Ukrainians
Ukrainians ( Ukrainian українці ukrajinzi ; earlier German names also Ruthenen , Kleinrussen ) is the name for an East Slavic people who make up the majority of the population in Ukraine and form the titular nation . Ukrainians live as a minority in the successor states of the Soviet Union and as emigrants in many states around the world. In total there are about 46 million Ukrainians. They speak East Slavic languages : Ukrainian, Russian , Russian and the mixed language Surschyk .
history
The Ukrainian- Belarusian border area ( Polesia ) is considered a possible area of origin for the Slavs as a whole. East Slavic tribes such as Poljanen , Drewljanen , Severjanen , Wolhynier and Tiwerzen inhabited the area of Ukraine in the early Middle Ages and merged with other East Slavs to form the old Russian ethnic group of the Kievan Rus . When this disintegrated as a result of the Mongol invasion, their western areas came under the influence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later Poland . This caused linguistic and cultural differences between the Eastern Slavs, with the transitions remaining geographically fluid until the 20th century. Through the Ukrainian Cossacks , who lived in the southern steppe on the Dnieper , the Ukrainian national clothing and language also adopted Turkic elements. Nevertheless, the majority of Ukrainians preserved the Orthodox faith through their affiliation first to the autonomous Kiev metropolis of the Constantinople Patriarchate and from 1686 to the Russian Orthodox Church . In the western part of the Ukrainian settlement area, however, large sections of the population converted to the Catholic faith of the Byzantine rite as a result of Polish pressure .
In the late 18th century, as a result of the Russian victories over the Ottomans, the settlement area of the Ukrainians, just like that of the Russians , expanded to the Black Sea , with the Ukrainian Cossacks also opening new areas in Krasnodar - and Stavropol - to compensate for the loss of their autonomy . Were allowed to colonize the area. A Ukrainian cultural and linguistic influence can still be seen today in these southern Russian regions.
The self-designation of the social elite in business, education and administration remained Ruthenians ( русини ) until the 19th century , while the rural majority population was regionally and religiously determined in their identity. On the ecclesiastical and state side, the residents of Ukraine in the Russian Empire were called Little Russians (малороссы), because there a conception of the three branches of the Russian people (Great Russians, Little Russians and Belarusians ) was common. In the course of the romantic nationalism of the 19th century, a conception of the independence of the Ukrainian people developed, especially in the Austrian-ruled Galicia , which Vienna promoted as a counterweight to the Polish nobility and encompassed broader strata of the population. Gradually, the Ukrainian intellectuals created a standardized literary language based on the vernacular of the Poltava and Cherkassy regions. The word Ukrainian, which had retained the literal meaning “inhabitant of the border area” in the previous centuries, also began to establish itself as a new ethnonym . Until the end of the First World War , the identity controversy lasted in the ranks of the divided Ukrainian educated elite, parts of which the Ukrainians regarded as a group of the all-Russian people , while other parts emphasized independence. In Galicia, the pro-Russian cultural movement finally disappeared through Austrian political oppression or through emigration with the retreating Russian army in World War I. After the October Revolution of 1917, the Kulturkampf in the other regions of Ukraine was finally ended by the Bolsheviks , who, as part of their early nationality policy, defined the Ukrainians as an independent people.
Distribution of Ukrainians by country
| country | Number of Ukrainian residents | source |
|---|---|---|
 Ukraine
|
37,541,700 | |
 Russia
|
2,942,961 | |
 Brazil
|
950,000 | |
 United States
|
890,000 (Ukrainian descent) | |
 Canada
|
600,000 (300,000 pure Ukrainians, 1,200,000 with partly Ukrainian families) | |
 Kazakhstan
|
550,000 | |
 Moldova
|
375,000 | |
 Argentina
|
305,000 | |
 Belarus
|
248,000 | |
 Italy
|
200,730 | |
 Paraguay
|
130,000 | |
 Germany
|
128,100 | |
 Portugal
|
66,048 | |
 Spain
|
65,262 | |
 Romania
|
61,350 | |
 Slovakia
|
55,000 | |
 Kyrgyzstan
|
50,442 | |
 Latvia
|
45,699 | |
 Poland
|
40,000 | |
 Turkey
|
35,000 | |
 Australia
|
33,960 | |
 Azerbaijan
|
30,000 | |
 Lithuania
|
22,488 | |
 Estonia
|
22,300 | |
 Greece
|
14,149 | |
 Croatia
|
1,977 | |
 rest of the world
|
140,000 | (estimated) |
|
All in all
|
46,000,000 |
In Moldova , a third of Ukrainians live in Transnistria , which split from Moldova in 1992. 28.9% of the population there are Ukrainians.
At the end of 2005 there were 130,674 Ukrainian citizens living in Germany . In 2004, 3,844 were naturalized.
In Portugal tens of thousands of Ukrainians are mainly employed as construction workers.
In Croatia , most of the Ukrainians live in Brod-Posavina County (in Slavonski Brod ), Vukovar-Syrmia County (in Vukovar ) and Sisak-Moslavina County .
Related ethnic groups
There are several ethnic groups in Eastern Europe who, for various reasons, are not counted among the Ukrainians in their home countries. These assignments are partly the cause of heated discussions. The most important group are the Russians (often called Ruthenians, especially in the past). In Ukraine and Romania they are regarded as Ukrainians, in Poland , Slovakia , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Croatia , Serbia , the USA and Canada they are recognized as a national minority separate from the Ukrainians, but are also recognized by some in these countries Classified as a subgroup of Ukrainians by researchers.
See also
Web links
- Ukrainians in Croatia
- Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Croatia
- German-language website about the Hutsuls
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ukrainian diaspora abroad makes up over 20 million ( Memento of the original from January 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 20 million Ukrainians live in 46 different countries of the world.
- ↑ 20 million Ukrainians living outside Ukrainian territory ( Memento of the original from June 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Wolfram von Scheliha : Russia and the Orthodox Universal Church in the Patriarchal Period 1589–1721. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2004, pp. 123-131 (preview).
- ^ Kai Struve: Peasants and the Ukrainian Nation in the Habsburg Monarchy and in the Tsarist Empire. In: Andreas Kappeler (Ed.): The Ukraine. Processes of nation building. Cologne 2011, pp. 159–173.
- ^ Andreas Kappeler : Small history of the Ukraine, 4th revised edition, page 188ff
- ↑ Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 - German version - Results - General results of the census - National composition of population ( Memento from July 1, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ National census 2002. Composition of the population in the Russian regions
- ↑ census.gov (PDF)
- ↑ Population by area (2001 Census) ( Memento of the original dated May 30, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Mes/pdf/51_cap1_2.pdf ( Memento from July 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Moldova
- ↑ Article | UCRANIA.com ( Memento of the original from April 3, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Belarus
- ↑ Statistiche demografiche ISTAT
- ↑ Home
- ↑ Home
- ↑ A Imigração em Portugal, Comunidades lusófonas, Países do Leste da Europa ( Memento of the original from October 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ ine.es (PDF)
- ↑ Informatii utile - Agentia Nationala pentru Intreprinderi Mici si Mijlocii ( Memento of February 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Slovakia
- ↑ GEF → Local Initiative Facility for Urban Environment, → Kyrgyz Republic ( Memento of the original dated December 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ csb.gov.lv
- ^ Poland: Stocks of foreigners (selected components) by major citizenships, 2000
- ↑ Information utile: Agentia Nationala pentru Intreprinderi Mici si Mijlocii ( Memento of the original of May 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.crc.nsw.gov.au/statistics/Sect1/Table1p08Aust.pdf ( Memento from February 2, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Azerbaijan Daily Digest ( Memento from July 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Lithuania: Population by ethnic nationality * (2001)
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Estonia
- ^ Tables ( Memento from July 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Census2001
- ↑ dzs.hr
