appeasing him. Simon Wiesenthal left his desk with the map hung behind the Simon Wiesenthal Center.

In 1989, his life was filmed in the multiple award-winning film Murderers Among Us: The Simon Wiesenthal Story (German title: Recht, nicht Rache ) with Ben Kingsley as Simon Wiesenthal.

Rachel Whiteread: Memorial for the Austrian victims of the Shoah, on Vienna's Judenplatz, 2000

On his initiative, the memorial for the Austrian Jewish victims of the Shoah was erected on Vienna's Judenplatz , since then the central memorial for the murdered Austrian Jews.

In 2003 Wiesenthal retired. Looking back at his life's work, he said that he had largely achieved his goals ( NZZ , April 25, 2003). His work is now being continued by Efraim Zuroff from the Jerusalem Wiesenthal Center, especially in Eastern European countries. His wife Cyla died on November 10, 2003. She was buried in the New Israelite Department of the Vienna Central Cemetery.

In 2004 Wiesenthal was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain . The importance of this award can be seen in the fact that British citizens are automatically raised to the nobility. Wiesenthal received the medal insignia from the British ambassador in Vienna during a visit to his home.

On June 9, 2005, Federal President Heinz Fischer awarded him the Great Gold Medal for Services to the Republic of Austria . During the Kreisky-Wiesenthal affair , Fischer was the SPÖ's club chairman and had proposed an investigative committee against Wiesenthal, which, however, did not materialize. In the 2004 presidential election campaign, Fischer publicly distanced himself from his initiative at the time: I would act differently and more mature today and I am sorry that I did not find a better way to resolve the conflict back then.

Simon Wiesenthal died on September 20, 2005 in his house in Vienna- Döbling at the age of 96. He left his daughter Pauline Kreisberg, three grandchildren and seven great-grandchildren in Israel. A memorial service, at which Federal President Fischer and Federal Chancellor Schüssel gave speeches, took place in the New Israelite Department of the Vienna Central Cemetery.

Wiesenthal's last will was to be buried in Israel. He was buried on September 23, 2005 in the cemetery of the villa district of Pituach in Herzlia in the presence of Austrian and Israeli government representatives.

Appreciation

Biographers, journalists, friends and opponents have provided Simon Wiesenthal with numerous labels. Depending on the motivation, Wiesenthal is described as an “uncomfortable contemporary” , “obsessive seeker of truth” , “ living legend ” , “disruptive factor” and “provocateur” of Austrian domestic politics, “Gestapo collaborator” , “personified Jewish conscience” , “Don Quixote or James Bond " , " Practical philosopher " or - the most common and synonymous addition - " Nazi hunter " .

In his memoirs he described himself as a criminalist; As a graduate engineer, he signed letters or with the addition “Head of the Documentation Archive of the Association of Jews Persecuted by the Nazi Regime” . Wiesenthal did not see himself as an avenger either, since he did not feel any hatred. However, he thought of the many people who no longer exist and stood up on behalf of these many murdered and tortured to death. Wiesenthal endeavored to protect people after the Shoah and to teach murderers and monsters that they could not escape their punishment and condemnation. This also applies despite their initially successful escape due to the help through diplomatic channels and Catholic-Church networks, the so-called rat line .

After the war, Simon Wiesenthal initially believed in the collective guilt of the Germans for the Nazi crimes. Finally he changed his mind because the Jews had been "victims of the collective guilt thesis for 2000 years". Rather, his work aimed to show individual guilt.

criticism

British author Guy Walters describes Wiesenthal as a "liar" who made false or exaggerated claims about his academic career and his war years. Walters claims that there are many inconsistencies in his memoirs, making it impossible to paint a coherent picture of Wiesenthal's life during World War II. In response, the director of the Wiener Library , Ben Barkow , was quoted as saying that it was possible to accept that Wiesenthal was a show-off and even a liar, and at the same time to acknowledge Wiesenthal's documented achievements. Walters' view that Wiesenthal had no real part in the persecution of Nazi perpetrators is resolutely contradicted by the Israeli historian Tom Segev . However, Segev also takes the view that Wiesenthal occasionally exaggerated and dramatized in his work, enriched his publications with fictitious episodes and occasionally distributed several versions of the same event.

In 2010, Der Spiegel published a critical portrait of Wiesenthal.

Scientific institutions and documentation centers

Simon Wiesenthal Archive

Simon Wiesenthal's legacy consists on the one hand of an extensive collection of documents on Nazi perpetrators and Nazi crime complexes (around 8,000 files in approx. 35 running meters). On the other hand, it also contains numerous documents on Wiesenthal's conflict with Austrian domestic and foreign policy, as well as a wide variety of testimonials to his commitment against oblivion. This estate is housed in the documentation center of the Association of Jews Persecuted by the Nazi Regime (Simon Wiesenthal Archive) in downtown Vienna, where it is systematically indexed and digitally recorded in detail.

Wiener Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies (VWI)

Wiener Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies (VWI); Vienna, Rabensteig 3

Wiesenthal was asked again and again in the last years of his life about the future destination for his legacy. The Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial in Israel and the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles were shortlisted . However, when the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wien (IKG) approached him with the plan to found a Shoah research center on Wiener Rabensteig, he saw it as a worthy place to leave his life's work in Austria. Together with Austrian and international Holocaust researchers and scientists from other disciplines, a concept for the establishment of a research institute was developed.

One of the basic ideas of this research facility was u. a. the integration of the holdings of his archive into this Wiener Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies (VWI) , which was finally named after him . Other supporting organizations of this institute, which was founded in 2009 and has been in full operation since 2012, include the Documentation Center of the Association of Jews Persecuted by the Nazi Regime and the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wien (IKG), the Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance (DÖW), the Institute for Contemporary History at the University of Vienna , the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), the Center for Jewish Cultural History at the University of Salzburg and the Jewish Museum Vienna (JMW).

The Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies (VWI), Vienna 1., Rabensteig 3, has housed the collections since January 2017. In the new VWI building there is also the generally accessible exhibition The Future of Remembrance - Museum Simon Wiesenthal on the ground floor .

Awards (selection)

Publications

Own writings

  • Mauthausen concentration camp. Picture and word. Ibis, Linz and Vienna, 1946.
  • Grand Mufti - major agent of the Axis. Factual report with 24 photographs. Reid, Salzburg and Vienna 1947.
  • I chased Eichmann. Factual report. S. Mohn, Gütersloh 1961.
  • Humor behind the iron curtain. Signum, Gütersloh 1962 (under the pseudonym Mischka Kukin).
  • But the murderers are alive. Edited and introduced by Joseph Wechselberg. Droemer Knaur, Munich / Zurich 1967.
  • Same language. First for Hitler - now for Ulbricht. Simon Wiesenthal's press conference on September 6, 1968 in Vienna. R. Vogel, Bonn 1968.
  • The sunflower. Of guilt and forgiveness. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 1970, ISBN 3-455-08292-0 .
  • Sails of hope. The secret mission of Christopher Columbus. Walter, Olten / Freiburg im Breisgau 1972, ISBN 3-530-95300-8 . New edition: Sails of Hope. Christopher Columbus in search of the promised land. Ullstein, Berlin 1991, ISBN 3-550-06189-7 .
  • Max and Helen. A factual novel. Ullstein, Berlin a. a. 1981, ISBN 3-550-06352-0 .
  • Krystyna. The tragedy of the Polish resistance. Nymphenburger, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-485-00535-5 .
  • Every day a memorial day. Chronicle of Jewish suffering. Bleicher, Gerlingen 1988, ISBN 3-88350-606-0 .
  • Escape from fate. Novel. Nymphenburger, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-485-00546-0 .
  • Right, not vengeance. Memories. Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main / Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-550-07829-3 .
  • Because they knew what they were doing. Drawings and notes from the Mauthausen concentration camp. Deuticke, Vienna 1995, ISBN 3-216-30114-1 .

editor

  • Statute of limitations. 200 public figures say no. A documentation. European publishing house, Frankfurt am Main 1965.
  • Project: Judenplatz Vienna. For the construction of memory. Zsolnay, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-552-04982-7 .

Films about Simon Wiesenthal

  • " The Odessa Files " , Shmuel Rodensky as Simon Wiesenthal, 1974, thriller drama, 120 min.
  • "Simon Wiesenthal or Ich hagt Eichmann" , TV portrait by Hans-Dieter Grabe, first broadcast on German television on March 2, 1978, repeated on 3sat on April 2, 2008 in the series "30 Years Ago", 50 min.
  • “ Right, not revenge ” , Ben Kingsley as Simon Wiesenthal, 1989, feature film-drama, 168 min.
  • " The Art of Remembering - Simon Wiesenthal " , written and directed by Hannah Heer and Werner Schmiedel, A / USA 1994/95, documentary with film scenes, music: John Zorn , 99 min.
  • "Simon Wiesenthal" , script and direction: Andreas Novak , documentary, ORF , 45 min., First broadcast October 27, 2000 This documentary received the Dr. Karl Renner Journalism Prize for 2000, the highest award in Austrian journalism
  • “In memory of Simon Wiesenthal. Against Forgetting “ , ZDF , documentary, 15 min., First broadcast on September 21, 2005
  • I Have Never Forgotten You - The Life And Legacy Of Simon Wiesenthal. (I haven't forgotten you - Simon Wiesenthal's life and legacy.) Documentation, USA, 2006, 141 min., Director: Richard Trank, speaker: Nicole Kidman , summary of the Berlin International Film Festival 2007 (WP) ( PDF file, 2 pp .; 240 kB), discussion

literature

Web links

Wikiquote: Simon Wiesenthal  - Quotes
Commons : Simon Wiesenthal  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

items

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Sprawozdanie Dyrekcyi Państwowego Gimnazyum w Buczaczu za rok szkolny 1927/28 , Buczacz 1928, p. 22. (Polish)
  2. ↑ Tom Segev : Simon Wiesenthal . Siedler, Berlin 2010, p. 369.
  3. ↑ Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz (Ed.): Lexicon of "Coping with the Past" in Germany. Debate and discourse history of National Socialism after 1945. transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2009, ISBN 978-3-8394-0773-8 , p. 46.
  4. ↑ Stamped homeland: Nazi hunter Wiesenthal was also a stamp collector ( memento from February 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) , report from the dpa (German Press Agency), May 26, 2006.
  5. ↑ Scott Shane: CIA Knew Where Eichmann Was Hiding, Documents Show , in: The New York Times , June 7, 2006.
  6. ↑ Alexander Schwabe: On the death of Simon Wiesenthal: The hero of life is dead on: Spiegel Online , website of the news magazine Der Spiegel , Hamburg, September 20, 2005.
  7. ^ Anne-Catherine Simon: Postage stamps put him on Eichmann's trail , in: Die Presse newspaper , Vienna, June 6, 2006.
  8. ^ Willi Winkler: Code name 'Theocrat'. Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal was on the Mossad payroll. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung daily newspaper , Munich, 4./5. September 2010.
  9. ^ Josef Berghold: The picture of Austria in Italy. In: Robert Kriechbaumer, Oliver Rathkolb, Otto M. Maschke (eds.): Austrian national history after 1945. Seen with different eyes. Böhlau, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-205-99105-2 , p. 284.
  10. ↑ "Simon Wiesenthal or Ich hagt Eichmann", television portrait of Hans-Dieter Grabe, first broadcast on German television on March 2, 1978.
  11. ↑ Ralph Blumenthal: “Simon Wiesenthal Is Dead at 96; Tirelessly Pursued Nazi Fugitives, ” New York Times, September 21, 2005.
  12. ↑ Michael Maier: Simon Wiesenthal: "Something will happen." Nazi hunter wants to defend himself against accusations . In: Berliner Zeitung . February 13, 1996.
  13. ↑ See Tom Segev, pp. 460-470.
  14. ↑ knerger.de: The grave of Simon Wiesenthal
  15. ↑ www.simon-wiesenthal-archiv.at
  16. ↑ The head Nazi-hunter's trail of lies , Sunday Times article, July 19, 2009.
  17. ↑ It is right to expose Wiesenthal , article in The Jewish Chronicle , August 20, 2009.
  18. ^ H-Soz-u-Kult: Tom Segev: Simon Wiesenthal. Reviewed by Julia Wagner
  19. ↑ Jan Friedmann: Larger than life ego , Der Spiegel, September 6, 2010.
  20. ↑ The future of remembering - Museum Simon Wiesenthal. Wiener Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies
  21. ^ Roosevelt Institute, List of Award Winners ( March 25, 2015 memento in the Internet Archive ), accessed November 29, 2012.
  22. ↑ List of all decorations awarded by the Federal President for services to the Republic of Austria from 1952 (PDF; 6.9 MB)
  23. ↑ Simon Wiesenthal Gasse, 1020 Vienna @ google maps (access = May 3, 2010)
  24. ↑ Simon Wiesenthal, Austrian edition ( Memento from June 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive ); From the Internet archive : Israeli miniature sheet € 5.00 ( Memento from September 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (accessed on March 9, 2017)
  25. ↑ according to the Philateliemagazin album of the Austrian Post June 2010 [1]. Accessed March 9, 2017
  26. ↑ Ben Lewis, "Essays: Hammer & Tickle," Prospect Magazine, May 2006.
  27. ↑ "The Art of Remembering - Simon Wiesenthal" by Dietrich Kuhlbrodt .
  28. ↑ Dr. Karl Renner Publizistik-Preis 2000 ( Memento from February 10, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  29. ↑ Tom Segev about the book (quoted from an interview in the Aargauer Zeitung, September 8, 2010, p. 23): “… there is [so far] no biography that is freely and independently based on the documents that Wiesenthal left behind. I was the first to have completely free access to his documents, including his private files. Nobody tried to influence me. On the contrary, his daughter said she was happy that someone was working through the archives because there was so much that she didn't know about her father ... "
  30. ↑ The tragedy of the patriot. Interview with Tom Segev in Die Zeit . September 8, 2010.
  31. ↑ The mirror. 36/2010, pp. 52 and 55.
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on December 26, 2005 .
personal data
SURNAME Wiesenthal, Simon
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian publicist, writer and head of the Jewish Documentation Center in Vienna
DATE OF BIRTH December 31, 1908
PLACE OF BIRTH Buczacz , Galicia , Austria-Hungary (now Ukraine )
DATE OF DEATH September 20, 2005
Place of death Vienna , Austria