Labor camp
Labor camps , also called penal camps or re-education camps , are places where people are held for forced labor , with or without pay , depending on the concept of the camp . The first modern labor camps in the 18th century were British penal colonies . Labor camps still exist in some countries today.
A person can be locked in a labor camp for various reasons: On the one hand, it is the punishment for a criminal act, but also undesirable political (cf.Political Prisoner ) or religious activity, on the other hand, the person making the internship exploits the labor of the Inmates from.
history
There have been labor camps in different forms throughout history:
Great Britain initially used the 13 colonies in North America as penal camps. After the American Revolution and the American Declaration of Independence , the British had to find a new place to transfer their prisoners. The choice fell on Australia, which the British used as a convict colony until 1868 . The historical background for the increasing number of penal camps from the 18th century on is the European population explosion , the resulting wage-dependent industrial proletariat and the associated social question and pauperism .
On November 24, 1933, the law against dangerous habitual criminals and measures for reform and security introduced the workhouse measure in the German Reich . In addition to the still permissible accommodations in a psychiatric hospital , a rehabilitation center or in preventive detention , the accommodation was in a workhouse (§ 42d Penal Code provided).
In addition to the German concentration camps , the Soviet gulags , which reached their greatest extent in the 1950s, were a late form of labor camp .
Examples
Examples include:
- Workhouses in the German Empire , the European Middle Ages and the forerunners
- From the Middle Ages to the 18th century, for example Spain , galley slaves in the fleets, which mostly consisted of galleys and galeas
- Bagnos : French prisons where convicts had to do heavy labor
- Workhouses were built in Ireland during the Great Famine (1845–1849). Only those who worked could eat (details here )
- Exile labor camps and forced labor in prisons during the Russian Tsarist era (see descriptions in some of Dostoyevsky's novels ): Tsarism Russia (1547–1721), Russian Empire (-1917), see: Katorga
- Soviet labor camp: Gulag
- Germany in the time of National Socialism : Nazi forced labor within and combined with:
- Labor education camps (initially also referred to as police detention and education camps)
- Concentration and extermination camps ; the designation “Arbeitslager der Waffen-SS” was the code name officially used by the SS from 1943 on, especially for those sub-camps that were built in the course of the increased underground relocation of the German armaments industry.
- In March 1940, the Swiss Federal Council decided to lift the employment ban for male emigrants / refugees and to set up labor camps for them under the direction of the police department.
- Camp for the German population immediately after the end of World War II in the People's Republic of Poland, mainly in the eastern areas of the German Reich , in Yugoslavia, in the Soviet Union, within the framework of collective guilt
- Jasenovac concentration camp in the independent state of Croatia
- Goli otok re-education camp in Yugoslavia
- Labor and re-education camps in Vietnam , North Korea ( Kyo-hwa-so ), Cambodia
- Labor camp in the People's Republic of China
- Detention labor camp (HAL) in the GDR
- Labor education camp for young people 1966–1967 in Rüdersdorf near Berlin (GDR)
- Forced labor was reintroduced as a form of punishment in Russia in 2017 after the legal option to do so was created in 2011.
See also
literature
- Robert Castel : The metamorphoses of the social question: a chronicle of wage labor (= Édition discours , Volume 44), 2nd edition, UVK, Konstanz 2008 (original title: Les métamorphoses de la question sociale, une chronique du salariat , 1995, translated by Andreas Pfeuffer ), ISBN 978-3-86764-067-1 .
- Gunnar Heinsohn , Rolf Knieper , Otto Steiger : Human production: general population theory of the modern age . Suhrkamp TB 914, Frankfurt am Main 1979; 2nd edition 1986, ISBN 3-518-10914-6 .
- Simon Erlanger: “Only a transit country”: Labor camps and internment homes for refugees and emigrants in Switzerland 1940-1949 , Chronos, Zurich 2006, ISBN 978-3-0340-0743-6 (dissertation University of Basel 2006, 278 pages, under the title : Camp and onward migration ).
- Susanne Schorta: Labor camps and homes for refugees and emigrants in Switzerland 1939–1945, 1990, OCLC 715795240 (Travail de séminaire dactylographié présenté pour un séminaire d'histoire à l'Université de Berne, été 1990 (manuscript of the seminar paper at the historical institute University of Bern , summer 1990), 70 pages).
- Suzanna Jansen: The Paradise of the Poor. Eine Familiengeschichte, 2016, Darmstadt: Konrad Theiss Verlag, (The author reconstructs her own family history back to the 18th century and discovers that her ancestors grew up in a labor camp, 262 pages)
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Gunnar Heinsohn, Rolf Knieper, Otto Steiger: People production. General population theory of the modern age . Frankfurt / M .: Suhrkamp 1979 ( content )
- ^ Robert Castel: The Metamorphoses of the Social Question. UVK Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (Konstanz) 2008 ( table of contents )
- ↑ See Wolfgang Ayaß : Das Arbeitshaus Breitenau. Beggars, vagrants, prostitutes, pimps and welfare recipients in the correctional and rural poor institution in Breitenau (1874–1949). , Kassel 1992.
- ↑ Hans Maršálek : The history of the concentration camp Mauthausen . Documentation. 3. Edition. Austrian camp community Mauthausen, Vienna 1995, p. 71.
- ^ Article by the Federal Agency for Civic Education on Tibetans in Chinese labor camps
- ↑ [1] (PDF; 216 kB)
- ^ Court decision of the KG Berlin dated August 6, 2010, file number 2 Ws 28/10 REHA
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↑ In 2017 a new form of punishment will be introduced in Russia , Vedemosti, October 4, 2016.
2017 Russia will return to forced labor as a punishment , Openrussia.org, October 4, 2016