Ingushetia

Federal district	North Caucasus
surface	3628 km²
population	412,529 inhabitants ; (as of October 14, 2010)
Population density	114 inhabitants / km²
Capital	Magas
Official languages	Ingush , Russian
Ethnic ; composition	Ingush (93.5%) ; Chechens (4.5%) ; Russians (0.8%) ; (as of 2010)
president	Machmud Ali Kalimatov
Founded	December 10, 1992
Time zone	UTC + 3
Telephone prefixes	(+7) 873xx
Postcodes	386000-386999
License Plate	06
OKATO	26th
ISO 3166-2	RUIN
Website	www.ingushetia.ru

43.1 45.05Coordinates: 43 ° 6 ' N , 45 ° 3' E

Located in the North Caucasus located Ingushetia (also: Ingushetia , Russian Ингушетия / transcription Inguschetija , Ingush ГӀалгӀай Мохк / Ghalghai Mochk ) is an autonomous republic in Russia . The official languages are Ingush and Russian .

geography

Topography of Ingushetia

Ingushetia is the smallest autonomous republic in the Russian Federation . It is located in southern Russia, in the northern suburbs of the Caucasus between North Ossetia-Alania in the west and Chechnya in the east.

population

According to the 2010 census, Ingushetia had 412,529 inhabitants. In the meantime almost all residents belong to the Ingush people . The formerly strong Chechen minority and many members of the Russian minority have left the area in recent years. The Ingush language is one of the Caucasian languages and is similar to Chechen . In fact, all Ingush - like the Chechen minority - belong to Islam , but the Russian Orthodox Church is also represented, mainly among the few remaining Russians.

The number of Russians, mostly Terek Cossacks , more Sunschakosaken, was until the 1990s, much higher. In Malgobek they formed the majority of the population until the 1960s, in the Sunschenski rajon until the 1970s. Due to emigration and a lower birth rate, however, their share decreased continuously and fell in the Sunschenski rajon from 91.7% in 1926 to 31.6% in 1989 and only 2% in 2002. Especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Rising ethnic tensions led to another exodus of Russians from Ingushetia, so that their share of the population in the entire republic has fallen to below 1% today.

During the Chechen Wars, tens of thousands of Chechens fled to neighboring and safer Ingushetia; After the situation in Chechnya calmed down, most of the refugees returned.

Ethnic group	VZ 1926 ¹		VZ 1939 ¹		VZ 1959 ¹		VZ 1970 ¹		VZ 1979 ¹		VZ 1989 ¹		VZ 2002		VZ 2010 ²
Ethnic group	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%
Ingush	47,280	61.6%	79,462	58.0%	44,634	40.6%	99.060	66.0%	113,889	74.2%	138,626	74.5%	361.057	77.3%	385,537	93.5%
Chechens	2,553	3.3%	7,746	5.7%	5,643	5.1%	8,724	5.8%	9,182	6.0%	19.195	10.3%	95,403	20.4%	18,765	4.5%
Russians	24,185	31.5%	43,389	31.7%	51,549	46.9%	37,258	24.8%	26,965	17.6%	24,641	13.2%	5,559	1.2%	3.215	0.8%
Ukrainians	1,501	2.0%	1.921	1.4%	1,763	1.6%	1,068	0.7%	687	0.4%	753	0.4%	189	0.1%	91	0.02%
Other	1,215	1.6%	4,549	3.3%	6,438	5.9%	3,978	2.7%	2,852	1.9%	2,781	1.5%	5,086	1.1%	4,921	1.2%
Residents	76,734	100%	137.067	100%	110.027	100%	150,088	100%	153,575	100%	185.996	100%	467.294	100%	412,529	100%
¹ Rajons of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, which today belong to Ingushetia, ² 2,897 people could not be assigned to any ethnic group. These people are probably distributed in the same proportion as the ethnically classified inhabitants.

Administrative division

The Republic of Ingushetia is divided into four urban districts and four Rajons . In the Rajons there are a total of 36 rural communities (selskoje posselenije) and one urban community (gorodskoje posselenije) with a total of 117 localities (as of 2015). With one exception, the communities in the Malgobekski, Nasranowski and Sunschenski districts only include the eponymous locality, while the five communities in the Djirachsky district, which is by far the poorest in population, combine 85 localities: there are a large number of very small places with the status of a village (selo ), but mostly each with less than 10 inhabitants.

In 2016, in connection with the granting of city rights to Sunsha, another urban district (Sunsha) was designated and separated from the Sunschenski rajon, but the city remained the administrative center of the Rajon.

City districts

	Urban district	Residents	Area (km²)	Population density (inh / km²)
I.	Carabulac	36,322	84	432
II	Magas	2502	?	?
III	Malgobek	46,698	?	?
IV	Nazran	139.207	241	578

Rajons

	Rajon	Residents	Area (km²)	Population density (inh / km²)	Administrative headquarters	Number of urban communities	Number of rural communities
1	Dscheirachsky	2,743	628	4th	Dscheirach	-	5
2	Malgobekski	67,685	670	101	Malgobek	-	12
3	Nazranovsky	92,575	700	132	Nazran	-	9
4th	Sunschensky	130,939	1513	87	Sunsha	1	10

Remarks:

↑ ^a ^b number of the district / district (in alphabetical order of the names in Russian )
↑ ^a ^b City does not belong to the Rajon, but forms an independent urban district; Population of the city not included in the calculation of population density

Cities

The largest place in the republic is its former capital, Nazran . Other large towns are Sunscha , Malgobek , Karabulak , Ekaschewo and Troitskaja . The official capital since December 2002 has been the newly established city of Magas . There are a total of five cities , all of which form urban districts of the same name. Sunscha has had city rights since 2016; long stanitsa under the name Ordzhonikidsevskaya, it had only received urban-type settlement status in 2015 .

f1 Map with all coordinates of cities in Ingushetia: OSM

Cities
Surname	Russian	Ingush	Residents (October 14, 2010)	location
Carabulac	Карабулак	Карабулак	30,961	43 ° 18 ' N , 44 ° 54' E43.3 44.9
Magas	Магас	Магас	2,502	43 ° 10 ' N , 44 ° 49' E43,167 44,818
Malgobek	Малгобек	МагӀалбике	31,018	43 ° 31 ' N , 44 ° 35' E43,517 44,583
Nazran	Назрань	Наьсара	93,335	43 ° 13 ' N , 44 ° 46' E43,217 44,767
Sunsha	Сунжа	Сипсой-ГӀала	61,598	43 ° 19 ' N , 45 ° 2' E43,317 45,033

politics

Murat Sjasikow has been president of the republic since April 28, 2002 , but he resigned voluntarily on October 30, 2008 due to severe criticism of the ongoing violence in the North Caucasus. The following day, the career officer Colonel Junus-bek Yevkurov was appointed as the new president.

The head of government from November 2008 to October 2009 was the previous Minister of Economic Affairs, Raschid Gaissanov . Alexei Vorobyov was elected as his successor on October 20, 2009 .

On June 22, 2009, the President of Ingushetia, Junus-Bek Yevkurov, was seriously injured in an attack on his convoy of cars. Yevkurov only barely survived the attack. Four bodyguards were killed and others injured.

economy

Agriculture dominates economically . The most important mineral resources include mineral water and oil . In order to stimulate the economy, the area was declared a free economic zone, and tourism is to be promoted. However, the proximity to Chechnya has so far failed all attempts.

history

Linguistic origin and early history of the region

The Ingush language belongs to the language family of the Northeast Caucasian (Posto-Dagestani) languages within the language complex of the Caucasian languages . Due to similarities in vocabulary and grammar, some linguists advocate a relationship between these Nacho-Dagestani languages and the very ancient languages Hurrian and Urartian , which were spoken in eastern Anatolia in the first two millennia BC. This hypothesis was reinforced by the study of the Alwan language , a historical language from today's Azerbaijan, which proved to be a temporal and spatial link. Because of this increasingly accepted relationship existed in the older Caucasus studies the hypothesis that the presence of Nacho Dagestani languages in central and eastern North Caucasus let v on the immigration of Hurrians and Urartians in the Caucasus in the first millennium. BC, which was enthusiastically adopted by national movements of the peoples concerned who see themselves as descendants of the Hurrites and Urartians. However, this hypothesis is rejected today by the majority of researchers because archaeological studies in the region since the 1960s have shown that this immigration cannot be proven. The majority of researchers are in favor of the fact that forms of language were spoken in the region over 3500 years ago that were probably related to Urartian and Hurrian. The so-called Koban culture was widespread in Ingushetia in the first millennium BC , for which, according to the current state of research, no immigration from the south can be proven. Even more recently, a minority of researchers consider at least partial, incomplete, immigration from northern Urartu to be conceivable. This hypothesis is based only on some circumstantial evidence (similar names and some legends in Greek and Georgian sources) and has not been proven.

Within the Nacho-Dagestan language family, the Ingush language belongs to the "Nachischen" branch , which differs through a smaller variety of consonants and noun cases ("cases") than the other languages of this language family. The name "nachisch" arose from the old self-designation nachtschij (n) or nochtschij (n) , which is still the name of the Chechens today. These Nakh languages consist of two subgroups: on the one hand the Batese language , which is only spoken by a few thousand people in northeastern Georgia today, on the other hand from the " Vainach " (also "Vejnach") subgroup to the Ingush and Chechen , which belong to each other very much are similar. The speakers of both languages can converse with one another without any problems. The fact that the Chechens and Ingush today identify themselves as members of different peoples is due to the different historical developments since around the 17th and 18th centuries. Century back, not in different languages. The term “Vainachian” in linguistics is derived from the Chechen and Ingush term vei-nachschij (n) and means the Chechens and Ingush. In historical studies, the Chechens and Ingush before they diverged are referred to as "Wainachen". According to hypotheses, Nachish could be more widespread in the Caucasus around AD 500, for example the tribes of the Dwal (southern North Ossetia-Alania ) and the neighboring Malchi (east of the Elbrus ) and some north-east and east Georgian regions (e B. Tushetia , Heretia ) only then adopted the Ossetian or Georgian language. For these hypotheses, too, there are only indications and no scientifically sufficient evidence.

The Wainachen in "Dsurdsukien" in the Middle Ages

Approximate borders of Dsurdsukia (purple) 1060 in Caucasia

The Tchaba Jerdy Church in southern Ingushetia is one of the old Wainach churches that have survived; she was in the 8th / 9th Built in the 16th century and rebuilt several times by the 16th century.

The Principality of Simsir, the rest of Dsurdsukia, the Georgian ruled Dwal and Kist and Alania with the associated Malchi around 1124

The first written mentions of the Wainaks , who lived in the mountains of southern Ingushetia and Chechnya and in neighboring Georgian mountain regions, are dated to the first millennium AD . In the 8th – 12th Century began from the Kingdom of Georgia from the Christianity among the Vainakh expand. But this Christianization remained superficial. Until recently, cults for pre-Christian gods and natural phenomena, as in many North Caucasian peoples, have also been observed. In Georgian sources of the Middle Ages, the mountainous country of the Wainachen was mostly called dzurdzuketi or durdzuketi , which goes back to the name of one of the Wainachen tribes. In the flatter areas of the central North Caucasus, in the 4th – 6th centuries Century AD the empire of the Caucasian Alans , today's Ossetians , with whom "Dsurdsukien" (also called "Durdsukien") maintained relations. This empire collapsed in the 12th and 13th centuries: it was roamed in 1220 in a campaign by the Mongolian generals Jebe and Subutai and finally destroyed around 20 years later in a campaign by two descendants of Genghis Khan , Jötschi and Batu Khan . Most of the Alans fled to mountain regions or joined the Mongol conquerors. As a result, Wainachen settled in the partly deserted, flatter areas of northern Chechnya and northern Ingushetia. According to many sources, the Wainache had a feudal social order at that time (from around the 6th century) with the rank of princes at the top, followed by a lower-ranking nobility. The most important surviving principality was the Principality of Simsim or Simsir (12th-14th centuries) in the vicinity of Gudermes and south of it.

Defense towers on the ruins of a settlement in southern Ingushetia

However, the emerging social order was destroyed in the 14th century by a campaign by Timur in the North Caucasus, with many Vainachian settlements in the flat north being destroyed and the residents being killed or enslaved. The survivors fled back to the southern mountains. During this time the Wainach feudal society also seems to have collapsed, later the Wainachians formed a pure warlike tribal society of over 10 tribes (Chechen and Ingush: tukkhum ) and over 100 clans ( taip / teip = traditional family associations / clans , from Arabic طائفة, DMG ṭāʾifa 'crowd, group') without princes or nobility. With this social structure, the Wainachs were an exception among the larger North Caucasian peoples on the slopes of the Caucasus, many others had a nobility and in some cases rulers until the 19th century. Purely tribal and sound societies otherwise existed in the Caucasus in the sparsely populated high mountains. Tribal societies are more defensive than feudal societies, in which war is only waged or at least led by nobles. The Caucasian defensive towers that have been built since the time of the two Mongol storms , in Ingushetia since around the 14th century, testify to the increasingly defensive lifestyle of the inhabitants of the Caucasus in the past. The defense tower was also included in the coat of arms of Ingushetia as a national symbol.

The expansion of the Wainachen

Ingushetia and Chechnya

Since 15./16. In the 19th century, the Wainache colonized the more northern plains again and assimilated previous inhabitants. There are Chechen and Ingush Taips, which refer to an Ossetian, mountain Jewish , later even Russian a. a. Origin. By the 18th century, their settlement area reached roughly the borders of what is now Ingushetia and Chechnya and, to the northeast and west, partially beyond it, to around Khassavyurt .

In the 17th / 18th In the 19th century, the Wainaks in what is now Ingushetia and on the upper reaches of the Terek came under the rule of the Circassian Kabardines , while the other Wainaks remained independent. With this began the separate development of the Ingush and Chechens.

From the 16th century onwards, Islam gradually spread from what is now Dagestan (from the Kumyks ) to the Wainaks. At the end of the 18th century, the Chechen conversion was complete. Many Ingush were not Muslim until the middle of the 19th century. Up to the beginning of the 20th century, animistic festivals have been handed down among the Ingush, which often took place near the former churches.

The Ingush in Russia

The Ingush settlement area was bordered by the Terek in the west and north at the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th century. Ossetian and Ingush villages mingled on the upper reaches of the Terek. In the east, the settlement boundary was east of the upper reaches of the Assa , while the lower reaches of the "Karabulaks" were inhabited, whose assignment is not clear at the time.

The Ingush settlements near the Vladikavkaz fortress founded in 1784 came into contact with Russian power particularly early on . The treaties concluded between Russia and these Ingush bear testimony to this. In March 1770, the Ingushi clan signed a treaty with the Russian Empire in the eponymous village of Anguscht in what is now North Ossetia , which some historians see as the beginning of Russian rule over the Ingush. In any case, it is certain that in the last third of the 18th century the Ingush came under Russian influence along the upper reaches of the Tereks and in the nearby Tarsk Valley. From the name of the Ingush clan, the name of the Ingush was formed in Russian and other languages. Since the 19th century the Ingush themselves increasingly referred to themselves as "Ghalghai", originally the name of one of the Ingush clans.

With the treaty of 1810 between six dominant clans of the Nazran Ingush and the Russian Empire, after a conflict with Chechens, the Ingush in the plain in the north also came under permanent Russian control. The treaty was basically an alliance in which the Ingush had to declare that they would take action against all enemies of Russia, especially (insurgent) Muslims, and that they would have to support Russia with 1,000 men and some auxiliary services. In addition, the treaty regulates the construction of the Nazran fortress , which was supposed to protect, but probably also supervise, the Ingush. The Ingush had to support the construction in accordance with the contract. In 1816, as part of the relocation of the Caucasus line to the Sunscha and the intensification of Russian efforts under General Alexei Yermolow to bring the Northeast Caucasus under Russian control, the Ingush received a "Pristav" (Russian "chief, chairman") who oversee and oversee the Ingush to ensure cooperation with the Russian army.

A curb Islamic teachings and a conversion to the Russian Orthodox Church succeeded in the Russian military leadership is not, contrary to the successes in the majority of Ossetians. In the 1830s there was an intensified Islamization of the Ingush.

In the Caucasus War (1817–1864) only a few Ingush fought under Imam Shamil with Chechens and Dagestans against Russia. This defensive struggle was waged by the Nakschibendi , a Sufi movement within Islam that became popular in the northeast Caucasus at the beginning of the 19th century and became their spiritual and political leader, Shamil. Apart from a blockade of the Georgian Military Road in 1830 by the Ingush in the wake of the military successes of Imam Ghazi Muhammad , attempts by this imam to draw the Ingush into the conflict on the side of the Islamic resistance failed. Shamil's attempts in 1840 and 1846 to incorporate the Ingush into his state also failed. He was only able to install three “Nuwwab” (Arabic plural of “ Nāʾib ” = “representative, governor”) for the Ingush, Galgaj and Galat clans on the edge of the Ingush settlement area for a short time . According to recent research, the three-day Ingush uprising of 1858, which is often attributed to the agitation of Shamil's ambassadors, was more a protest against the Russian land reform that began at the time and remained largely peaceful on the Ingush side. On the other hand, on the Russian side, Ingush militias fought to a far greater extent, primarily provided by the Nazran Ingush.

After Russia was also able to win the Caucasus War in the West Caucasus in 1864, Russia tried to persuade or deport the Muslims regarded as the most dangerous to emigrate . While only a few of the actual Ingush were affected by the wave of emigration, large parts of the Karabulak population were deported and Cossacks settled on their land, so that in the following a Cossack settlement area separated Chechens from Ingush.

Kunta Hajji, contemporary graphic reconstruction.

From around the 1850s, another Sufi movement spread, the Qādirīya under the leadership of Sheikh Kunta Hajji , whose movement was also quickly noticed by the Russian authorities due to its ecstatic form of Dhikr and that among Chechens, Dagestans and others, but especially among Ingush supporters found. While the Nakschibendi Sufis preferred silent forms of Dhikr and considered loud only to be second best, the Qadiri prefer ecstatic forms. The form of dhikr with periodic dances around a circle, which is still practiced today in the Northeast Caucasus, goes back to Kunta Hajji. Although Kunta Hajji took the standpoint of political quietism , i.e. keeping religion out of politics to a large extent, and also demanded non-violence and no resistance against Russia from his followers, there were several clashes between his followers and Russian troops. In 1864 the Russian authorities arrested Kunta Hajji and sentenced him to imprisonment and forced labor in northern Russia, where he died in 1867. This was followed by an uprising of his supporters, especially from Ingush, from 1864 to 1865. After his death, founded trailer four, later five Sufi currents, is mentioned, which is distinguished by different teaching and dhikr rituals and their attitude is Omar Pilgrimage Holiday-from the more peaceful, politically passive, the Kuntas continues teachings directly to the ( originally) more militant, outwardly encapsulated Batal-Hajji-Will was enough. There are also some followers of the Nakschibendi -Chālidīya in Ingushetia , albeit much less than in Chechnya and especially in Dagestan, whose attitude is different today (see Current Nakschibendi currents ).

Elmars-Hajji Chautiev (d. 1923) from the village of Shoani in the extreme south is the last known pagan Ingush priest. He converted to Islam in 1873. Some have held rituals with neighboring Georgian Chewsuren and made pilgrimages to Mecca in 1905 and 1908. Picture of the linguistic North Caucasus expedition under Jakowlew and Schilling in 1921 (with great-great-granddaughter).

In the course of the expansion of the Qādirīya under Kunta Hajji and his successors and the uprising, all remaining Ingush converted to Islam.

Administratively, the settlement area of the Ingush in the period of part Russian Empire , first from 1785 to Gouvernement Caucasus again, that in the meantime (1790-1802) Oblast as part of the province of Astrakhan was. The administrative seat was initially in Jekaterinograd on the Terek for a short time , but was then moved further to the “hinterland” in Georgievsk . In 1822 the Caucasus Governorate was transformed into a Caucasus Oblast with its administrative seat in Stavropol , and in 1847 it was renamed the Stavropol Governorate . The southern areas of these administrative units, including large parts of the Ingush settlement area, initially had no regular subdivision into Ujesde , for example , but were summarized as the "area of the mountain peoples". The southeastern part of the Stavropol Governorate, to which Ingushetia also belonged, was finally spun off in 1860 as the Terek Oblast with the capital Vladikavkaz. Russians, especially the Terek Cossacks , settled in large numbers in the north of what is now Ingushetia. Cossack settlements, known as stanizas, were established there .

Ingushetia in the Soviet Union

Ingushetia belonged to the Soviet Union from 1921-1924 to the Mountain Republic , then to the Chechen-Ingushetian Autonomous Soviet Republic ( ASSR ) within the Russian republic . An Ingush and Chechen written language was established, first in Latin and later in Cyrillic letters , and the population was fully literate. The first steps towards industrialization followed in addition to the already existing oil production and mineral water bottling.

During the Second World War , in which the German Wehrmacht briefly reached the northwest of Checheno-Ingushetia, there was an anti-Soviet resistance movement of some Chechens and Ingush under the journalist Hassan Israilov from 1940 and from 1941 a second group under Majrbek Sheripov , which soon also formed Israilov subordinated. Although the Germans did not cooperate with Israilov and although only a small minority of the Chechens and Ingush took part (estimates assume up to 5,000 participants and over 20,000 sympathizers, out of 600,000 Chechens and Ingush at that time, over 40,000 in the Red Army ) the Ingush together with the Chechens collectively accused of collaboration with the Third Reich . On February 23, 1944, NKVD units deported almost all Chechens and Ingush to Kazakhstan . Conscript soldiers came to Siberian gulags . This fate of collective deportation also affected the Karachay , Balkar , Kalmyks and Crimean Tatars under Stalinism from 1943 to 1945 , although in all cases the number of rebels or collaborators was smaller than the number of those fighting in the Red Army or as partisans against the Wehrmacht. There were also "preventive" deportations, as first the Koreans and Chinese in Russia's Far East to Central Asia, 1941, the Russian Germans and finally in 1947 the Meskhetians (Georgian Turks).

Russian-language map of Chechnya and Ingushetia. The red areas belonged to Checheno-Ingushetia until 1944, including the eastern part of the Prigorodnyj Rajons in the southwest.

It was not until 1957 that the Chechens and Ingush were rehabilitated and were able to return to their old settlement area. However, this did not apply to the east of the Prigorodny Rajon near Vladikavkaz , in which the eponymous village of Angusht had also been located. Instead, Chechens and Ingush were compensated with territories north of the Terek, which today belong exclusively to Chechnya. Nevertheless, Ingush later also settled in Prigorodny Rajon, which remained in North Ossetia . The affiliation of this Rajon became a point of contention between the Ossetians and Ingush. The proportion of the Russian population group , which in some parts of Ingushetia long formed the majority of the population, has declined sharply since the 1960s. The Russians lost their majority in the Malgobek region in the 1960s, and in the Sunsha district in the 1970s. In 1970 just under 25% of the population of Ingushetia were Russians, in 1989 13.2%. The background to this decline was on the one hand a lower birth rate and emigration to economically prosperous regions, but also increasing ethnic tensions.

After the dissolution of the USSR , the separation from Chechnya, which was striving for independence , was established by a constitutional amendment on December 10, 1992, and Ingushetia became an independent republic within Russia. The division had already been decided on October 1, 1991 - while the Soviet Union was still in existence - by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR . During 1992 the conflict with neighboring North Ossetia over Prigorodny Raion escalated . According to the last Soviet census in 1989, Ingush were only a minority there (22.1% Ingush, 58.9% Ossetians, 15.7% Russians), but the area had and was for them historical importance as the heart of their national identity only fell to Ossetia when the Ingush were deported. As a result, from October 31 to November 5, 1992 there was an open war between Ingush militias and Ossetian units. The conflict ended with the temporary expulsion of large parts of the Ingush from the Rajon. To this day, Ingush has been required to return the area to Ingushetia.

Post-Soviet history of Ingushetia

The first president was Ruslan Auschew from March 1993 to December 2001 , who was replaced in 2002 by Russian President Vladimir Putin by the former KGB General Murat Sjasikow .

In 2003 Magas was declared the capital, replacing Nazran as the seat of government. In June 2004 there was a large-scale attack by Chechen and Ingushetian separatists (see rebel attack on Ingushetia 2004 ). About 200 heavily armed people attacked government buildings and strategically important objects. About 90 people died, including the incumbent Interior Minister Kostoyev. After 1991 there was an exodus of the Russian minority of Ingushetia, which had already shrunk significantly. In the 2010 census, only 0.78% of the population was of Russian descent, which is the lowest value in all of Russia.

Under President Murat Syasikov, human rights organizations and journalists critical of the government complained about an increase in kidnappings, murders and attacks by state organs. About 150 people are said to have disappeared during his tenure. In addition, freedom of the press and information were restricted more than in other parts of Russia. It is reported that the website of the anti-government radio station Echo Moskwy is not accessible. In 2008, the opposition website Ingushetiya.ru was banned from operating . Its owner, Magomed Jewlojew , died in police custody in August of the same year, and the site's editor-in-chief fled to France . Demonstrations against the political leadership of the republic were partly broken up by force.

In the first half of 2008, 70 police officers were killed in armed attacks by Islamists. Armed Ingush state organs repeatedly kidnapped and murdered young men in raids. In response to the Caucasus War between Russia and Georgia and the death of Yevloev, the opposition “People's Parliament of Ingushia” began collecting signatures with the aim of Ingushetia's exit from the Russian Federation.

In October 2008, President and ex-secret service agent Zyazikov, who was unable to come to terms with the insecure domestic political situation in Ingushetia, was removed from office and replaced by Army General Junus-Bek Yevkurov . In June 2009, Yevkurov survived a devastating terrorist attack on his car convoy with minor injuries. The attack occurred at a time when the republic was already badly hit by many acts of violence. These included the murder of Interior Minister Bashir Auschew and Deputy Supreme Judge Asa Gasgireyeva .

On September 26, 2018, President Yevkurov and Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov signed an exchange of territory between the two republics within Russia, which in fact meant the loss of part of the republic's territory in the east to Chechnya. Although there were no Ingush settlements in the ceded area, considerable parts of the Ingushetian public reacted with mass protests that lasted for months. a. the former president Ruslan Auschew, the Mufti of Ingushetia, Khamchoev, the chairman of the council of Ingush teips (= traditional family associations / clans ), Ushachow and the Ingush Duma deputy Sultygowa participated. Further Chechen claims for territory were feared and the demonstrators again made the Ingushetian demand for the Prigorodny Raion. The protests were only suppressed in the spring / summer of 2019, partly violently, partly through the arrests and dismissals of demonstrators and leading activists, for example the entire muftiate of Ingushetia was dissolved and the chairman of the Ingush teips council , Ushachow, was imprisoned. President Yevkurov resigned on June 24, 2019, but was shortly thereafter deputy Russian defense minister and was temporarily replaced by Mahmud-Ali Kalimatov .

Web links

Commons : Ingushetia - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Official website of Ingushetia
English and Russian short messages from Kawkaski Usel from Ingushetia

Individual evidence

↑ Administrativno-territorialʹnoe delenie po subʺektam Rossijskoj Federacii na 1 janvarja 2010 goda (administrative-territorial division according to subjects of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2010). ( Download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)

↑ ^a ^b Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)

↑ Nacional'nyj sostav naselenija po sub "ektam Rossijskoj Federacii. (XLS) In: Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Rosstat, accessed on June 30, 2016 (Russian, ethnic composition of the population according to federal subjects , results of the 2010 census).

↑ Census results in ethno-kavkaz (Russian), Sunschenski rajon mostly in the last line, Russian population in the penultimate column

↑ http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rningushetia.html

↑ Population of the Russian territorial units by nationality 2010 (Russian; lines 462–468) http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab7.xls

↑ ^a ^b Population figures 2010 at the Federal Service for State Statistics of Russia (calculation as of January 1; Excel file; 562 kB)

↑ Ingushet President injured in attack. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , June 22, 2009.

↑ See e.g. B. Georgij A. Klimov: "Introduction to Caucasian Linguistics." German adaptation by Jost Gippert. Hamburg 1994, pp. 18-21, especially p. 19.

^ Representatives of the immigration hypothesis alongside Giorgi Melikishvili, Wjatscheslaw Ws. Iwanow and Tibór Hálási-Kún z. B. Tamas Gamqrelidse and the historian Amjad M. Jaimoukha. The clues are the similarity of the name of the Urartian tribe of the Èrs in the Yerevan region to the 1000 years later tribe of the Hers in Heretia , two other similarities of names and reproduced legends in Strabo (Geographika XI., V., 1-49) and in two works by Leonti Mroweli (11th century) on the immigration of tribes to the Caucasus in the past, cf. Jaimoukha pp. 26-30. However, individual similarities in names and old legends are never scientific proof, which is why they are only considered hypotheses.

↑ E.g. Heinz Fähnrich ( on the post-Daghestan loan words in Swan in: WZ-FSU-GSR 37 (1988) 2, pp. 117–121) has shown that the Swan language has some post-Arabic words, possibly a post-Arabic language earlier could have existed in the area (Dwal?). The Caucasus historian Vladimir Kuznetsov has traced three Ossetian place names back to Nakhian origins, excerpt from Очерки истории алан Wladikawkas 1992. (from the 7th last section), but does not endorse the hypothesis definitively. It is also controversial (in addition to Heretia) whether the Batsen (Batsi language) mentioned are really the indigenous people of Tushetia. According to some research, they could not have immigrated until the Middle Ages.

^ W. Barthold: Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion , 4th edition, London, 1977, pp. 402-403

^ J. Chambers: The Devil's Horsemen: the Mongol Invasion of Europe , London, 1979

↑ See e.g. B. Amjad M. Jaimoukha: The Chechens: a handbook . New York 2005, pp. 31 and 33.

↑ E.g. Jaimoukha p. 34

↑ Ronald L. Sprouse: Introduction . In: Ders .: Ingush-English and English-Ingush dictionary . Routledge, London 2004, ISBN 0-415-31595-6 , p. 2.

↑ The story of the Weinachen is u. a. described in Emanuel Sarkisyanz : History of the oriental peoples of Russia until 1917. Munich 1961, pp. 114–120.

↑ Anna Zelkina: In quest for God and freedom: the Sufi response to the Russian advance in the North Caucasus London 2000. S. 33

↑ See Kisti , in: Encyclopaedia Britannica , Edinburgh 1823, 6th edition, Vol. 11, p. 469.

↑ NF Grabovskij: Inguši. I žizn 'i obyčai, Sbornik svedenij o Kavkazskich gorcach. Tiflis 1876, Vol. 9, pp. 2-4.

↑ NF Grabovskij: Inguši. I žizn 'i obyčai, Sbornik svedenij o Kavkazskich gorcach. Tiflis 1876, Vol. 9, pp. 5-11.

^ Anatolij Nestorovič Genko: Iz kul'turnogo prošlogo ingušej. In: A. Ch. Tankiev (ed.): Inguši. Sbornik statej i očerkov po istorii i kul'ture ingušskogo naroda. Saratov 1996, pp. 503-504.

↑ See e.g. B. Moshe Gammer : Muslim Resistance to the Tsar. Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan. London 2003, pp. 69, 71.

↑ See e.g. B. Moshe Gammer: Muslim Resistance to the Tsar. Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan. London 2003, p. 54.

↑ See e.g. B. Moshe Gammer: Muslim Resistance to the Tsar. Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan. London 2003, pp. 162-171.

↑ Cf. Moshe Gammer: The lone wolf and the bear: three centuries of Chechen defiance of Russian rule London 2006 pp. 68, 81 (chapter “From Quietism to Uprising” on Kunta's Qadiri movement), or z. B. also here

↑ See e.g. B. Julietta Meskhidze: Shaykh Batal Hajji from Surkhokhi: toward the history of Islam in Ingushetia. in: Central Asian Survey 25 (2006), pp. 179-191. The Batal Hajji supporters, who are numerous in Ingushetia, wore special armament, and some outlaws in the mountains, so-called Abreken, were among them. Aside from obligatory hospitality, they suspiciously shut themselves off from the outside world, including against other Muslims, up to and including a ban on marriage. However, such descriptions can only be transferred to a limited extent to the post-Soviet period.

↑ See Julietta Meskhidze: Shaykh Batal Hajji from Surkhokhi: toward the history of Islam in Ingushetia. in: Central Asian Survey 25 (2006), p. 180. He is said to have been born in 1766, but no one in tribal societies checked this and is to be seen as an awesome legend, as is the story that his shoulders shone.

↑ For the details of these collective deportations cf. u. a. Gerhard Simon: Nationalism and Nationality Policy in the Soviet Union. From dictatorship to post-Stalinist society. Baden-Baden 1986, pp. 217-232.