Staniza

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A stanitsa ( Russian станица ; Ukrainian станиця / stanyzja; German plural stanizas or stanizas ; (outdated) also stanitsa / -en ) is a Cossack settlement , today mainly in Russia and Ukraine .

Historical development

In the Russian Empire of the 15th to 17th centuries, smaller (60-100 men) cavalry units consisting of "servants" and Cossacks were referred to as stanitsa , which were sent to the southern steppes to secure borders and observe the movements of the Crimean Tatars . In contrast to the normal border guards, these stanizas undertook long expeditions into the steppes beyond the southern and south-eastern borders of the empire to investigate, capture or destroy smaller Tatar units.

In the 16th to 18th centuries "messages" from the Cossack troops to the Russian Tsar in Moscow and later St. Petersburg were called Stanitsa. Every winter a winter stanitsa (Russian зимовая станица / simowaja staniza) was sent with the most important documents and gifts, which in return brought back the troops' pay. These stanizas consisted of up to 20 men, sometimes led by an ataman . In addition, three to four “light staniers”, consisting of three to five men, were deployed in the course of the year. The number of these stanizas gradually decreased in the course of the 18th century. Towards the end of the century they were finally given up entirely, with the exception of the winter staniza of the Ural Cossacks, which supplied fish and caviar to the tsar.

In Russia from the 17th to 18th centuries, Cossack settlements began to be called stanitsa. In the 19th century they became official administrative-territorial units or, in the narrower sense, their centers, especially in the original settlement areas of the Cossacks in the European part of Russia and in the foothills of the Caucasus . In the other settlement areas, e.g. B. Siberia , these settlements were informally referred to as stanizen, but did not have the official administrative status.

organization

Several smaller villages could belong to a stanitsa. The Cossack population of a Staniza formed the Stanizengemeinschaft (Russian станичное общество ), the organ which Stanizenversammlung (Russian станичный сбор or сход was). This assembly, consisting of all Cossack house owners (only elected from 1891), elected the stanizen administration, consisting of the ataman, helper of the ataman and treasurer, as well as the stanizen court. In addition, the congregation distributed the land and the duties of the individual community members, administered the common grain store and the school. The Stanizen Court negotiated minor criminal and civil cases.

Current status

In today's Russia, the formal administrative status introduced during the Soviet Union has been retained. A stanitsa is thus a settlement of the village type, primarily inhabited by Cossacks, on the territory of the traditional main settlement areas of the Cossacks (in the federal district of Southern Russia ).

There are stanizas in the regions of Krasnodar (192) and Stavropol (32), the oblasts of Rostov (67) and Volgograd (40) and the republics of Adygeja (6), Ingushetia , Kabardino-Balkaria (5), Karachay-Cherkessia (6) , North Ossetia-Alania (7) and Chechnya (numbers according to the official Russian local classification OKATO, as of 2006; data for Ingushetia and Chechnya are missing).

Important stanizans

Some stanizi today have more inhabitants than many small Russian towns and are definitely urban in character. Nevertheless, town charter was only granted in exceptional cases , such as in 1999 to Mikhailovsk (previously Shpakovskoye ) with 70,981 inhabitants today (as of October 14, 2010), which only had the status of Staniza until 1870 and since then has been populated as Selo . 2015, the most populous so far with 61,598 inhabitants (2010) Staniza was ordzhonikidzevskaya (originally Sunschenskaja, later Slepzowskaja ) in the Republic of Ingushetia, but in which at least since the Chechen wars actually lived no more Cossacks, in a urban settlement type and transformed into a city in 2016 and renamed Sunsha in the same year .

Many larger stanizas function as administrative centers of Rajons , including most of those listed below with a population over 20,000, mostly in the Krasnodar Territory (according to data from the October 14, 2010 census).

Surname Russian Residents Federation subject
Kanevskaya Каневская 44,386 Krasnodar
Leningradskaya Ленинградская 36,940 Krasnodar
Dinskaya Динская 34,848 Krasnodar
Pavlovskaya Павловская 31,327 Krasnodar
Starominskaya Староминская 29,809 Krasnodar
Kushchovskaya Кущёвская 28,362 Krasnodar
Poltavskaya Полтавская 26,490 Krasnodar
Tbilisskaya Тбилисская 25,317 Krasnodar
Severskaya Северская 24,867 Krasnodar
Yelisavetinskaya Елизаветинская 24,755 Krasnodar
Novotitarovskaya Новотитаровская 24,754 Krasnodar
Otradnaya Отрадная 23.204 Krasnodar
Bryukhovetskaya Брюховецкая 22,139 Krasnodar
Nesterovskaya Нестеровская 21,937 Ingushetia
Essentukskaya Ессентукская 20,166 Stavropol

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)

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