Vladikavkaz
city
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Vladikavkas ( Russian Владикавказ , [vladʲikafˈkas] , translated: " Rule the Caucasus "; Ossetian Дзӕуджыхъӕу / Dzæudžyqæu , [ d͡zəud͡ʒɨqəu ]) is the capital of the Russian republic of North Ossetia-Alania . The city is close to the border with Georgia on the Terek River . It has 311,693 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010) and is an industrial and cultural center of the North Caucasus.
history
The governor-general of the southern Russian provinces, Grigory Alexandrovich Potjomkin , had the city built as a fortress in 1784, right next to the Ossetian settlement of Djudzhikau . It was supposed to play a central role in the fight against the warlike mountain tribes of the Caucasus and to secure the traffic connections during the southern expansion of the Russian Empire . In 1799 the Georgian Military Road, starting at Vladikavkaz and leading across the Greater Caucasus to Tblissi , was opened. But the plans initially failed: Vladikavkaz was conquered by Caucasian rebels and completely burned down.
Only after the annexation of Georgia by the Russian Empire in 1801 did Vladikavkas flourish again. The city was rebuilt, new districts created and Cossacks settled in it. Soon it was a hub for trade with Persia . The population in Vladikavkaz grew and consisted of numerous nationalities. In addition to Ossetians and Russians , numerous Armenians , Georgians and other minorities lived in the city. In 1875 a railway connection was established to Rostov-on-Don and later to Baku in what is now Azerbaijan . Vladikavkaz became a regional industrial center with iron and steel industry , refineries, chemical and processing industries. In 1906, Iron gaset was the city's first newspaper in Ossetian, and since 1923 the Ræstdsinad , which is still the most important Ossetian daily, has been published there. In 1920 the predecessor institute of today's North Ossetian State University was founded.
The name Wladikawkas means in German Rule the Caucasus . From 1931 to 1944 and from 1954 to 1990 the city was called Ordzhonikidze (Russian Орджоники́дзе ). The namesake was Grigori Konstantinowitsch Ordzhonikidze , a Georgian communist under whose leadership the 11th Army of the Red Army of Workers and Peasants conquered Georgia in February 1921. From 1944 to 1954 the city was called Dsaudschikau (Russian Дзауджика́у ) - based on the Ossetian name. Shortly before the collapse of the Soviet Union , it got its old name back.
Second World War
During the Second World War , on October 25, 1942, over 700 German tanks of the 1st Panzer Army ( Army Group A ) from the Elkhotovo area began their attack in the direction of the regional capital of Vladikavkaz, fifty kilometers away (then Ordzhonikidze), the northern starting point of the Georgian Army Road . However, they encountered strong opposition. On November 2, 1942, the 13th and 23rd Panzer Divisions as part of the Edelweiss company finally reached the western outskirts of Ordzhonikidze and were involved in fierce fighting there. During a flank attack by the Soviet armed forces on November 7, 1942, north and south of the city, over 300 German tanks were shot down. After that, adverse weather conditions (snowstorms) led to a loss-making positional war. Further territorial gains in the Caucasus could no longer be achieved. In view of the threatening situation in Stalingrad , on December 28, 1942, OKW's operational order No. 2 was issued to Army Group A to withdraw in an orderly manner towards Rostov in order to free additional forces to stabilize the Don front. This ended the advance of the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front - with a few minor exceptions. Ordzhonikidze / Vladikavkaz and northward in the Kalmyk steppe in Dagestan located Terekli-Mekteb can (80 kilometers from the Caspian sea) are therefore considered the most south-eastern and eastern point at which the Wehrmacht in World War II pushed forward on Soviet territory. Until the end of the war on May 8, 1945, it was only going backwards. On January 1, 1943, the Red Army's offensive , known as the North Caucasian Operation , began , with which the German troops from the Caucasus were finally displaced by February 4, 1943.
In Vladikavkaz there was a POW camp 228 , Ordzhonikidze for German prisoners of war of the Second World War.
After the end of the Soviet Union
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the city, which is predominantly inhabited by Russian Orthodox citizens, has repeatedly been the scene of Islamist attacks with numerous victims, for example in a bomb attack on the central market in 1999 with 52 dead and 168 injured, in 2008 in an attack by a suicide bomber with twelve dead and on September 9, 2010, the last day of Ramadan , in a suicide bombing in a busy market with 16 dead. The perpetrators are connected with the Islamic and conflict-ridden Russian Caucasus republics of Ingushetia , Chechnya and Dagestan .
population
Today, Vladikavkaz is a multicultural city where people of many nationalities and religions live. In 2010, the Ossetians formed the largest population group in the city with a share of 66.5% of the total population. This was followed by Russians with 23.5%, as well as Armenians (3.5%), Georgians (2.2%), Ingush (1.1%), Azerbaijanis (0.67%) and Ukrainians (0.56%) and Greeks (0.52%).
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1897 | 43,740 |
| 1939 | 130,755 |
| 1959 | 164.420 |
| 1970 | 236.200 |
| 1979 | 278.930 |
| 1989 | 300.198 |
| 2002 | 315,608 |
| 2010 | 311,693 |
Note: census data
traffic
railroad
The route of the private Vladikavkaz Railway reached the city in 1875, starting from Rostov-on-Don . Today the line belongs to the network of the North Caucasian Railway . There are daily direct connections to Moscow (train 33/34), Saint Petersburg (121/122), Novorossiysk (677/678) and Adler (679/680), in summer also to Anapa . There is also an S-Bahn ( Elektritschka ) train via Beslan and Prochladny to Mineralnyje Vody .
air traffic
Vladikavkaz does not have its own airport. Air traffic is handled via Beslan Airport (IATA: OGZ, ICAO: URMO) located 20 km from the city . Flights to Moscow-Domodedovo , Moscow-Vnukowo and St. Petersburg are offered (as of 2018). Only aircraft up to the size of an Airbus A320 or Boeing 737 are used .
Trunk roads
Vladikavkaz is on the Georgian military road , the Russian A161 (until 2010: A301), which as part of the E117 connects Russia with Georgia and Armenia. In Beslan there is a connection to the R217 Caucasus (until 2010: M29), which is part of the E50 from Brest to the Caspian Sea .
Local transport
The main load of local transport is carried by the tram. There are also bus lines and marshrutkas typical of Russia .
After an unsuccessful attempt to build a horse-drawn tram, the city granted a concession in 1897, which was ultimately taken up by the private “Société Anonyme Les tramways Vladikavkaz et l'éclairage électrique” registered in Belgium. 1902–1904 the first meter-gauge line was built and opened in August 1904. In the first full year of operation (1905), 1.5 million passengers were carried on the three lines (8.5 km route). In 1913 the route was 12.5 km long, and 19 multiple units and five sidecars carried 3.3 million passengers. The company was nationalized in 1918. As a result of the turmoil of the revolution, operations had to be stopped in 1920 and only took place sporadically. Scheduled traffic did not resume until November 7, 1924.
Between 1933 and 1937 there was a changeover to Russian broad gauge (1524 mm). In 1970 the network reached its greatest extent with ten lines over 46 km. Over 51 million passengers were counted, the significantly longer bus network only carried 30 million passengers. The lines are operated exclusively by solo railcars, 49 of which were in the fleet in 1989. In the course of building up the trolleybus network, two routes were completely closed, so that today eight routes are operated on 59 km of track (as of 2015). The vehicle fleet has consisted of T3D and T4D since 2006, which were taken over from Leipzig , Chemnitz , Dresden and Magdeburg between 1996 and 2003 . There are currently over 60 million passengers per year.
In 1960 the city council decided to install a trolleybus network. Construction began in 1969 with the depot and should be completed by 1975. The driver training for the first drivers therefore began in the spring of 1975 at the Astrakhan facility . The delivery of the four ZIU-628B from the Urizki factory was delayed until December 1976, so that the first trip could be carried out on December 29, 1976. Regular test drives took place from February 1977, the first line was opened on February 15, 1977. As of January 1, 1980, the network already comprised four lines on a 34 km stretch. In 1987 the network reached its greatest expansion with six lines over 63 km.
In 1995, based on a presidential decree, it was decided to build a trolleybus line to Beslan Airport and build a second trolleybus depot. In the course of the economic difficulties of the 90s, however, it was no longer implemented. In particular, the trolleybus operation was severely neglected. The vehicle population reached a low point in 2001 with 36 tram multiple units and 15 trolleybuses. In 2001/02 ten new ZIU-682G-trolleybuses were procured, but this could not bring about any improvement due to the ailing situation of the overhead line network. In 2003, line 5 was replaced by bus 51 and line 2 by bus 52. With the rental of two new CTW-321 buses in January 2010, it finally became clear that the existing infrastructure could not be used for modernized operations. As of August 8, 2010, the trolleybus service was therefore discontinued on the last line and replaced by several small bus routes. According to the city council resolution of 2010, the overhead line network should be completely renewed. In fact, however, operations were completely stopped and by 2013 all overhead line sections, including the depot and operating lines, were dismantled.
Attractions
Vladikavkaz has a university, museums, theaters, philharmonic orchestra, planetarium and television center. The Sunni mosque , built in 1908, is worth seeing . The health resort of Karmadon is located 35 kilometers southwest of the city at 1,500 meters above sea level . It is located in the valley of the Genaldon River, in the middle of alpine pastures.
From Karmadon the path leads to the village of Dargaws , where there are very old burial sites in the construction typical of the central North Caucasus, the so-called city of the dead with over 90 underground tombs of various types and shapes from the 16th to 18th centuries and a medieval watchtower and defenses. Another city of the dead is in Tsimiti.
In Vladikavkaz there is an unusual television broadcasting tower. It is a guyed tubular steel construction, which is equipped with six cross members with catwalks arranged on two levels, which lead from the mast construction to the guy ropes.
In the south of the city there has been a pioneer railway with a length of 2.2 km and 3 stops since 1966 . The track is named after the cosmonaut Valentina Vladimirovna Tereschkowa . The running material consists of the locomotives TU2-056 , TU7A-2991 , TU10-009 and 7 passenger cars. It operates from May to October, and a tour takes around 15 minutes. The pioneer railway was part of the city's tram operation until 1977; today it is managed by the North Caucasian Railways.
Sports
The football club Alania Wladikawkas , founded in 1937 under the name Spartak , won the Russian championship ( Supreme League ) in 1995 , but had to file for bankruptcy in 2014 and was dissolved. The Republic Stadium Spartak was built in 1962 according to Tamara Butayeva's project.
sons and daughters of the town
- Pyotr Svyatopolk-Mirsky (1857–1914), politician, governor and interior minister
- Ivan Prokhanov (1869–1935), engineer and theologian
- Yevgeny Vakhtangov (1883–1922), theater director and actor
- Alexander Chuhaldin (1892–1951), Canadian violinist, conductor, composer and music teacher
- Pawel Lisizian (1911-2004), opera singer
- Paul Swiridoff (1914–2002), German photographer, essayist, publicist and publisher's founder
- Oleg Penkowski (1919-1963), agent
- Alexander Kemurdschian (1921–2003), engineer
- Ilia II. (* 1933), Georgian clergyman
- Norat Ter-Grigorjants (* 1936), Soviet-Armenian Lieutenant General
- Juri Gussow (1940-2002), wrestler
- Vissarion Guguschwili (* 1945), Georgian politician and statesman
- Vyacheslav Brjuchowezkyj (* 1947), Ukrainian philologist, literary critic and university rector
- Soslan Andijew (1952-2018), wrestler, two-time Olympic champion
- Valery Gergiev (* 1953), conductor
- Valery Gassajew (* 1954), former football player and current coach
- Ruslan Zalikow (* 1956), politician and deputy defense minister
- Alexander Totoonow (* 1957), politician
- Alexander Moschajew (* 1958), sword fencer
- Larissa Zagarajewa (* 1958), fencer
- Taimuras Dzgojew (* 1961), wrestler, world champion
- Vladimir Tuganov (* 1961), show jumper
- Olga Welitschko (* 1965), fencer
- Yevgeny Aleinikov (* 1967), marksman
- Achmed Kotiev (* 1968), boxer
- Anatol Larukou (* 1970), judoka
- David Musuľbes (* 1972), wrestler, Olympic champion
- Vyacheslav Voronin (* 1974), athlete
- Wadym Tassoew (* 1975), Russian-Ukrainian wrestler of Ossetian descent
- Tugan Sochijew (* 1977), conductor
- Tamerlan Tmenow (* 1977), judoka
- Alan Zagaew (* 1977), Bulgarian weightlifter
- Rohō Yukio (* 1980), sumo wrestler in Japan
- Spartak Gognijew (* 1981), football player
- Irbek Farnijew (* 1982), wrestler, world champion
- Taimuras Tigijew (* 1982), Kazakh wrestler
- Hakurozan Yuta (* 1982), sumo wrestler in Japan
- Vladimir Gabulov (born 1983), football player
- Ruslan Karajew (* 1983), kickboxer
- Wasgen Safarjanz (* 1984), Belarusian boxer of Armenian descent
- Georgi Tibilow (* 1984), wrestler
- Rustam Totrow (* 1984), wrestler
- Maria Amelie (* 1985), author
- Alan Kassajew (* 1986), football player
- Nikita Schabalkin (* 1986), basketball player
- Aida Schanajewa (* 1986), foil fencer, world champion and Olympic champion
- Soslan Janayev (* 1987), football player
- Svetlana Zarukayeva (* 1987), weightlifter
- Ruslan Albegow (* 1988), weightlifter
- Angelina Gabujewa (* 1988), tennis player
- Alan Khugayev (born 1989), wrestler
- Wladislaw Baizajew (* 1990), wrestler
- Asamat Kudsajew (* 1990), rapper
- Otar Bestajew (* 1991), Russian-Kyrgyz judoka
- Ritschard Musajew (* 1992), tennis player
- Murat Gassijew (* 1993), boxer
- Alibek Katschmasow (* 2002), tennis player
Climate table
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Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Vladikavkaz
Source: Roshydromet
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Web links
- Official website of the city (Russian)
- Vladikavkaz on mojgorod.ru (Russian)
Footnotes
- ↑ a b Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
- ^ War diary of the OKW, Ed. Percy Ernst Schramm , Vol. 4.2, Bonn 2005, p. 864 ff.
- ↑ Maschke, Erich (Ed.): On the history of the German prisoners of war of the Second World War. Verlag Ernst and Werner Gieseking, Bielefeld 1962–1977.
- ↑ Том4. Таблица 4. Национальный состав РСОА по муниципальным образованиям по переписи 2010 года ( ZIP ; 6.3 MB)
- ↑ http://www.strassenbahn-online.de/Betriebshof/Tatra/T6B5/index.html#Wladikawkas
- ↑ Sladkevich, Alexandre: Fascinating Archeology: In the Necropolis of the Caucasus Spiegel Online, May 16, 2015
- ↑ Sladkevich, Alexandre: Tower settlements in the Caucasus Spiegel Online, May 16, 2015
- ↑ Photo of the transmission tower
Rajons : Alagirski | Ardonski | Digorski | Irafski | Kirowski | Mozdoksky | Pravobereschny | Prigorodny
| Cities |
Alagir R | Ardon R | Beslan R | Digora R | Mosdok R | Vladikavkaz S. |
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| Urban-type settlements | ||
| Other Rajon centers |