Lviv ghetto
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The Jewish Residential District or the Lemberg Ghetto was a concentration camp assembly camp set up by the German occupiers during the Second World War in Lemberg (Lviv) in the Galicia district of the Generalgouvernement . In its history Lviv belonged to Poland and Austria, among others . On September 17, 1939, the Red Army moved into Polish territory due to the Hitler-Stalin Pact . From the German-occupied Poland , many Jews fled Poland before here. After the Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland by the Red Army, Lemberg became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic , after the German occupation in the course of the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, the city became part of the German General Government established over Poland.
The German occupation of Lviv began on June 30, 1941. The nightingale battalion, consisting of Ukrainians, was also involved in the occupation. There were at least 4,000 murders of residents. Since July 8, 1941, Jews were obliged to wear the yellow star. The assembly camp should not be confused with the Lemberg-Janowska forced labor camp , which was set up in October / November 1941.
A so-called Judenrat with 7 members was installed in the assembly camp on July 22, 1941. Josef Parnes , a former lawyer, was appointed Jewish elder. In November, the Germans shot Parnes to death because he refused to obey their orders to do the inmates' forced labor . In a three-day pogrom , pro-German Ukrainian nationalists murdered around 2,000 Jews in Lemberg from July 25, 1941 (also known as the Petlyura pogrom, after the pogroms of 1918/1919 carried out by Symon Petlyura's troops). On October 2, 1941 500 Jewish men were to forced labor in the German equipment works (DAW) in the Janowska concentration camp selected .
On November 8, 1941, the “Jewish Residential District” was established. The Jews of Lviv and other Jewish refugees who were in the city had to be in the residential district by December 15, 1941. The non-Jewish residents there had to move out by then. During the "parades", almost 5,000 elderly and sick people were shot on the way to the "ghetto". At times up to 160,000 people were interned in the camp. Previously there were Jewish residential areas, but these were not at all separated from other residential areas. The Jewish residential area was eventually completely enclosed and a curfew was imposed.
The raids for deportation to the Belzec extermination camp began on March 14, 1942 . By April 1, the SS had deported 15,000 Jews to the death factory. Further raids took place from August 10 to August 23, 1942. About 50,000 were sent to the Lemberg-Janowska forced labor camp and from there to the Belzec concentration camp. The residential area has been reduced by about half. Henryk Landesberg , elder in the Judenrat, other members of the Judenrat and ghetto police officers were publicly hanged on September 1, 1942 under the command of the head of the Gestapo Jewish Department, Erich Engels . Further deportations took place on November 18, 1942. On January 5, 1943, 10,000 Jews were deported from the residential district without work permits. Two days later the first massacre took place in the "Piaski", the sand hills behind the Janowska Street camp, and the second ten days later.
The camp was dismantled on June 1, 1943, traces of the mass murders were to be removed and graves were to be exhumed . A riot broke out in which some SS guards were injured and killed. Another massacre of 7,000 people followed in the "Piaski". About 3,000 more were shot dead on site when the camp was liquidated.
The Red Army liberated Lviv on July 26, 1944. When the Lviv-Sandomierz advance reached Lviv, she found only 200 to 300 surviving Jews.
See also
literature
- Thomas Sandkühler : Final solution in Galicia. The murder of Jews in Eastern Poland and the rescue initiatives of Berthold Beitz 1941-1944 . Dietz successor, Bonn 1996, ISBN 3-8012-5022-9 .
- Dieter Pohl : National Socialist Persecution of Jews in East Galicia, 1941-1944. Oldenbourg, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-486-56233-9 .
- Leon W. Wells : A son of Job , transl. From d. Engl. By H. Th. Asbeck. Munich: C. Hanser 1963
Web links
- Lviv Ghetto on deathcamps.org
- Lvov on ushmm.org
Coordinates: 49 ° 50 ′ 22 ″ N , 24 ° 1 ′ 58 ″ E