Samara

The title of this article is ambiguous. Further meanings are listed under Samara (disambiguation) .

city Samara Самара flag coat of arms Federal district Volga Oblast Samara Urban district Samara Inner structure 9 districts mayor Elena Lapushkina Founded 1586 Earlier names Kuibyshev (1935-1990) City since 1586 surface 466  km² population 1,164,685 inhabitants (as of Oct. 14, 2010) Population density 2499 inhabitants / km² Height of the center 100  m Time zone UTC + 4 Telephone code (+7) 846 Post Code 443000-443125 License Plate 63, 163 OKATO 36 401 Website city.samara.ru Geographical location Coordinates 53 ° 11 '  N , 50 ° 7'  E Coordinates: 53 ° 11 '0 "  N , 50 ° 7' 0"  E

Location in the western part of Russia

Location in Samara Oblast

List of cities in Russia

Samara ( Russian Сама́ра ; 1935–1990 Kuibyshev ( Куйбышев )) is an industrial city in the southeast of the European part of Russia , on the east bank of the Volga . It has 1,164,685 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010), making it the sixth largest city in Russia . Samara is the capital of Samara Oblast .

Geographical location

Samara is located on the high left bank of the Volga, the "Samarer Krümmung" (also "Samarer Bogen", Russian Samarskaya luka ) between the mouths of the Samara and Sok rivers . The city extends for 50 km along the Volga and 20 km to the east. The distance to Moscow is about 860 kilometers.

climate

Samara has a temperate continental climate. The winters are cold and long, the summers warm and rather dry, with strong temperature fluctuations and unstable weather. In autumn and spring there is a relatively rapid transition between the extreme seasons. The rivers begin to freeze over in November, the first snow falls a little earlier. In the first weeks of April, the snow melt begins and the ice breaks. The average temperature in July, the hottest month of the year, is +21 degrees, in January, the coldest month, -13 degrees. The average rainfall is 400 mm per year.

Samara
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.     46   -9 -16     35   -8th -15     33   -1 -8th     39   12 2     32   21st 10     58   24 14th     64   26th 16     52   24 14th     45   18th 9     52   8th 2     54   0 -5     51   -6 -11 Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm Source: Roshydromet

Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Samara Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) −9.0 −7.5 −0.9 11.5 20.9 24.1 26.1 24.2 18.1 8.3 −0.1 −5.7 O 9.2 Min. Temperature (° C) −15.7 −14.6 −7.7 2.3 9.6 13.6 15.9 13.9 8.7 1.5 −4.6 −11.4 O 1 Precipitation ( mm ) 46 35 33 39 32 58 64 52 45 52 54 51 Σ 561 Rainy days ( d ) 10 7th 7th 7th 5 8th 8th 7th 7th 9 10 10 Σ 95 Source: Roshydromet

history

name of the city

There are two main theories about the origin of the name "Samara". According to the first version, the city got its name after the Samara River, which flows into the Volga near the city . In the Turkic languages ​​Samara means "steppe river". The second version says that the name of the city comes from the Greek word "Samar" - merchant, trader, and "Ra", an old name of the Volga.

Origin of the city

Samara is mentioned for the first time in a Russian chronicle from 1361. A settlement Samara is marked on a 1367 map of the Volga by the Venetian merchants Francesco and Dominico Pizzigano.

According to a ukase from Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich , the construction of a guard fortress, called the "Samara Town", began in 1586 on the Volga at the mouth of the widest arm of the Samara River. This fortress was supposed to provide protection against the attacks of the nomads on Russia, as well as for the waterway from Kazan to Astrakhan . The fortress was built under the leadership of the military leader Grigory Osifowitsch Sassekin on the site of today's Khlebnaya Square (Bread Square). At the beginning the walls were made of pointed logs and watchtowers with loopholes; then the Kremlin, a church and finally residential and farm buildings for the future population. In 1636 the fortress was 1700 meters long and 350 meters wide. In 1689 the "town" officially became a city. At this time Samara was no longer just an important military base, but also a major trading center as a hub for Russian trade with the Orient.

In 1708 Samara was the ninth largest city in the Kazan governorate , and from 1719 onwards it became part of the Astrakhan governorate . At that time the city had 210 courtyards. During this period it came to the center of two peasant revolts. In 1670 Samara was conquered by the army of Stepan Razin , and in 1773 Samara was the first city to side with Emelyan Pugachev .

Governorate capital

Samara on a postcard from 1908

Samara became the provincial capital in 1851 . At that time it had 15,000 inhabitants and became the most important center of wheat cultivation in the entire Russian Empire . Active trade in colonial, manufactured and other goods was carried out in 375 shops. Weekly markets were held in the two large squares. In addition, there were three annual markets, each lasting 10 days: Sobornaya (in autumn), Kazanskaya and Vozdvishenskaya (both in summer). In 1877 Samara got a connection to the Orenburg Railway.

The town's milling industry began to develop in the first half of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, Samara was the largest grain processing center in Russia. At that time there were 46 factories and factories in the city employing a total of 2,500 workers. In 1917 Samara already had 90 industrial operations, a mechanical bakery and a granary with a volume of 3.5 million poods . Thanks to their favorable geographical position, the Donets Basin and Urals became the main metal suppliers for industry, which encouraged the creation of a large number of engineering and metalworking plants.

October Revolution and World War II

The October Revolution itself took place in Samara without a single shot. In June 1918, however, the Soviet leadership of the city was overthrown from the prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian army through joint efforts by the White Army and a corps of the Czechoslovak legions . For four months, power passed to the Komutsch (Committee of the Constituent Assembly), which declared the restoration of bourgeois democracy in Russia its goal. In November of the same year, Soviet power was restored by sections of the Red Army under the leadership of Vasily Chapayev and G. Gai .

As with many Russian cities, the actual industrial boom did not take place until the 1920s / 30s, as part of Soviet industrialization under the sign of Stalinism . During this time, independent companies parallel to the Moscow and Leningrad plants were set up in Samara .

In the Russian SFSR of the Soviet Union , Samara became the center of the Middle Volga Oblast in 1928 after the dissolution of the Samara Governorate . Already in 1929 the Krai Middle Volga was formed, which was renamed Krai Kuibyshev in 1935, according to a decision of the Soviet government in honor of the statesman and party official Walerian Kuibyshev . In 1936 the oblast, which still exists today, was formed under the name of Kuibyshev Oblast . Its name was changed to Samara Oblast in 1990 .

After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the city ​​gained special political and strategic importance when, in October, shortly before the historic battle for Moscow , the government organs headed by Mikhail Kalinin , as well as part of the military administration, the ministry for foreign affairs and the whole diplomatic corps (20 embassies and missions) on the basis of a decision of the State Defense Committee of the USSR - "GKO" went to Kuibyshev. They were followed by the ensemble of the Bolshoi Theater and numerous other artists, including Dmitrij Shostakovich , Ilya Ehrenburg , Fyodor Gladkow and Emil Gilels . The “ Stalin bunker ” with a study at a depth of 37 meters, which is now a museum, was set up for Stalin . However, Stalin himself never moved into the bunker. Kuibyshev played an important role in defeating Germany. Even in the early stages of the war, larger companies were relocated to the city. The production of weapons and ammunition began. For example, over 30,000 Il-2 attack aircraft were sent from Kuibyshev to the front during the war .

In the city there was a prisoner of war camp 234 for German prisoners of war of the Second World War .

post war period

The city developed most strongly in the post-war years. Kuibyshev became a major industrial and cultural center of the Soviet Union. Companies in the aircraft and mechanical engineering industries, the iron and steel industry, electrical engineering and cable industries, as well as the oil processing and light industry were established. In addition, the city developed into a major science center: ten colleges and four universities train specialists in a wide variety of subjects. Over time, the city's cultural life grew again.

In Uprawlentscheski Gorodok (part of today's Samara), German specialists worked in the USSR from 1946 to 1954 as a result of reparations for the Second World War (see Operation Ossawakim ). Of the more than 700 professionals, the largest group worked in the aircraft industry, a smaller group developed autopilots for aircraft and missiles. This group was moved to Tushino near Moscow in 1950 and was only able to return home in 1958. Until the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Kuibyshev was not accessible to western foreigners, or only to a limited extent.

In the course of the social transformation processes of the 1990s, Samara was able to maintain its high position among the leading business locations in the country.

Population development

year	Residents
1897	89,999
1926	172,000
1939	390,488
1959	806.356
1970	1,044,849
1979	1,216,233
1989	1,254,460
2002	1,157,880
2010	1,164,685

Note: census data (1926 rounded)

Cultural life

The Samara Theater

Even Leo Tolstoy to an estate bought near the Volga, where he and his family spent many summers. Alexei Tolstoy spent his childhood and youth in Samara. Maxim Gorki's career began with a job at the "Samarer Zeitung" . During the civil war, the Czech writer Jaroslav Hašek worked in the city. Many famous painters lived in Samara, such as Ilya Repin , Vasily Surikov and Ivan Aivazovsky . During the Second World War, the 7th Symphony ("Leningrader") by Dmitri Shostakovich was premiered in Samara . During this time four professional theaters were built, including two academic theaters that are known throughout Russia: the Gorky Drama Theater and the Opera and Ballet House.

The museums in Samara keep precious collections and unique works of art.

Samara has numerous theaters, a philharmonic orchestra and an opera. The latter is the location of a ballet troupe known throughout Russia . The famous building of the Gorky Drama Theater, which is one of the main attractions of the city, was built in 1888 according to a project by the well-known Russian architect MN Chichagov. The opera house, built in the Soviet era, opened its first season in 1931 with the performance of the opera Boris Godunov by Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky . The opera initially had poor acoustics, but has since been rebuilt and the acoustics improved significantly.

Attractions

Orthodox Church in Samara

The so-called Stalin bunker (Russian Бункер Сталина) dates from the Stalin era and was intended to serve as a possible alternative quarters for the Soviet government in the event of the German conquest of Moscow. The bunker was secretly created by hand and the excavated material was transported away by means of a tunnel, so that even the direct neighbors could not find out about the construction. The building only became known to the public after the end of the Soviet Union. Other sights include building complexes from the 19th century, as well as the Monument of Glory. The charms of Samara, however, lie more in the area, in the Volga landscape, in which the city with a 50 km long Volga edge has a large share. The city is famous for its seemingly endless Volga promenade and the view of the Schiguli Mountains, a chain of hills on the opposite bank.

There is an Evangelical Lutheran church in town.

Economy and Transport

Map of the Samara Metro

Samara train station

Samara is one of the most important business locations in the Russian Federation. The most important branches of industry include mechanical engineering and metal processing with the manufacture of devices for space technology, aircraft construction ( Tupolev type ) and airports. The ZSKB Progress company is located in Samara , where the Soyuz rockets are designed and built. In the vicinity of Samara is the city of Tolyatti , where the car brand Lada is manufactured. At Tolyatti there is the Volga dam, which dams the Kuibyshev reservoir . To the south of the city of Samara are the oil processing industry and large refineries. In 2012, Samara Oblast was one of the two “donor regions” in the Russian Federation that are contributing funds to a financial equalization scheme and thus supporting the other regions.

In the area of ​​the food industry, Samara has a number of nationally known large companies such as the Rossija chocolate factory . Directly on the edge of the Volga is a large brewery (Жигулёвский пивоваренный завод), which was founded at the end of the 19th century by the Austrian Alfred Vacano von Wellho . It produces the Shiguli beer (Жигулёвское), which is named after the Shiguli mountains visible from the brewery and which are also shown on the label.

Aircraft of type Tu-154 of Samara Airlines ( bankrupt ) at the airport Kurumoch (2006)

There is a smaller subway in the city, but the bulk of the local public transport is carried by buses, trolleybuses and trams. Samara has an international airport near Kurumotsch and is connected to the Russian capital Moscow via the M5 highway , which leads from here via the Urals to the metropolises of Siberia and crosses several other main overland roads; these lead u. a. to Saratov , Orenburg and Ulyanovsk . Samara has long been an important railway junction. The city is the administrative seat of the Kuibyshev Railway Directorate . The station dome with the viewing platform is accessible to groups by prior arrangement. Due to the numerous connections, Samara plays a central role as a traffic junction in the Volga region.

Sports

The sporting flagship of the city is the soccer club FC Krylja Sowetow Samara . The club was founded in 1942 and has been in the Premier League , the first Russian league , since its promotion in the 17/18 season . In 2008 the club made a name for itself by signing the Czech national player Jan Koller . Samara was one of the venues for the 2018 World Cup . The new Kosmos arena was built for this purpose . The pure football arena offers 44,807 seats for visitors and replaces the Metallurg Stadium as the home of Krylya Sowetov. The city is represented in ice hockey by the HK ZSK WWS Samara club .

3 training grounds were built in the city for the World Cup. Before the tournament, the main roads were renovated: the road to the airport and the "Moskowskoe" lake.

Further educational institutions

Samara is one of the largest science and higher education centers in Russia with 27 universities and colleges and 80 research institutes.

• Business Institute of the Volga Region
• Faculty of the State Academy of Waterways Transport of the Volga Region
• Branch of the Entrepreneurship and Privatization Sub-School
• Branch of the International Academy for Management
• Branch of the Moscow State Trade University
• Branch of the Regional Public University
• Branch of the Saint Petersburg Humanities University of the Trade Union Associations
• Branch of the cross-industry institute for medical-social rehabilitation
• Samara branch of the Saratov University of the Interior Ministry of Russia
• State University of Transportation
• International Academy for Business and Banking
• International Institute for Market Research
• Samara Military Medical Institute
• Academy of Humanities Samara
• Medical Institute "Reawis" Samara
• Institute for Business Administration Samara
• Samara State University
• State Academy of Architecture and Construction Samara
• State Academy of Culture and Art Samara
• State Academy of Telecommunications and Informatics of the Volga Region
• Samara State Agricultural Academy
• Samara State Medical University
• Samara State Economic Academy
• Samara State Pedagogical University
• Samara State Aerospace University
• Samara State Technical University
• Samara State Academy for Gifted Children (Najanowa)
• Technical center for publishing and printing
• Samara State Social and Pedagogical University

Town twinning

Samara lists the following twin cities :

• Stuttgart , Germany, since 1992
• St. Louis , USA, since 1994
• Stara Sagora , Bulgaria, since 1992
• Gomel , Belarus, since 2000
• Vitebsk , Belarus, since 2001
• Dnipro , Ukraine, since 2001
• Palermo , Italy, since 2002
• Denizli , Turkey, since 2008

sons and daughters of the town

→ Main article : List of sons and daughters of the city of Samara

The sons and daughters of the city of Samara include a. the Russian tennis player Anastassija Pavlyuchenkova (* 1991), the Italian juggler Enrico Rastelli (1896–1931), the Russian film director Eldar Ryazanov (1927–2015) and the Soviet Defense Minister and Marshal of the Soviet Union Dmitry Ustinov (1908–1984).

Web links

Commons : Samara  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
2. ↑ Сергей Анатольевич Тархов (Sergei Anatolievich Tarchow): Первая советская реформа, укрупнение единиц административно-территориального деления в 1923-1929 гг . In: География (geography) 21/2001, reproduced on the website 1september.ru, accessed on March 19, 2018 (in Russian).
3. ↑ Maschke, Erich (ed.): On the history of the German prisoners of war of the Second World War. Verlag Ernst and Werner Gieseking, Bielefeld 1962–1977.
4. ↑ Commemorative plaque and honor plaque. In: Triebwerkspezialisten.de. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012 ; accessed on March 19, 2018 . 
5. ↑ 2018 FIFA World Cup in eleven venues. In: fifa.com. FIFA, September 29, 2012, accessed November 21, 2013 . 
6. ↑ [1]
7. ^ Website of Samara State University, accessed on March 19, 2018 (Russian / English).
8. ↑ Samara State Technical University website , accessed April 13, 2018 (Russian).
9. ^ Samara State Social and Pedagogical University accessed on April 13, 2018 (Russian).