Action Ossavakim

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As operation osoaviakhim (actually "Operation Ossoawiachim" Russian Операция Осоавиахим Operazija Ossoawiachim ) is a Soviet secret operation led by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) by Ivan Serov called, in which mainly in the early morning hours of October 22, 1946 more than 2500 selected German specialists (Russian Специалисты ; i.e. scientists, engineers and technicians who were active in specialist areas) from companies and institutions relevant to military and economic policy in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany (SBZ) and the Soviet sector of Berlin, as well as around 4,000 family members predominantly forcibly deported to the Soviet Union .

With its actions, the Soviet Union violated the Control Council Proclamation No. 2 (Additional demands made on Germany) of September 20, 1945, which stipulated that the selection of German workers sent abroad for reparation payments by German authorities according to the orders of the Allied representatives hit. This violation of Allied regulations sparked a British protest in the Allied Control Council .

The Ossawakim campaign served to secure the transfer of know-how and is described in Russia as "Foreign Experts in the USSR" ( Иностранные специалисты в СССР ). In some cases, the families of those affected and their furniture were also relocated. The years in the Soviet Union passed without employment contracts and legitimation through personal documents. The term "operation osoaviakhim" was probably by the transmitter German General news agency first used the American occupation forces on 23 October 1946 in accordance with the then Soviet large organization OSSOAWIACHIM (russ. Общество содействия обороне, авиационному и химическому строительству , O bschtschestwo s odeistwija o boronje , awia zionnomu i chim itscheskomu stroitelstwu, German Society for the Promotion of Defense, Aviation and Chemistry), which recruited civilians for the Red Army during World War II . The CIA's predecessor organization first used the term Operation Ossavakim on January 13, 1947.

prehistory

With the foreseeable end of the Second World War, the Allies began to prepare to skim off German know-how. At the end of the war, the victorious powers had agreed that one of the possible reparations payments would also be the use of labor, whereupon a race for the brightest minds began. In the first place was nuclear physics for the development of the atomic bomb , followed by the rocket technology of the unit 4 (or retaliation weapon V2 ) and other weapons, gyro platforms for autonomous navigation, modern constructions in aircraft construction such as jet engines and arrowheads , electronic devices, color film technology , chemical weapons and others . The recruitment or removal of skilled workers was one of the tasks of the so-called trophy commissions .

Immediately after Germany surrendered , skilled workers, documents, laboratories and material were moved abroad in the western occupation zones. Among them, the '' kidnapping of German nuclear physicists to Farm Hall '' became particularly well known. In the Soviet occupation zone, the Soviet Union initially set up a large number of design offices, including a. the Nordhausen Institute in the vicinity of Bleicherode and the Berlin Institute for the reconstruction of German remote guided weapons.

The operation, known as Aktion Ossawakim , was initiated by resolution No. 1017-419 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on May 13, 1946 to “transfer the design offices and about 2,000 German specialists by the end of 1946”, and the MWD commissioned Ivan Serov to be the head the Soviet military administration in Germany , with the secret preparations .. The Soviet Union wanted to ensure full access to German technologies by transferring expert knowledge as well as dismantling the production facilities and rebuilding them in the Soviet Union. In addition, the Potsdam Agreement of August 2, 1945 prohibited the development and manufacture of weapons in Germany. With the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1539-686 of July 9, 1946, Stalin set October 22, 1946 as the start of dismantling work.

The Ossawakim action was unprecedented in its dimensions: in a concerted, secret action on October 22, 1946, facilities throughout the Soviet occupation zone were included within half a day and 92 freight trains were made available for removal. In detail, for example: Kurt Magnus noticed days beforehand at the Bleicherode train station an unusually hustle and bustle of the Soviet military and the arrival of freight trains. - A Dessauer managed to escape hours before. A telephone warning on his part to colleagues was not possible; the telephone network was down. Local public transport in Dessau was also suspended. - A designer at Zeiss-Werke suffered a fatal heart attack when he found out that he was being evacuated.

In the first mention of Operation Ossawakim, a number of companies and institutions are named, which are confirmed and supplemented in the later known and subsequently mentioned secret orders. However, the known documents do not entirely coincide with reality.

A distinction is made in the article between:

  • Facilities in the engine and aircraft industry
  • Optical Technologies and Glass Industry (Jena)
  • other facilities (electrical industry, chemical industry, film chemistry, shipping, etc.)

The actions of the first two branches of industry had different clients: the former was the responsibility of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR. Facilities in the entire Soviet Zone were affected, and those affected then commented on their stay in the USSR (see also the section on biographies ). The Ministry of Armaments of the USSR was responsible for the second, the Jenenser action; it concentrated on Jena, but later those affected remained silent.

procedure

Beginning of the procrastination

On the night of October 21, 1946, the day after the state elections in the Soviet Zone and the election to the city council of Greater Berlin in 1946 , on October 22, 1946, Soviet officers with interpreters, accompanied by an armed soldier, came to the apartments of the German specialists and asked them to pack their belongings. Trucks and trains stood ready for the immediate transport of the victims and their families to a destination unknown to them. A total of around 6,500 people are assumed, most of whom were brought to the Soviet Union against their will. 1,385 specialists worked within the Ministry of Aviation Industry (aircraft, jet engines and anti-aircraft missiles ), 515 in the Ministry of Armament ( liquid missiles ), 358 in the Ministry of Telecommunications Industry ( radar and radio), 81 in the Ministry of Chemical Industry , 62 in the Ministry of Shipbuilding (Gyro and navigation systems), 27 in the Ministry of Agricultural Engineering ( solid fuel rocket engines ), 14 in the Ministry of Cinema and Photo Industry, 3 in the Ministry of Petroleum Industry, and 107 in operations of the Ministry of Light Industry.

On October 22nd, the Berlin regional association of the SPD protested against the kidnappings. On October 24, the Allied Control Council received a protest from the British representative in the Allied headquarters , with the consent of the American and French, against the transfer of 400 Berlin skilled workers, including residents of the British sector of Berlin, to the Soviet Union as a violation of current labor law Orders from the commandant's office as well as against human rights. A discussion by the Allied Control Council about this kidnapping was postponed by its coordinating committee on October 29 because of "strong differences over the voluntary or involuntary nature of the transports" between the Soviet and the American and British representatives.

In the Soviet Zone and East Berlin, on the other hand, the kidnapping was hushed up after a brief outcry from the FDGB and SPD. Both the German and, in particular, the Russian factory commanders were surprised by this staff-based action and were unable to intervene.

The gyro specialist Kurt Magnus , who was deported to Gorodomlija, writes about it:

"Only days, even years later, more precise details about this large-scale, perfectly planned and at the same time carefully kept secret" kidnapping operation leaked. Not only in Bleicherode, in the entire Soviet occupation zone, they had suddenly seized: in Halle, Leipzig and Dresden; in Dessau, Jena and Rostock; in Brandenburg, Potsdam and East Berlin. According to credible estimates, around 20,000 Germans - fitters, foremen, technicians, engineers, designers and scientists, women and children - were picked up, loaded and deported during this one night. ... 92 trains loaded with human prey passed through Frankfurt / Oder. "

Nevertheless, the victims and their families fared well compared to citizens of the Soviet Union and the Soviet Zone, apart from the suffering of deportation and isolation. The specialists earned more than their Soviet counterparts. The scientists, technicians and skilled workers were assigned to individual projects and working groups, primarily in the fields of aerospace and rocket technology, nuclear research, chemistry and optics. The stay was stated to be about five years. In the period that followed, numerous inventories from high-tech companies were dismantled and shipped to the Soviet Union, including Carl Zeiss ( Jena ), Junkers ( Dessau ) and Siebel-Werke ( Halle ). This was part of the reparations payments agreed in the Potsdam Agreement . The abovementioned deportation secured the Soviet Union in advance the specialists who were needed for operation and continuation. They wanted to advance the expansion of the armaments industry, including further developing nuclear and missile technology . For strategic reasons, they also did not want to leave military research and development in the Soviet Zone, especially since the Potsdam Agreement provided for the demilitarization of Germany.

After a period of mental quarantine, the specialists returned to Germany between 1951 and 1958. Before leaving, they were instructed to maintain secrecy over the years in the Soviet Union. The specialists who returned to the GDR generally received generous offers for managerial positions, their families preferred living space.

The industries concerned are dealt with in detail below.

Engine and aircraft industries

Initially, so-called test construction offices ( OKBs ) were set up in the Soviet occupation zone and were under Soviet-German management. By mid-1946, some of them had developed into extensive development companies such as B. established the central works in Bleicherode with several thousand employees. In this respect, the SMAD's control council provisions restricting German research until autumn 1946 were handled extremely laxly. Such institutions were transformed into Soviet joint-stock companies (SAG). Strategically important institutions of this kind in the Soviet occupation zone led to conflicts with the allied treaties, which is why certain Soviet leadership circles considered transferring these institutions to their mother country. This, in turn, was rejected by other Soviet leadership circles on the grounds that they did not bring the competition into their own country. Thereupon, on April 2, 1946 , Stalin decided to move technical personnel and material to the Soviet Union.

For rocket development in Germany was as a consultant of the Soviet Union on the part of the rocket designer Sergei Korolyov and the rank of general. a. delegated to the central plant in Bleicherode and involved in this campaign.

Thereupon the secret order No. 228ss of the Ministry of the Aviation Industry of the USSR under Mikhail Khrunichev was issued on April 19, 1946 for the implementation of the German engine and aircraft industry, which laid down in detail the transfer of people and material.

Affected institutions (selection)

Places of stay in the USSR (selection)

Affected professionals (selection)

In the following list the length of stay in the Soviet Union is given, if known.

  • List of all specialists in Podberesje
  • List of all specialists in Uprawlenchesky

Optical and glass industries

While there is an extensive literature of memoirs from the aforementioned specialists, this is missing from the Jenenser optics and glass specialists. The corresponding Soviet instructions for the Carl Zeiss works and the Jena glass works Schott & Gen. in Jena deals with the secret order No. 186 of the Ministry of Armament of the USSR of July 16, 1946.

While research and development were in the foreground of Soviet interest in the engine and aircraft industry, both research and development and the establishment of adequate production lines are equally of Soviet interest in Jena's optical and glass industry. In addition to the deportation of development personnel, this also necessitated the deportation of production personnel to train Soviet specialists and the extensive deportation of production equipment. This in turn meant that the remaining means of production in Jena were no longer in a position to provide the reparations demanded by the Soviet side, which led to differences between the SMA of the Soviet occupation zone and Moscow. Originally von Ustinow intended to liquidate the Zeiss works, which the Soviet side (fulfillment of reparations payments) and the willingness of the Zeiss workforce to rebuild it did not.

The Zeiss factory was hit very hard by this action as it was looted by US troops as part of the so-called Carl Zeiss factory mission in the months after the end of the Second World War , and important parts of the factory were then transferred to the American zone of occupation .

Affected institutions (selection)

Places of stay in the USSR (selection)

Affected professionals (selection)

Other facilities (incomplete)

Details as mentioned above are not known here.

Affected institutions (selection)

Places of stay in the USSR (selection)

Affected professionals (selection)

epilogue

Action Ossavakim?

After the first mention of Aktion Ossawakim, a few days after October 22, 1946, the name `` Aktion Ossawakim '' was not mentioned again until 1953 when the abduction ended. In the second half of the 20th century, this was a synonym for this deportation. In the Soviet Zone and East Berlin, on the other hand, the kidnapping was hushed up after a brief outcry from the FDGB and SPD. Historians today avoid this designation. It is rejected by those affected and their descendants. According to Christoph Mick , this designation has so far only been attested by agent reports from the American and British secret services. - Contrary to the incorrect German transcription, Anglo-Saxon has the correct transcription Operation Osoaviakhim .

The supposed Soviet source of this name could not be found until today (2017) despite extensive research by Dieter Scheller and Matthias Uhl in German and Soviet / Russian archives. This designation is also not found in the documents of the Ministry for State Security . In their files, it is only formulated very generally that the relevant scientists were in the USSR during the relevant period.

Résumé

Engine and aircraft industries

The experts from Podberesje assess the benefits of these working years as follows: They made a considerable contribution to conveying to their Russian colleagues how to plan work processes and how to adhere to these plans through strict discipline. This is confirmed by the Soviet side: the German specialists worked in a precise time regime. The chief master represented an undisputed authority. The discipline of the workers and all the engineering staff was high. Seven of seven types of aircraft in eleven variants, primarily for military use, were built and tested in flight, including the experimental bomber EF 140 with negative swept wings.

Optical and glass industries

If one looks at the results of the dismantling and labor deployment of the Zeissians in the USSR from the point of view of the Ministry of Armaments under Minister Ustinov, then expectations have only partially been fulfilled. It had not been possible to build up a new center of the precision mechanical and optical industry, the products of which gave the USSR an outstanding position on the international market.

Subsequent developments

Below is a selection of developments and events that have their roots in the above:

  • Under the direction of Brunolf Baade, after his return from the Soviet Union in 1952, the GDR aircraft industry was built up, including in particular VEB Flugzeugwerke Dresden . The design documents for the passenger jet aircraft 152 were being drawn up during the quarantine period . However, these were not allowed to be carried out from the Soviet Union and were developed again from memory. It was the first German passenger jet aircraft.
  • The jet engine Pirna 014 from the GDR development for VEB Flugzeugwerke Dresden was the first jet engine developed on German soil after the Second World War . One example is in the Aviation Hall of the Deutsches Museum in Munich, and another in the Dresden Transport Museum .
  • After the Second World War, German engine specialists were also in great demand abroad. For example, Ferdinand Brandner put together a group of SU specialists on behalf of the Egyptian government under Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1960, who were successful in Heluan until 1968 .

Biographies of those affected (selection)

  • Werner Albring : Gorodomlia. German rocket researchers in Russia . Luchterhand, Hamburg 1991, ISBN 3-630-86773-1 .
  • Irmgard Gröttrup: The possessed and the powerful. In the shadow of the red rocket . Steingrüben Verlag, Stuttgart 1958.
  • Heinz Hartlepp (Ed.): Memories of Samara. German aviation specialists from Junkers, BMW and Askania in the Soviet Union from 1946 to 1954 and the time thereafter . Aviatic, Oberhaching 2005, ISBN 3-925505-83-0 .
  • Harald Jancke: Specialist child. The story of our deportation from the Saale to the Volga in letters . Books on Demand, 2011 ( online [accessed October 24, 2016]).
  • Kurt Berner: Specialists behind barbed wire. An East German physicist reveals the truth . Brandenburgisches Verlagshaus, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-327-00672-5 .
  • Kurt Magnus : Rocket Slaves. German researchers behind red barbed wire . Elbe-Dnjepr-Verlag, Klitzschen 2002, ISBN 3-933395-67-4 .
  • Dieter Scheller: Adventure Podberesje - as the son of a Junkers designer in Russia . Projects Verlag Hahn, 2016, ISBN 978-3-946169-08-6 .

Other literature (selection)

  • Rainer Karlsch : Paid alone? The reparations payments of the Soviet occupation zone / GDR 1945–1953 . Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-86153-054-6 .
  • Jürgen Michels, Sergej Kuwschinow, Wladimir Srelow, Yuri Voronkow: German aircraft specialists in Soviet Russia. Life and Work 1945–1954 . Poligrafičeskaja company INTELS-AG, Moscow 1996 (Volume 1: at the locations Podberesje, Samjelowo, Tuschino, Chimski in the Moscow region, 272 pages; Volume 2: at the locations Uprawlentscheski and Kazan in the Moscow region, 278 pages; Volume 3: not available in German libraries).
  • Christoph Mick: Research for Stalin, German experts in the Soviet armaments industry 1945–1958 . R.Oldenburg Verlag, Munich Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-486-29003-7 .
  • Nadin Schmidt: The deportation of the scientific intelligentsia to the universities of the Soviet occupation zone after 1945 and their re-integration at the universities of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic . Ed .: Faculty for History, Art and Orient Studies at the University of Leipzig. Leipzig July 9, 2015 (200 pages, dissertation to obtain the academic degree Doctor Philosophiae).
  • Dimitri Alexejewitsch Sobolew: German traces in Soviet aviation history . The participation of German companies and professionals in aviation development in the Soviet Union. Mittler, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-8132-0675-0 .
  • Matthias Uhl : Stalin's V-2: the technology transfer of German radio controlled weapons technology to the USSR and the development of the Soviet missile industry from 1945 to 1959 . In: Defense technology and scientific weapons science . tape 14 . Bernard & Graefe, 2001, ISBN 978-3-7637-6214-9 (dissertation at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 2000).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Matthias Uhl : Stalins V-2. The technology transfer of German radio controlled weapons technology to the USSR and the development of the Soviet missile industry from 1945 to 1959 . Bernard & Graefe Verlag, Bonn 2001, ISBN 978-3-7637-6214-9 (304 pages).
  2. ↑ Katharina Müller-Güldemeister: Secret operation "Ossawakim". FAZ , February 12, 2018, accessed on August 19, 2019 .
  3. ↑ See Control Council Proclamation No. 2 of September 20, 1945, Section VI, 19.a)
  4. ^ Senate of Berlin (ed.): Berlin. Assertion of freedom and self-government 1946–1948 . Spitzig, Berlin 1959, p. 61.
  5. ↑ Dieter Scheller: Adventure Podberesje - as the son of a Junkers designer in Russia . Projects Verlag Hahn, 2016, ISBN 978-3-946169-08-6 , p. 64 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f deportation from Berlin . In: Der Tagesspiegel , according to DANA Berlin of October 23, 1946 . October 24, 1946, p. 2 .
  7. ↑ Summary of Operation Ossavakim. In: CIA Library. January 13, 1947, accessed May 3, 2020 .
  8. ↑ a b Agnes Steinbauer: Hunt for the brightest minds. Forced intellectual labor by German scientists in the Soviet Union. (PDF; 119 kB) Feature from Deutschlandradio. In: Deutschlandfunk. August 5, 2011, accessed on August 19, 2019 (with original recordings by Manfred von Ardenne , Werner Albring , Helmut Wolff, Boris Tschertok , and others).
  9. ^ The trophy commissions of the Red Army: a collection of documents on the kidnapping of books from German libraries . In: Lehmann, Klaus-Dieter; Kolosa, Ingo (Ed.): Journal for Libraries and Bibliography; 64 . Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 1996.
  10. ^ Henke, Klaus-Dietmar : The American occupation of Germany . Bohlau Verlag, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-486-54141-2 , p. 742-776 .
  11. ↑ see Operation Epsilon #The physicists taken into custody and their relation to the uranium project
  12. ^ Matthias Uhl : Dismantling of the Carl Zeiss works in Jena . In: Rainer Karlsch, Jochen Laufer (Eds.): Contemporary History Research, Volume 17: Soviet Dismantling in Germany 1944–1949 - Background, Aims and Effects . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2002, p. 123 (footnote 35).
  13. ↑ a b c Helmut Breuninger: Short version of a lecture by Dr. Helmut Breuninger on October 22, 1995 in Dresden. Retrieved March 2, 2017 .
  14. ↑ a b c d Wolfgang Mühlfriedel, Edith Hellmuth (ed.): Carl Zeiss: The history of a company; Volume 3: Carl Zeiss in Jena - 1945–1990 . Böhlau Verlag, Cologne Weimar Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-412-11196-1 , p. 25-53 .
  15. ^ A b c d German skilled workers for Russia . In: Der Tagesspiegel , according to DPD of October 25, 1946 . October 26, 1946, p. 2 .
  16. ^ A b Dieter Scheller: Adventure Podberesje - as the son of a Junkers designer in Russia . Projects Verlag Hahn, 2016, ISBN 978-3-946169-08-6 , p. 277–285 (without specifying the code word and the date).
  17. ^ Norman Naimark : The Russians in Germany . Harvard University Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0-674-78405-5 (English).
  18. ↑ Anatoly Zak: Operation "Osoaviakhim". Retrieved on August 19, 2019 .
  19. ^ Senate of Berlin (ed.): Berlin. Assertion of freedom and self-government 1946–1948 . Spitzig, Berlin 1959, on the disappearances also from the western sectors p. 19, 57, SPD-Protest p. 59, Brit. Protest p. 61, adjournment p. 64.
  20. ^ A b Rainer Karlsch : Paid alone? The reparations payments of the Soviet occupation zone / GDR 1945–1953. Ch. Links, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-86153-054-6 , p. 155 (Reprint Elbe-Dnjepr-Verlag, Klitzschen 2004, ISBN 3-933395-51-8 ).
  21. ↑ Kurt Magnus: Rocket Slaves - German researchers behind red barbed wire . Elbe-Dnjepr-Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-933395-67-4 , p. 40, 46 .
  22. ↑ This number is drastically exaggerated compared to other sources, see e.g. B. Uhl and Zak. Most sources assume a total of just over 6,000 to 8,000 people, of which 2,500 to 3,000 are specialists.
  23. ↑ Kurt Magnus: Rocket Slaves - German researchers behind red barbed wire . Elbe-Dnjepr-Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-933395-67-4 , p. 344 (Declaration of confidentiality: "I, the undersigned, hereby undertake not to tell anyone about the time I spent there after leaving the Soviet Union. In particular, I will not tell anything about places where I have lived or worked, about the institutions in I have been employed and report on the type of work carried out. I will also not tell anyone which Soviet citizens, be they superiors, employees or subordinates, I met during this time. ").
  24. ↑ Alexander Sergejewitsch Jakowlew : goal of life (records of a designer) . Verlag-Progress Moscow, 1976, p. 456 .
  25. ↑ ss stands for s owerschenno s ekretno (top secret)
  26. ^ Publications of the Askania-Werke AG, Berlin-Friedenau. (PDF; 20.6 MB) In: CIA. June 9, 1949, accessed on July 9, 2020 (English, extensive collection of technical data sheets and product information from the period 1930 to 1949).
  27. ^ Olaf Przybilski: The Germans and the Development of Rocket Engines in the USSR. (PDF; 1.03 MB) Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, August 13, 2002, accessed on July 20, 2020 (English, contains a list of rocket propulsion specialists who have been deported to Khimki).
  28. ^ Research Work on Rocket Propellants By German Scientists at the Oka Chemical Plant In Dzerzhinsk. (PDF; 659 kB) In: CIA. May 13, 1953, accessed June 11, 2020 (English, Document CIA-RDP80-00810A000900540010-2).
  29. ^ Anatoly Zak: News and history of astronautics in the former USSR - German team on Gorodomlya Island. Retrieved December 1, 2016 .
  30. ^ Repatriation of Junkers and Siebel Specialists from Podberezhe, USSR. In: CIA. April 26, 1952, accessed June 11, 2020 .
  31. ^ Anatoly Zak: News and history of astronautics in the former USSR - German team on Moscow. Retrieved December 1, 2016 .
  32. ^ Return of German Specialists from the USSR. (PDF; 212 kB) In: CIA. March 12, 1951, accessed June 11, 2020 (English, Document CIA-RDP82-00457R007200170003-8).
  33. ^ Organization and Personalities at Branch No. 1 of NII-88, Gorodomlya Island, USSR. (PDF; 686 kB) In: CIA. June 11, 1953, accessed on July 3, 2020 (English, list of all specialists living on Gorodomlja and return dates up to June 1952).
  34. ^ Dorit Petschel (arrangement): The professors of the TU Dresden, 1828–2003 . Ed .: Reiner Pommerin (=  175 years of TU Dresden . Volume 3 ). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-412-02503-8 , p. 52 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  35. ↑ Holger Lorenz: JUNKERS engineers at IFA from A to Z. Accessed April 24, 2020 .
  36. ↑ Kate Brancke: In the golden cage: Involuntarily in Russia from 1946 to 1952 . RG Fischer, Frankfurt (Main) 1989, ISBN 3-89406-064-6 (183 pages).
  37. ^ Dorit Petschel (arrangement): The professors of the TU Dresden, 1828–2003 . Ed .: Reiner Pommerin (=  175 years of TU Dresden . Volume 3 ). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-412-02503-8 , p. 146 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  38. ^ Dorit Petschel (arrangement): The professors of the TU Dresden, 1828–2003 . Ed .: Reiner Pommerin (=  175 years of TU Dresden . Volume 3 ). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-412-02503-8 , p. 187–188 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  39. ↑ Matthias Falter , biography of the Federal Foundation to Cope with the SED Dictatorship , accessed on October 26, 2016.
  40. ^ Dorit Petschel (arrangement): The professors of the TU Dresden, 1828–2003 . Ed .: Reiner Pommerin (=  175 years of TU Dresden . Volume 3 ). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-412-02503-8 , p. 238–239 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  41. ^ Chris Waltham: An Early History of Heavy Water. (PDF) University of British Columbia , August 1998, accessed June 6, 2017 .
  42. ↑ a b Angelika Lemke; Angi Welz-Rommel: kidnapped and forgotten. October 26, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2017 .
  43. ↑ Heinz Hartlepp (ed.): Memories of Samara. German aviation specialists from Junkers, BMW and Askania in the Soviet Union from 1946 to 1954 and the time thereafter . Aviatic, Oberhaching 2005, ISBN 3-925505-83-0 ( table of contents ).
  44. ^ The heads of the Junkers company in chronological order. Retrieved March 3, 2017 .
  45. ^ Friedemann Singer: As a living reparation on the Volga 1946-1950 . Norderstedt: Books on Demand Verlag, 2008, ISBN 3-8370-6169-8 (report by Heinrich Singer's son - specialist in jet engines).
  46. ↑ Achim Leutz: Dr.-Ing. Karl-Joachim Umpfenbach (January 30, 1902 - December 3, 1954). (PDF; 253 kB) In: Hermann Föttinger Archive. October 1, 2011, accessed May 17, 2020 .
  47. ↑ Waldemar Wolff in the Encyclopedia Astronautica , accessed on December 1, 2016 (English).
  48. ↑ Waldemar Wolff. In: Stadtwiki Dresden. Retrieved April 24, 2020 .
  49. ↑ Dieter Scheller: Adventure Podberesje - as the son of a Junkers designer in Russia . Projects Verlag Hahn, 2016, ISBN 978-3-946169-08-6 , p. 287-300 .
  50. ↑ name of UPRA families. Retrieved July 13, 2020 (names of Uprawlentscheski's engine specialists).
  51. ^ Matthias Uhl: Dismantling of the Carl Zeiss works in Jena . In: Rainer Karlsch, Jochen Laufer (Eds.): Contemporary History Research, Volume 17: Soviet Dismantling in Germany 1944–1949 - Background, Aims and Effects . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2002, p. 123 (footnote 36).
  52. ↑ Wolfgang Mühlfriedel, Edith Hellmuth (ed.): Carl Zeiss: The history of a company; Volume 3: Carl Zeiss in Jena - 1945–1990 . Böhlau Verlag, Cologne Weimar Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-412-11196-1 , p. 8-23 .
  53. ^ Zeiss Specialists Returned from the USSR. (PDF; 53 kB) Document CIA-RDP82-00457R011900230010-8. In: CIA. May 21, 1952, accessed June 11, 2020 .
  54. ^ Return of German Specialists From NII-380 in Leningrad to Germany. (PDF; 205 kB) In: CIA. November 10, 1951, accessed June 11, 2020 (English, Document CIA-RDP82-00457R009100450006-0).
  55. ^ Wilhelm Schütz. Retrieved March 5, 2016 .
  56. ↑ a b Albold, Bärbel .: Sömmerda Industrial History 1816 to 2006 . Sutton, Erfurt 2007, ISBN 978-3-86680-157-8 .
  57. ^ Rainer Karlsch : Paid alone? The reparations payments of the Soviet occupation zone / GDR 1945–1953. Ch. Links, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-86153-054-6 , p. 161 (Reprint Elbe-Dnjepr-Verlag, Klitzschen 2004, ISBN 3-933395-51-8 ).
  58. ^ Filmfabrik Wolfen # End of war and post-war period
  59. ↑ a b Holzmüller, Werner, 1912–2011: Erlebte Geschichte . Verlag in the Wiss.-Zentrum, Leipzig 2003, ISBN 3-933531-26-8 , p. 79 ff .
  60. ^ Alfred Leutwein : Bonn reports from Central and East Germany. The technical intelligence in the Soviet zone of occupation . Bonn 1953, p. 38 .
  61. ↑ Christoph Mick: Research for Stalin, German experts in the Soviet armaments industry 1945-1958 . R.Oldenburg Verlag, Munich Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-486-29003-7 , p. 82 (footnote = 313).
  62. ↑ #STUDY Conspiracy #NAZI #USA - Operation Paperclip. February 23, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2017 .
  63. ^ Matthias Uhl: Matthias Uhl's Internet portal. 2017, accessed November 16, 2017 .
  64. ↑ Dieter Scheller: Adventure Podberesje - as the son of a Junkers designer in Russia . Projects Verlag Hahn, 2016, ISBN 978-3-946169-08-6 , p. 270 .
  65. ↑ World Cup limonin: memories. 2002, accessed on November 19, 2017 (Russian, Nasledije 2003 No. 7, 8, 9, 11).
  66. ↑ Heinz Hartlepp (ed.): Memories of Samara. German aviation specialists from Junkers, BMW and Askania in the Soviet Union from 1946 to 1954 and the time thereafter . Aviatic, Oberhaching 2005, ISBN 3-925505-83-0 , p. 151-152 .
  67. ↑ Heinz Hartlepp (ed.): Memories of Samara. German aviation specialists from Junkers, BMW and Askania in the Soviet Union from 1946 to 1954 and the time thereafter . Aviatic, Oberhaching 2005, ISBN 3-925505-83-0 , p. 150-151 .
  68. ^ Website of Christoph Mick