Mansian language
| Mansi (moans) | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
Russia | |
| speaker | 940 (2010) | |
| Linguistic classification |
||
| Official status | ||
| Official language in |
 Autonomous circle of the Khanty and Mansi (limited)
|
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
fiu (other finno-ugr. languages) |
|
| ISO 639-3 | ||
The Mansi language (моаньсь, moańś) (also known under the exonym Vogul ) is a language spoken by the Mansi in northwest Siberia , belonging to the Obugian branch of the Finno-Ugric languages and is closely related to Chantic .
In the autonomous district of Khanty Mansi is an official language, even if it is spoken by less than one percent of its population. Of the 12,300 Mansi, only 940 said they spoke Mansish in 2010. Since the language tends not to be passed on to younger generations, it is very much threatened with extinction. The Mansi extend over a relatively large settlement area, so that, despite the small number of speakers, Mansic is divided into several dialects , which sometimes have greater differences in pronunciation.
Mansish is an agglutinating language . About 30-40% of the vocabulary of Mansi is of common Ugric origin. Numerous borrowings come from Komi and Russian . Since 1937 the Cyrillic alphabet with additional characters, which is unfavorable for the correct sound reproduction of Mansi, has been used for Mansish .
Dialects
Mansisch has four main dialects, named after the rivers flowing through the distribution areas:
- northern ( Soswa ) dialect ; is spoken of today by the overwhelming number of the Mansi
- western dialect ; includes different subdialects ( Pelym , Wagily )
- eastern ( Konda ) dialect ; with insignificant differences
- southern ( Tawda ) dialect ; practically extinct
grammar
Since the northern Soswa dialect is not only the predominantly spoken dialect nowadays, but also the one that has been mainly explored linguistically, the following description of the grammar is limited to just that dialect.
noun
The number, case and possession are marked on the noun, with the possession marking being optional. Like all other Finno-Ugric languages, the Mansi language has no gender ; the natural gender is expressed either through different words ( piɣ - 'boy'; āɣí - 'girl') or through composition (sāli-ōjka - 'male reindeer'). The marking of (in) definiteness is not compulsory in Mansi as in many other Ural languages. Often the relevant information is obtained through context. Linguistic means for explicitly specifying definiteness are a) the use of demonstrative pronouns, b) the use of the possessive suffix in the third person and c) the use of the particle ań for definiteness and the numerals akʷ ('1') for indefiniteness. The latter terms are sometimes interpreted as definite or indefinite articles , but this is controversial.
number
In number inflection, a distinction is made between singular , dual and plural . The suffix of dual and plural varies depending on the stem ending; the singular is unmarked:
| Stem ending | Singular | dual | Plural | translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vowel (a / e) | pōra | pōra-ɣ | pōra-t | 'Raft' |
| Vowel (i) | aɣi | aɣi-jiɣ | aɣi-t | 'Girl' |
| consonant | mōjt | mōjt-iɣ | mōjt-ət | 'History' |
What is particularly important when using numbers in Mansi is that the singular is used for objects that normally appear in pairs (e.g. sam 'eyes'). If it is actually only a part of the pair, the morpheme pāl 'half' is added ( sampal 'eye').
By using the dual, on the other hand, a certain bond between two people or objects can be expressed. Ēkʷaɣ ōjkaɣ does not literally mean 'two women and two men', but rather 'one woman and one man' → 'a married couple'.
case
Mansic has six cases ( nominative , lative , locative , ablative , instrumental and translative ). As in Hungarian , the genitive is not continued, but expressed through ownership.
The case suffix is always added to the number suffix and also varies depending on the context in which it is used:
| case | suffix | Main functions | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Main suffix | variation | ||
| Nominative | O | O | - subject
- nominal predicate - direct object ( accusative ) - possessive attribute (see genitive) |
| Lative | -n | -ən (after consonant clusters ) | - local function: indicates that something is heading in the direction of something:
kol-n ('house'-LAT;' into the house / on the house / to the house ') - marks the recipient of the given (see dative ) |
| locative | -t | -ət (after consonant clusters) | - local function: indicates the position where the subject / object is located:
kol-t ('house'-LOC;' in the house, on the house, at the house ') |
| ablative | -nəl | - local function: indicates that something is steering away from something:
kol-nəl (house'-ABL); 'from the house, out of the house, away from the house') |
|
| Instrumental | -l | -əl (after consonants)
-təl (after dual and possessive suffixes |
- expresses what an action is carried out with |
| Translative | -ɣ | -iɣ (after consonants) | - expresses the result of a change of state
- expresses a state (cf. essive ) |
possession
To express possession, like most Finno-Ugric languages, Mansic does not use possessive pronouns , but rather possessive suffixes. These provide information about the owner (person, number) as well as about the possessed (number).
Note that there is a lot of variation in suffix forms, especially in the vowel system; so the following table does not represent a strict paradigm.
| possession | Singular | dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| owner | ||||
| SG | 1. | -m -əm | -ɣəm -aɣəm | -nəm -anəm |
| 2. | -n -ən | -ɣən -aɣən | -n (ən) -an (ən) | |
| 3. | -tea | -ɣe -aɣe | -ne -ane | |
| YOU | 1. | -men | -ɣamen -aɣamen | -name -anamen |
| 2. | -n -en | -ɣen -aɣen | -nen -anen | |
| 3. | -th -en | -ɣen -aɣen | -nen -anen | |
| PL | 1. | -w -uw | -ɣuw - aɣuw | -nuw - anuw |
| 2. | -n -en | -ɣen -aɣen | -nen -anen | |
| 3. | -nəl -anəl | -ɣanəl -aɣanəl | -n (an) əl -an (an) əl | |
Case suffixes can be added to the possessive suffixes.
In addition, it is common in Mansic to put the corresponding personal pronoun in front of the noun bearing the possessive suffix. This means that ambiguities caused by syncretisms can be disambiguated.
Pronominal system
The Mansi language has a diverse pronominal system. Personal pronouns are divided into simple , emphatic, reflexive and solitary . In addition, demonstrative pronouns , interrogative pronouns , indefinite pronouns , negative pronouns (e.g. correspond to the German 'nobody', 'nothing') and general pronouns (e.g. 'all', 'everyone') are used.
Simple personal pronouns inflect according to person and number and occur in five cases: nominative, accusative, dative, ablative and comitive . In contrast to nouns, personal pronouns use the accusative for the direct object, the dative suffix corresponds to the lative suffix of the nominal declination, while the suffix used for the comitive is identical to the suffix of the instrumental in the nominal declination.
| Singular | dual | Plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
| Nominative | at the | naη | taw | mēn | nēn | tēn | mān | nān | tān |
| accusative | ānəm | naηən | tawe | mēnmen | nēnan | sounded | mānaw | nānan | tānanəl |
| dative | ānəmn | naηənn | tawen | mēnmenn | nēnann | sound | mānawn | nānann | tānanəln |
| ablative | ānəmnəl | naηənnəl | tawenəl | mēnmennəl | nēnannəl | tēntennəl | mānawnəl | nānannəl | tānanəlnəl |
| Comitative | ānəmtəl | naηəntəl | tawetəl | mēnmentəl | nēnantəl | tēntentəl | mānawtəl | nānantəl | tānanəltəl |
Mansi is a pro-drop language. D accordingly ie using simple personal pronoun is not mandatory because the information is encoded on the subject already in the verb.
Emphatic personal pronouns are only used in the nominative and are formed by suffixing -ki to the simple personal pronoun.
Reflexive pronouns are used in Mansic in all pronominal cases except the nominative. They are formed by concatenating the emphatic personal pronoun, -na and the corresponding possessive suffix, e.g. B. 1st person singular accusative: am-ki-na-m .
Solitary personal pronouns emphasize the loneliness of the person (s). Like the emphatic personal pronouns, they are only used in the nominative case. They are formed by adding -kk or -kke to the simple personal pronoun, followed by the possessive suffix.
Verbs
Verbs in Mansi inflect according to person, number (singular, dual, plural), tense (present, simple past), mode (indicative, imperative , conditional - optative , narrative ) and diathesis . The conjugations differ depending on whether the sentence has a specific object (specific conjugation) or there is no object or an indefinite object (indefinite conjugation).
The affix sequence in the formation of the verbs is: Verb stem - (infinitive) - (mode) - (passive marking) - tense - personal suffix
The finite verbs of the Mansi language congruent in person and number with the subject. In the particular conjugation there is also a number congruence between the verb and the direct object.
Tense
In Mansic, the present and past tense are marked overt , while the future tense does not exist as such. As in most Finno-Ugric languages, the present tense can be used to express future actions. The future reading of the present tense can be inferred from the context or through adverbial tenses such as 'tomorrow' or 'later'. In addition, the future tense can be expressed by using the infinitive with the auxiliary verb pat- ('to fall, begin').
- Present tense with specific conjugation: Verb stem - present tense marking of specific conjugation - personal suffix
In the particular conjugation, the verb also provides information about the number of the particular object. In addition, the connecting vowel -i- is inserted between the verb stem and the suffix (s).
| object | Singular | dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| subject | ||||
| SG | 1. | χańiśt-i-lə-m | χańiśt-i-jaɣə-m | χańiśt-i-janə-m |
| 2. | χańiśt-i-lə-n | χańiśt-i-jaɣə-n | χańiśt-i-jan (ən) | |
| 3. | χańiśt-i-te-Ø | χańiśt-i-jaɣe-Ø | χańiśt-i-jane-Ø | |
| YOU | 1. | χańiśt-i-la-men | χańiśt-i-jaɣ-men | χańiśt-i-jan-men |
| 2. | χańiśt-i-lə-n | χańiśt-i-jaɣə-n | χańiśt-i-jan (ən) | |
| 3. | χańiśt-i-te-n | χańiśt-i-jaɣe-n | χańiśt-i-jane-n | |
| PL | 1. | χańiśt-i-lu-w | χańiśt-i-jaɣ-uw | χańiśt-i-jan-uw |
| 2. | χańiśt-i-lən | χańiśt-i-jaɣə-n | χańiśt-i-jan (ən) | |
| 3. | χańiśt-ij-anəl | χańiśt-i-jaɣ-anəl | χańiśt-i-jan- (an) əl | |
- Past tense with indefinite conjugation: Verb stem - preterite mark of the indefinite conjugation - personal suffix
The preterite mark -s precedes the personal suffix of the present tense (possibly with a connecting vowel ) :
| Singular | dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | min-sə-m | min-sə-men | min-su-w |
| 2nd person | min-sə-n | min-sə-n | min-sə-n |
| 3rd person | min- (ə) s-Ø | min-si-ɣ | min-sə-t |
- Past tense with specific conjugation: verb stem - past tense marking of specific conjugation - personal suffix
Apart from the use of the past tense marker -s and the connecting vowel -a-, the conjugation of the past tense with a certain conjugation is the same as that of the present tense with a certain conjugation:
| object | Singular | dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| subject | |||
| 1st person | χańiśt-a-slə-m | χańiśt-a-saɣə-m | χańiśt-a-sanə-m |
mode
The following modes are used in Mansic: indicative, imperative, conditional-optative and narrative.
The imperative is formed by the 2nd person marker that is added directly to the verb stem, e.g. B. min-en ('go'). To express imperatives for people who do not correspond to the 2nd person, the particle wos is used with the appropriate personal ending, e.g. B. wos mini ('may she go').
The conditional-optative is identified by the suffix -nuw , which directly follows the verb stem (and is connected to it by a connecting vowel), e.g. B. ōl-nuw-ə-m ('I would live').
Diathesis
While the active is unmarked, the passive form, which is very common in Mansi, is marked by the suffix -we . A special feature is that both intransitive and transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice. Since the person standing in the passive voice can be viewed as an object, no distinction is made in the passive voice between definite and indefinite conjugation.
- Passive Present
The passive marker -we is attached to the verb stem with the connecting vowel -a- and followed by the corresponding personal suffixes , e.g. B. with wār ('do, do') in 1st pers. Sg: wār-a-whom.
- Passive past tense
In the past tense, the passive marker -we is followed by the past past marker -s and the personal suffix . The connecting vowel - a- is only used to avoid clusters of consonants. Example wār ('do, do') in 1st pers. Sg: wār-we-s-əm.
Non-finite verb forms
Infinitive
The infinitive form is formed with the ending -ηkʷe and is attached directly to the verb stem. The number of syllables in the stem determines which connecting vowel is inserted: if the number is odd, -u- is inserted between the stem and the infinitive: lāw- ('say') → lāw-u-ηkʷe. If the stem consists of an even number of syllables, the connecting vowel -a- is used: aliśl - ('hunt') → aliśl-a-ηkʷe.
The infinitive can be used with many finite verbs. As already mentioned, the common usage with pat- ('fall, begin') reaches a future reading. In addition, the infinitive can appear with verbs that express a will, thought (cf. 1), wish or ability or even a movement (cf. 2):
1) kol ūnttuηkʷe nomsi
'House-NOM, build-INF, reflect-PRÄS.3.SG'
He's thinking about building a house.
2) mis tittuηkʷe kʷāls
'Cow-NOM, feed-INF, go-PRÄT.3.SG'
He went to feed the cow.
Participles
There are various participles in the Mansi language, some of which are rarely used today, but some of which are still used frequently. They fulfill various functions; For example, they can be used as attributes, express adverbials, form adjectives from nouns or verbs or express that the subject (auditory, visual, etc.) is perceived.
gerund
Gerunds are used in Mansic as a predicate or as an adverbial of manner (cf. 3) or of the state.
3) ōjka χoχsa χart-im ūnli
'old man-NOM, pipe-NOM, smoking-GER, sitting-PRES.3.SG'
The old man is sitting smoking a pipe.
Simple sentences
Word order
As in most agglutinating languages, the SOV position is the basic one in Mansic . Adverbials appear either at the beginning of a sentence or between the subject and the finite verb. However, in order to emphasize a certain constituent , the SOV position can be deviated from. For example, the finite verb can also be used at the beginning of the sentence or the adverbial can be in the final position.
Declarative clauses and interrogative clauses do not differ greatly in their word order.
At the phrase level, the attribute-giving element largely precedes the attribute-bearing element. As a result, attributes such as adjectives, pronouns, and numeral appear before the noun, and full verbs appear before auxiliaries .
negation
To express negation, the particles at ('not') and āt'i ('none') are used in Mansi .
numbers
| # | Mansish | Hungarian |
| 1 | аква (akʷa) | egy |
| 2 | китыг (kitiɣ) | kettő |
| 3 | хурум (xuːrəm) | három |
| 4th | нила (ɲila) | négy |
| 5 | ат (at) | öt |
| 6th | хот (xoːt) | Has |
| 7th | сат (saːt) | hét |
| 8th | нёллов (ɲololow) | nyolc |
| 9 | онтэллов (ontolow) | kilenc |
| 10 | лов (low) | tíz |
| 20th | хус (xus) | húsz |
| 100 | сат (saːt / janiɣsaːt) | száz |
| 1000 | сотэр (soːtər) | ezer |
The numbers 1 and 2 also have attributive forms: акв (1) and кит (2); (cf. also with hungarian két , and old hungarian kit ).
Comparison with the Hungarian
| Mansish | Hungarian | German |
|---|---|---|
| Hurem ne vituel huligel husz hul pugi. | Három nő a vízből hálóval húsz halat fog. | Three women catch twenty fish from the water with a net. |
| Huremszáthusz hulachszäm ampem viten äli. | Háromszázhúsz hollószemű ebem vízen él. | Three hundred and twenty of my raven-eyed dogs live on the water. |
| Pegte lau lasinen manl tou szilna. | Fekete ló lassan megy a tó szélén. | A black horse runs slowly on the lake shore. |
Mansi-language literature
The most famous author who wrote his works in the Mansi language was Juwan Shestalov . However, the vast majority of his works are written in Russian .
Researcher of the Mansi language
Hungarian and Finnish scholars who undertook linguistic journeys in the Mansi-speaking area were primarily Antal Reguly , August Ahlqvist , Bernát Munkácsi and Artturi Kannisto .
literature
Giant, Timothy. Vogul . Vol. 158. Bow Historical Books, 2001; ISBN 3-89586-231-2
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Rombandeeva, Evdokija Ivanovna: Mansijskij / Vogulskij / jazyk . Nauka, Moscow 1973, p. 200-201 .
- ↑ Riese, Timothy: Vogul . In: Bow Historical Books . tape 158 , 2001, ISBN 3-89586-231-2 , pp. 64 .