German forced laborers after 1945

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Remembering the refugee and border transit camp in Moschendorf . From 1945 to 1957 returning forced laborers were intercepted here.

The German forced laborers after 1945 are German prisoners of war from the Second World War and civilians who were committed to forced labor by the victorious powers after the end of the Second World War . The measure primarily served economic aspects, in particular the repair of German war damage and the reconstruction of destroyed areas.

At the Tehran Conference in 1943, the Soviet head of state, Josef Stalin , called for 4 million German workers to be deployed to eliminate the devastation of the war against the Soviet Union after the end of the war . Forced labor was also part of the never realized Morgenthau Plan and was found in the final minutes of the Yalta Conference , which British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and US President Franklin D. Roosevelt co-signed.

In 1947 around 4 million Germans were used as slave labor across Europe. It is estimated that between 600,000 and 1,000,000 German prisoners of war died during and after the war. The German Red Cross , which is responsible for the search for missing persons, records 1.3 million German prisoners of war, whose fate has never been clarified; they are officially missing to this day.

In the German Democratic Republic prisoners were used for forced labor in the production of goods for Western (“capitalist”) companies; this mainly served the extraction of western foreign exchange to improve the state budget.

German Democratic Republic (GDR)

The GDR achieved in the 1980s in support of its ailing state budget about 200 million DM western currencies with the forced labor of prisoners in the production of goods for Western companies such as Aldi , IKEA , Neckermann , Kaufhof , source , VW etc. as well as, . B. with forced blood donations from prisoners , which for example the Bavarian Red Cross bought through a Swiss middleman. The historian Tobias Wunschik z. B. examined the published in his 2014, commissioned by the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi documents created study jail goods for the class enemy. Prisoner work in the GDR, east-west trade and state security (1970–1989) .

In the “chemical triangle” between Dessau , Halle and Bitterfeld , the largest industrial conurbation in the GDR, there was an increasing shortage of workers due to the poor environmental, living and working conditions in the region in the mid-1960s 1986 construction soldiers were also conscripted .

Eastern Europe

Return of the ten thousand : the mother of a prisoner of war thanks Chancellor Adenauer on his return from negotiations in Moscow. He had achieved that by the end of 1955 thousands of prisoners of war and slave labor could return.

The catastrophic supply situation and the ruined infrastructure meant additional hardships for those imprisoned in Eastern Europe: Millions of people had already perished in forced labor under Hitler and Stalin - the German prisoners faced a similarly harsh fate: many died in labor camps, only some could years return later.

Soviet Union

August 1947: Women and girls who were taken prisoner by the Soviets in the Polte Nord homecoming camp , where they were released to their hometowns after 14 days of quarantine
Friedland Camp : Scientists Return Home from Forced Labor in Sukhumi (February 1958)

In 1944/1945 more than half a million Germans (young people, women, men) were deported to the Soviet Union as “living reparations ” for forced labor. Many of them were imprisoned soldiers of the Eastern Army . In addition, the Americans left some of their prisoners to the Soviets. These were then divided into labor camps such as the 126 Nikolayev prisoner of war camp . A large proportion of the men died as a result of insufficient supplies and illness. Of the few who survived the shortage and forced labor, the last returned to Germany in 1955.

As part of the Ossawakim campaign , around 2000 scientists from the Eastern Zone were brought in for mental forced labor in technology and science in the Soviet Union; Engineers had to B. Provide support in the development of Soviet missile technology.

The Soviet secret service NKVD abducted countless civilians. A third of the abductees died while in custody or during transport of hunger, epidemics and the cold, as Freya Klier described in her book using the example of the fate of German women. Shortly after the conquests by the Red Army , German minorities were deported. Countless civilians, mainly from Romania and Yugoslavia , were affected. Tens of thousands of so-called ethnic Germans between the ages of 18 and 40 were arrested here in December 1944 , the majority of them women. 16 percent of the prisoners did not survive the labor camps in the Donets Basin .

For example, the life story of Eva-Maria Stege, published by Sigrid Moser, who was abducted into Russian captivity as a young girl, bears testimony to the internal view of the experience. In the spring of 1945 the Soviets transported large numbers of girls and young women from East Prussia to Siberia for several years of work.

See also → sections Yugoslavia and Romania

Soviet occupation zone

The military administration of the Soviet Occupation Zone (SBZ) forced many workers to help with the dismantling of industrial plants. Labor was part of everyday life in agriculture. The occupiers also forced Germans to do risky work in the uranium mines in the Ore Mountains to extract raw material for the Soviet atomic bomb project. In 1947 this huge undertaking employed 60,000 forced laborers.

Yugoslavia

After the invasion of the Red Army and the advancing Yugoslav partisan units , the part of the Yugoslav German population remaining in Vojvodina was at the mercy of mass shootings , arrests, mistreatment, looting, rape and forced labor within the first few weeks . The German ethnic group in Yugoslavia became enemies with the resolutions of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) on November 21, 1943 and on the same date in 1944 without trial and using the thesis of collective guilt , according to which the ethnic Germans were considered war criminals Yugoslavia declared, disenfranchised and dispossessed. After four years of German occupation, the pent-up need for retribution was released towards the Danube Swabian population.

On November 29, 1944, the commandant of the People's Liberation Army of the Serbian Banat , the Batschka and the Baranya gave the order for all German men between 16 and 60 years of age to be interned in camps. By the spring of 1945 about 90% of the Yugoslav German population had been interned.

In January 1946 the Yugoslav government applied to the Western Allies for the expulsion of - according to Yugoslav information - 110,000 Yugoslav Germans remaining in Yugoslavia to Germany. However, this was refused. In 1948, smaller groups were able to leave or flee. After the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany , Yugoslavia organized the departure of a large part of the surviving Danube Swabians.

Parallel to this development, at the end of December 1944 between 27,000 and 30,000 Danube Swabians from the Serbian Banat, the Batschka and the Baranya were deported to Soviet labor camps between Kharkov and Rostov for forced labor. However, the Yugoslav authorities withheld artisans and skilled workers for use in their own country. It is estimated that 16 percent of the deportees died in the Soviet Union due to poor nutrition and poor medical care. Sick deportees were deported to Yugoslavia in 1945, but from 1946 to what would later become the German Democratic Republic (GDR). After the labor camps were closed in autumn 1949, the deportees were also taken to the GDR.

Poland

Polish nationals of German descent were imprisoned after the end of the war and conscripted until they were later expelled from Poland. A law excluding hostile elements from society expropriated those affected and revoked their citizenship.

People living in Poland before 1939 who were registered on the German people's list and members of the Polish minority in Upper Silesia were affected by the repression . The reason for this was their collaboration with the National Socialists, but they should be able to stay in Poland after their debt was settled. It was different for people who were classified as purely German. With the exception of a few technical specialists, these were expelled immediately after the war.

In addition to the Central Labor Camp Potulice (German: Potulitz ) there was the Central Labor Camp Jaworzno and the Zgoda (German Eintrachthütte ) and Łambinowice ( Lambsdorf in Silesia ) camps . The location of the prisons in western Wartheland and in Upper Silesia already indicates the composition of the prisoners there. About 200,000 people died in the Polish and Soviet facilities.

Free Poles of German origin did not have it much better, because the government dramatically tightened their employment situation by ordinance. The weekly working time was therefore 60 hours, at 25% to 50% of the salary of Polish workers. This policy had a decisive influence on the mass emigration of ethnic Germans .

As a result of an agreement between the Provisional Government of National Unity and the Soviet Government of August 16, 1945 "On the question of compensation for the damage caused by the German occupation", 50,000 German prisoners of war were transferred to Poland from Soviet custody for forced labor in the Silesian coal mine .

Romania

Romanian Germans in Stalino (now Donetsk ), 1946

The German ethnic group in Romania was assigned a collective guilt by the Romanian authorities appointed by the Soviet Union for “ Romania's participation in the anti-Soviet war and the occupation of Romania by Nazi Germany ”. This was followed by disenfranchisement, expropriation , discrimination and forced labor.

Between January 1945 and December 1949, between 70,000 and 80,000 people - including around 5,000 Sathmar Swabians , 30,000 Transylvanian Saxons and 33,000 Banat Swabians - were affected by the deportation of Romanian Germans to the Soviet Union , where, based on ethnic criteria, they were mainly used as reparations in the mines and heavy industry in Ukraine , but also in the Caucasus . About ten percent of those affected did not survive the deportation.

In 1951, the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Romania authorized the Ministry of Internal Affairs to “order the resettlement of any person from overpopulated areas whose presence at that time was not justified”, “as well as to order the resettlement from any location of those persons who, by their employment, working people against the building of socialism in the Romanian People's Republic ”. The resettled could be “forced to stay in every village”. In the same year, over 40,000 people of different ethnicities from the western Banat - about a quarter of them Romanian Germans - were deported to the Bărăgan steppe, located between the capital Bucharest and the Danube . The deportees were abandoned in the open air and forced to build 18 new villages. The kidnapping ended in 1956.

Czechoslovakia

Although the Sudeten Germans had to leave their homeland in 1945, two years later many representatives of the German ethnic group were still doing forced labor as “skilled workers” in Czechoslovakia . The prisoners wore white armbands with the letter N ( Czech němec → German ) as identification. Even Czech Jews of German descent, who had only just put the Star of David on their clothing as an ethnic symbol, now had to identify themselves as Germans in this way.

Western Europe

At the Yalta Conference in January 1945, the Allies agreed to the forced labor of the Germans. Article 75 of the Geneva Conventions (1929) stipulates that prisoners of war must be returned to their home country as soon as possible after peace has been concluded.

France

Camp Remagen (Rhine meadow camp) April 25, 1945

In 1945, the liberated republic asked the allies to leave millions of German prisoners to help with reconstruction. The Americans then provided around 740,000 forced laborers. Many came from the overcrowded Rhine meadow camps and were very weak, some of the men weighed only 50  kg .

General George S. Patton noted in his notes: "I am also against sending prisoners of war as slave labor to foreign countries (especially to France), where many will be starved to death." The New York Herald Tribune compared on October 12, 1945 the situation of the Germans with the former inmates of the Dachau concentration camp .

Around 50,000 forced laborers removed mines from former combat zones at the risk of their lives, while others, including people unable to work, were active in agriculture and mining. The number of prisoners who died is unknown. In September 1945, the French authorities calculated that 2000 prisoners were mutilated or killed in accidents during mine clearance every month.

According to historian Simon MacKenzie, French politics was shaped by the urgent need for workers and, at the same time, determined by the longing for tangible retribution. On March 13, 1947, under pressure from the United States, the government signed an agreement covering 450,000 prisoners, stipulating that 20,000 forced laborers would be released each month.

Norway

German soldier clearing mines in Stavanger , Norway , August 11, 1945.

After the end of the war, those responsible in the country forced German soldiers to clear mines at former battlefields. A list of those who died on August 29, 1945 named 275 victims of the work in this context. Germany castigated the forced recruitment by Norway as a violation of applicable international law and disregard of Article 32 of the Geneva Conventions .

Norway vehemently objected on the grounds that the people involved were not prisoners of war in the true sense of the word, but rather members of a previously disbanded armed force. The evictions were nevertheless interrupted and continued in 1946 under better conditions. Germans volunteered this time because they were attracted by high earnings and medical care.

Great Britain

After the war, the kingdom employed 400,000 Allied prisoners of war as slave labor. The majority of the prisoners helped to improve the supply of the island substantially through their work in the English agriculture. In 1946, prisoners were already doing 20% ​​of all work in this area. German officials under British control should also learn and accept the principles of a democratic society.

The following year, a public dispute about forced labor broke out. The media and politicians of the House of Commons also used the term "slavery". The Ministry of Agriculture refused to allow the prisoners to return home quickly because they lacked their own strength. The authority offered the prisoners the release and the right to stay if they continued to work in the agricultural sector. The proposal convinced 24,000 Germans, and some stayed. The rest of them returned home by November 1948.

United States and American Zone of Occupation

The population around Neunburg: exhumations of the dead and transport of corpses, commissioned by the Americans. Part of the collective guilt policy known as "confrontational policy".
Germany - occupation zones 1946. In blue the front line at the surrender from which the US forces withdrew in July 1945.

The US released its prisoners of war mainly for forced labor in Great Britain and France. In the United States, prisoners were released with a delay during harvest time. In their zone of occupation, Americans forced civilians between the ages of 14 and 65 to work by threatening to jail or have their food stamps withdrawn.

In May 1945, the USA sent several hundred thousands of German prisoners of war to the Soviet Union, according to Edward Peterson as a "gesture of friendship". The US armed forces also refused to accept the surrender of German troops in Saxony and Bohemia; they sent her to the Soviet Union.

Reparation

The Prisoner of War Compensation Act (KgfEG) of 1954 granted those entitled for deprivation of liberty and work in custody abroad compensation of 30 and 60 DM per calendar month of imprisonment. The law concerned in particular the former Wehrmacht members who had returned to West Germany from Soviet captivity . With the Returnees Compensation Act of 2008, the former prisoners of war who had been released to the GDR and Berlin (East) and who had not been able to assert any claims under the KgfEG up to that point were included in the group of beneficiaries

In 2002, the then Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer (The Greens) refused reparations for civilian German forced laborers: "We would reap the wind that we would sow there in the form of a reparations orcan".

19 (of 50,000) surviving deminers in France wrote to Chancellor Angela Merkel (CDU) in 2008. An answer came from the Federal Office of Administration: "Claims from work performed by former German prisoners of war can no longer be asserted", under the file number IIIB4-1.12.12.1. the case was statute-barred since September 29, 1978.

In 2011, Interior Minister Hans-Peter Friedrich (CSU) rejected reparations for German forced laborers. Friedrich reckoned with up to 100,000 entitled persons still alive, and the Federal Ministry of the Interior has no funds for payments of more than 5000 euros to each person concerned. According to Interior Minister Friedrich, forced labor is a mass fate that cannot be compensated. The CDU interior politician Bosbach said: “Because of the suffering they have experienced, the German forced laborers have at least a moral right to be compensated in a similar way. The Union must implement in government responsibility what it has demanded in the opposition for good reason. "

In 2003 Petr Mares (Deputy Minister for Research and Development and Human Rights of Czechoslovakia) called for Czech reparations for Sudeten German forced laborers.

On November 13, 2015, the budget committee of the German Bundestag announced that it would provide 50 million euros over the next three years to compensate German forced laborers.

Since August 1, 2016, a guideline by the Federal Ministry of the Interior has regulated the payment of a one-time special benefit of 2500 euros to German citizens and members of the German people who, as civilians, had to do forced labor for a foreign power during and after the Second World War.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Eugene Davidson: The death and life of Germany: an account of the American occupation . P. 22.
  2. ↑ Davidson p. 121.
  3. ^ John Dietrich: The Morgenthau Plan: Soviet Influence on American Postwar Policy , 2002, p. 123.
  4. ↑ stern : Many did not come back , stern series: Defeated, liberated, occupied - Germany 1945–1948, March 14, 2005
  5. ↑ spiegel.de , December 7, 2012, Christoph Gunkel: "Then I secretly started crying" (October 11, 2016)
  6. ↑ focus.de , January 14, 2014: Blood Capitalism in Socialism: GDR prisoners: Workers for Aldi, bleed for the Stasi ;
    Millions of foreign currency for GDR forced labor and blood from prisoners (October 11, 2016)
  7. ↑ faz.net , January 19, 2014: GDR prisoners toiled for West German furniture dealers (October 11, 2016)
  8. ↑ spiegel.de , August 28, 2015: Kaufhof proposes funds for GDR forced laborers (October 11, 2016)
  9. ↑ The Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the Former German Democratic Republic (BStU) : bstu.bund.de: Prison for the Class Enemy (October 11, 2016)
  10. ^ Justus Vesting: Forced labor in the chemical triangle: prisoners and construction soldiers in the industry of the GDR . 2012, Ch. Links Verlag, ISBN 978-3861536758 ; christoph-links-verlag.de (October 11, 2016)
  11. ↑ LernCafe, online journal for general further education / for older people interested in education. , ViLE - virtual and real learning and competence network for older adults e. V. (Ed.), Issue 44 / Sklaverei , Hildegard Neufeld, lerncafe.de: On Forced Labor in the Soviet Union (October 11, 2016)
  12. ↑ Dietrich p. 124.
  13. ^ Thomas Wittfeld: German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union. 2001.
  14. ↑ spiegel.de , September 28, 2007, Simone Schlindwein: German rocket slaves in the luxury gulag (October 11, 2016)
  15. ↑ Freya Klier : Carried off to the end of the world. Fate of German women in Soviet labor camps . Ullstein 1996, ISBN 3-550-07094-2 .
  16. ^ Steffen Prauser, Arfon Rees: The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War , European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 55.
  17. ↑ Sigrid Moser (Ed.): Soon home. Skoro domoi. The life of Eva-Maria Stege . Aufbau-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Berlin 1991, ISBN 978-3-7466-0066-6 .
  18. ↑ Landsmannschaft Ostpreußen (Ed.): Deported. Women and girls deported from East Prussia to Siberia. , Leer, 2000
  19. ↑ Life : The secret mines of Russia's Germany , September 25, 1950, ISSN  0024-3019 , pp. 73-83.
  20. ^ Zoran Janjetović : The conflicts between Serbs and Danube Swabians. In The Influence of National Socialism on Minorities in Eastern Central and Southern Europe , editors: Mariana Hausleitner and Harald Roth, IKS Verlag Munich 2006, p. 162. (Scientific series "History and Contemporary History" of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Volume 107: Edited by Edgar Hösch, Thomas Krefeld and Anton Schwob)
  21. ↑ Branko Petranović, Momčilo Zečević: Jugoslovenski federalizam: ideje i stvarnost: tematska zbirka dokumenata , Belgrad, 1987, pp. 145 ff.
  22. ^ Marie-Janine Calic : History of Yugoslavia in the 20th Century , CH Beck, Munich, 2010, p. 179
  23. ↑ Dieter Blumenwitz : Foreword to the legal opinion on the crimes against the Germans in Yugoslavia 1944-48. Quoted in: Oliver Bagaric: The German minority in Yugoslavia and the successor states from 1945-2005 , lecture on the occasion of the forum of the Association for German Cultural Relations Abroad : Focal Point Southeast Europe - German Minorities 1920-1945-2005 , Dresden, October 15, 2005
  24. ↑ Thomas Casagrande, The Volksdeutsche SS-Division “Prinz Eugen”, Campus Verlag 2003, p. 299
  25. ^ Michael Portmann , Arnold Suppan : Serbia and Montenegro in World War II. Austrian Institute for East and Southeast Europe: Serbia and Montenegro: Space and Population - History - Language and Literature - Culture - Politics - Society - Economy - Law, LIT Verlag, 2006, p. 277 f.
  26. ↑ Michael Portmann: Politics of Destruction , in: Danubiana Carpathica, Vol. 1, 2007, p. 342ff.
  27. ↑ Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers 1946 , Issue V, p. 135
  28. ↑ a b Immo Eberl , Konrad G. Gündisch, Ute Richter, Annemarie Röder, Harald Zimmermann: Die Donauschwaben. German settlement in Southeast Europe, exhibition catalog. Scientific management of the exhibition: Harald Zimmermann, Immo Eberl, and employee Paul Ginder. Ministry of the Interior of Baden-Württemberg, Sigmaringen, 1987, ISBN 3-7995-4104-7 , pp. 260-265
  29. ^ Institute of National Remembrance: Creation of Concentration, Extermination and Labor Camps ( Memento of February 28, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) , February 20, 2002
  30. ↑ Martha Kent: A porcelain shard in the ditch: A German refugee childhood. ( Memento of the original from June 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.h-net.org archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Scherz, Bern 2003, ISBN 3-502-18390-2 .
  31. ^ Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff: Ethnic Germans in Poland and the Czech Republic: A Comparative Evaluation. (PDF; 191 kB) p. 9.
  32. ↑ Philipp Ther, Ana Siljak: Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948 , p 58
  33. ↑ Jerzy Kochanowski: In Polish captivity. German prisoners of war in Poland 1945-1950 . German Historical Institute Warsaw , fiber-Verlag, 2004, p. 47 ff., 51
  34. ^ Siebenbürgische Zeitung: Seminar: The Russian Deportation of the Romanian Germans , October 20, 2009
  35. ^ Wilhelm Weber : kulturraum-banat.de And above us the endless blue sky - The deportation of the Banat Swabians to the Baragan Steppe , Landsmannschaft der Banat Swabians , 1998, ISBN 3-00-002932-X , p. 399
  36. ^ Council of Ministers of the Romanian People's Republic: Decision No. 344 , March 15, 1951
  37. ^ Ingomar Senz : Die Donauschwaben , Langen Müller, 1994, ISBN 3-7844-2522-4 , p. 240
  38. ↑ Anneli Ute Gabanyi : The Beginning of the End: War, Flight, Persecution, Discrimination ( Memento of the original from February 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Arte , July 29, 2004  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.arte.tv
  39. ^ Herbert Hoover : Report: "German Agricultural and Food Requirements" , February 26, 1947, p. 4.
  40. ^ Bernard Wasserstein: Vanishing Diaspora: The Jews in Europe Since 1945 , p. 38
  41. ↑ Dietrich p. 126.
  42. ↑ Second German Television , Guido Knopp : Between Death and Love ( Memento of the original from August 18, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , December 12, 2009, documentation  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / zeitgeschichte.zdf.de
  43. ↑ George Smith Patton , Martin Blumenson: The Patton Papers: 1940-1945. P. 750
  44. ↑ Dietrich p. 129.
  45. ↑ a b Der Spiegel : Forced labor as a mine clearer: Rudi was completely riddled with holes. Edition 35/2008.
  46. ↑ Dietrich p. 127.
  47. ^ SP MacKenzie: The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II , The Journal of Modern History, Issue 66, No. 3, September 1994, pp. 487-520.
  48. ↑ Dietrich p. 134.
  49. ^ Verdens Gang , Jonas Tjersland: Tyske soldater brukt som mineryddere , April 8, 2006
  50. ^ A b Noam Chomsky, Edward S. Herman: After the Cataclysm: Postwar Indochina and the Reconstruction of Imperial Ideology. 1979, pp. 35-37.
  51. ^ A b Eugene Davidsson: The Trial of the Germans: An Account of the Twenty-Two Defendants Before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. 1997, pp. 518-519.
  52. ^ A b British Broadcasting Corporation , James Richards: Life in Britain for German Prisoners of War , November 5, 2009
  53. ↑ Inge Weber-Newth, Johannes-Dieter Steinert: German migrants in post-war Britain: an enemy embrace , Chapter 2: Immigration policy — immigrant policy, Routledge 2006, ISBN 978-0-7146-5657-1 , pp. 24– 30th
  54. ↑ A founding dilemma of the German culture of remembrance: The Gardelegen massacre on April 13, 1945 and its consequences [1] (PDF; 2.3 MB)
  55. ^ Edward N. Peterson, "The American Occupation of Germany," p. 116: "Some hundreds of thousands who had fled to the Americans to avoid being taken prisoner by the Russians were turned over in May to the Red Army in a gesture of friendship."
  56. ↑ Heinz Nawratil, "The German post-war losses among displaced persons, prisoners and displaced persons: with an overview of the European post-war losses", Munich and Berlin, 1988, p. 36f
  57. ↑ Rheinische Post : Fischer rumbles: Violent criticism of Stoiber , May 20, 2002
  58. ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung : Friedrich: Ein Massenschicksal , August 28, 2011
  59. ^ Süddeutsche Zeitung : Interior Minister rejects payments , August 28, 2011
  60. ↑ CZECH DEPUTY PREMIER WANTS TO ASSESS POSSIBLE COMPENSATION TO EXPELLED GERMANS RFE / RL Newsline, 03-06-20
  61. ↑ Union enforces 50 million euros for the compensation of German forced laborers. Retrieved April 11, 2016 .
  62. ↑ Federal Ministry of the Interior : Announcement of the guideline on recognition payments to former German forced laborers (ADZ recognition guideline) of June 7, 2016, BAnz AT 07/14/2016 B3 . Website of the Saxon Memorials Foundation , accessed on October 6, 2016