Latinization in the Soviet Union
The Latinization in the Soviet Union ( Russian латиниза́ция , latinisazija ) was a campaign in the 1920s to 1930s that aimed to replace traditional writing systems for various languages of the Soviet Union with Latin-based writing systems or to develop such for previously written languages.
Affected languages
The alphabets for the following languages have been latinized or recreated:
- Abasin language (1932)
- Abkhaz language (1924)
- Adygean language (1926)
- Alta language (South Altai , 1929)
- Azerbaijani language (1922)
- Assyrian language (common name in the Soviet Union for the Assyrian-Neo-Aramaic dialect , 1930)
- Avar language (1928)
- Bashkir language (1927)
- Baloch language (1933)
- Mountain Jewish language (common name in the Soviet Union for the Juhuri dialect of the Tatic language , 1929)
- Buryat language (1929)
- Khakass language (1929)
- Chantic Language (1931)
- Chinese language (1931)
- Dargin language (1928)
- Dungan language (1928)
- Eskimo language (generalizing for the Yupik languages and dialects mainly spoken in the Soviet Union on the Chukchi Peninsula , 1931)
- Ewenish language (1931)
- Evenk language (1931)
- Ingush language (1923)
- Ischoric language (1932)
- Itelmen language (1931)
- Judeo-Tajik language ( Buchori dialect of the Persian / Tajik language spoken by the Bukharan Jews , 1929)
- Kabardian language (1923)
- Kalmuck language (1930)
- Karaim language (1928)
- Karakalpak language (1928)
- Karachay-Balkar language (1924)
- Karelian language (1931)
- Kazakh language (1928)
- Ketan Language (1931)
- Kyrgyz language (1928)
- Komi-Permyak language (1932)
- Komi language (1932)
- Korjak language (1931)
- Crimean Tatar language (1927)
- Crimean Chak language (1928)
- Cumandian Language (Northern Maltese, 1932)
- Kumyk language (1927)
- Kurdish language (common name in the Soviet Union for Kurmanji / Northern Kurdish, 1929)
- Lacian language (1928)
- Lasian language (1930)
- Lesgian language (1928)
- Mansi language (1931)
- Moldovan language (1932)
- Nanaic language (1931)
- Nenets language (1931)
- Niwchi language (1931)
- Nogai language (1928)
- Ossetian language (1923)
- Persian language (1930)
- Sami language (generalized for on the Kola spoken -Halbinsel ostsamischen languages , especially Kildinsamisch and Skoltsamisch , 1931)
- Shoric language (1931)
- Schugnan language (also Shugni, a south-east Iranian language spoken in the Pamirs , 1932)
- Selkupic language (1931)
- Tabassaran Language (1932)
- Tajik language (1928)
- Talysh language (1929)
- Tatar language (1928)
- Tatar language (1933)
- Tsachurian language (1934)
- Chechen language (1925)
- Chukchi language (1931)
- Turkmen language (1927)
- Udehei language (1931)
- Udish language (1934)
- Uighur language (1928)
- Uzbek language (1927)
- Wepsi Language (1932)
Latinization projects for the following languages have been put together and approved:
However, these were not implemented. Projects were developed to latinize all other alphabets of the ethnic groups of the Soviet Union. In total, between 1923 and 1939, alphabets for 50 languages (out of 72 languages of the USSR that had a written language) were created on the basis of the Latin alphabet. However, in 1936 a new campaign began: most of the languages of the peoples of the Soviet Union were converted to Cyrillic , which was essentially complete by 1940.
Exceptions from the Latinization (as well as from the following Cyrillization) were Armenian , Georgian and Yiddish , each with their own writing systems. Languages spoken in the Soviet Union with the traditional Latin writing system were not Cyrillicized ( German as well as Estonian , Finnish , Latvian , Lithuanian and Polish, which were more widespread in the west of the Soviet Union in 1939/1940, especially after the annexations of corresponding areas ).
See also
literature
- Ingeborg Baldauf : Writing reform and correspondence among the Muslim Russian and Soviet Turks (1850-1937). Budapest 1993, ISBN 963-05-6531-5 .
- Andreas Frings: Soviet policy of writing between 1917 and 1941. Steiner, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-515-08887-9 .
- Николай Владимирович Юшманов: Определитель Языков . Moscow / Leningrad 1941
Web links
- Ilya Yevlampiev, Nurlan Jumagueldinov, Karl Pentzlin: Revised proposal to encode Latin letters used in the Former Soviet Union. (PDF) ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC2 / WG2, Document N4162, January 29, 2012, accessed on April 28, 2019 (English).