Comitative
The Komitativ (accompanying case, from Latin comes "companion") or sociative (from Latin socius "companion") is defined in terms of content, a subtype of an adverbial determination and introduces a participant who appears or acts in the company of another. In German it corresponds to a construction with the preposition "(together) with". In other languages the same thing is expressed by a special case ; in these cases the comitive can be defined as a word form, i.e. a component in the declension of a noun. A comitive case occurs, for example, in the Finnish-Ugric languages , u. a. Hungarian , Finnish , Estonian , also in Ossetian and Sumerian as well as with the name "Sociative" in several Dravidian languages (including Tamil , Malayalam ), possibly also in Turkic languages , where it is classified as an instrumental by other linguists .
Examples of comitive cases
Turkic languages
- Turkish : arkadaş la “with [a] comrade”, arkadaşım la “with my comrade”. The comitative ending is -le or -la according to the vowel harmony .
Dravidian languages
- Tamil : மனைவியோடு maṉaiviy- Otu "with the wife," அன்புடன் ANP utan "with love"; The suffixes -ōṭu and -uṭaṉ are largely in free variation.
Finno-Ugric languages
- Estonian : minu ga "with me", maja ga "with the house", majade ga "with the houses"
- Finnish : ystävi ne nne “with your friends”; the comitive is rarely used in Finnish and can only be used in the plural with possessive pronoun endings. In everyday language, the postposition kanssa is used instead .
- Mari : книгаште kniga šte "with a / the book"
- North Sami : mánái n "with the child", mánái guin "with the children"; the lexeme gu (ob) i = comrade has been "grammaticalized" to the grammem (grammatical element) of the comitative identifier.
- Hungarian : barátom times "with my boyfriend", barátnőjé vel "with his girlfriend"; vel em "with me"; In Hungarian, the Komitativ is generally identified by the ending -val / -vel , which corresponds to the German "mit". It should be noted that the “v” merges with a final consonant and doubles it. In personal pronouns, however, vel is at the front, e.g. B. vel em , vel ed , while it acts as an ending in demonstrative pronouns, e.g. B. ez zel , az zal . There is also the much rarer ending -stul / -stül to identify a group of people or objects in the sense of "together with" or "together with": családo stul "together with the family", barátnő stül "together with the friend".
Indo-European languages
- Portuguese : In the Portuguese language, the comitive has been studied relatively little, as many grammarians assign it a different semantic function, such as B. Objeto Indireto (indirect dative object) or Adjunto Adverbial (accompanying attribute ). Nevertheless, the name for such a verbal addition as Caso Comitativo (Casus Komitativ) is highly recommended. Examples: con osco “with us”, com o presidente “with the president”.
Isolated languages
- Basque : lagun arekin "with friends", lagun ekin "with friends"
- Sumerian : lu dam = = ani da mu nda gene Ø (man Spouse / in = = 3.Pers.Possessiv comitative Ventiv -3.Pers.Komitativ-go-3.Pers.Subjekt) "The man is with his Wife come. "
literature
- Helmut Glück (Ed.): Metzler Lexicon Language . 4th updated and revised edition. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2010, ISBN 978-3-476-02335-3 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Ludwig Peters: Grammar of the Turkish language. Axel Juncker Verlag, Berlin 1947, p. 27
- ↑ Korkut Buğday: Ottoman. P. 34.
- ↑ a b József Tompa: Short Hungarian grammar. Verlag Enzyklopädie, Leipzig 1972, p. 120.
- ↑ Sebastião Expedito Ignácio, Ana Carolina Sperança: O Caso Comitativo . ( online PDF ) In: Estudos Lingüisticos, São Paulo . 39, No. 1, pp. 342-353. ISSN 1413-0939 . Retrieved July 5, 2013. (in Portuguese) .