Crimean Tatar language

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Crimean
Tatar Къырымтатар тили
Qırımtatar tili

Spoken in

UkraineUkraine Ukraine Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Bulgaria Turkey Romania Russia
UzbekistanUzbekistan 
KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan 
BulgariaBulgaria 
TurkeyTurkey 
RomaniaRomania 
RussiaRussia 
speaker approx. 500,000
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Other official status in UkraineUkraine Ukraine ( Autonomous Republic of Crimea ) Flag of Crimea.svg
Recognized minority /
regional language in 		RomaniaRomania Romania ( Dobruja )
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

crh

ISO 639-3

crh

The Crimean Tatar language (Crimean Tatar Qırımtatar tili , Qırımtatarca , outdated Cyrillic spelling Къырымтатар тили, Къырымтатардж; alternative names : Qırımca [Crimean] and Qırım the language of Crimean Turkic is Turkish [Crimean] Turkish . The "Crimean Tatar Turkish" ( Kırım Tatar Türkçesi ) , which is widespread in Turkey, is known from Turkish Turkology .

Assignment

Today's written Crimean Tatar language has several roots. So it shows references to the actual Tatar as well as to Turkish . In the north and center of the Crimean peninsula, Nogai and Tatar dialects were spoken. Ottoman Turks settled on the southern coastline and were called "Crimean Ottomans" in the 19th century. Modern Crimean Tatar is attributed to the Kipchak (Tatar) languages due to its history . But within this group it has more in common with Oghuz Turkish than with other Kipchak languages, which can be traced back to intensive contact during the Ottoman Empire .

Number of speakers

Today the number of speakers is around 500,000. By 1989, 90% of the Crimean Tatars lived in Uzbekistan , where they were forcibly relocated in 1944. Today more than 250,000 Crimean Tatars live on the Crimean peninsula, 200,000 in Uzbekistan, 30,000 in Russia, 6,000 in Bulgaria and 25,000 in Romania.

History, dialects and alphabets

Turkic languages ​​have been known in Crimea since the 13th century . Since Islamization , the Crimean Tatars have written with Persian-Arabic characters . Ottoman Turkish was added in the 15th and 16th centuries when the southern coastal strip of Crimea fell to the Ottoman Empire . In the centuries that followed, Ottoman was used as the lingua franca of the central and steppe Tatars of the peninsula . The later Crimean Tatars traditionally used Chagataic as the actual umbrella language , which was replaced by Ottoman in the 15th century.

In 1475 the Khanate of Crimea became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. As a result, Ottoman was extended to the entire Crimea as an administrative language. Often was by the local Turks of Istanbul dialect used. This dialect influenced the Nogaic and Tatar colloquial languages ​​of the time , in some cases it replaced them.

From 1878, attempts were made to create a uniform written language from the different Turkic languages ​​of the Crimea ( Steppent Tartar , Central Tatar and Crimean-Ottoman ) . For example, Kayyum Nasiri tried to create a written language from the central Tatar dialect. But in the end Ismail Bey Gaspirali prevailed, who preferred the southern Crimean Ottoman in order to build a bridge to the Turkish of the Ottomans. But the Panturkists rejected this strongly Ottoman language form and began to develop and propagate a written Crimean Tatar language based on Kipchak that was almost free of Persian and Arabic influences .

In 1917 the Crimean Tatar language was declared the (only) official language of the newly proclaimed, short-lived Republic of Tauria . In the ASSR Crimea , Crimean Tatar was the official language alongside Russian. This status was fixed again in 1937.

In 1928, the Crimean Tatars also adopted the New Turkic-language alphabet , although it was replaced by a modified Cyrillic alphabet as early as 1938 by Stalin's instructions . With the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944, the official status of the language in Crimea ended. In the 1980s, the Crimean Tatars began to return to their historic homeland. After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Crimea was part of Ukraine as the Autonomous Republic of Crimea . In the constitution of Crimea, Crimean Tatar has been one of two languages ​​alongside Russian since the early 1990s that had certain special rights, but was not an official language. However, the only official language remained Ukrainian. Nevertheless, Crimean Tatar schools and cultural institutions were reopened during this time.

In 1997 the “Qırım Yuqarı Şurası” decided to reintroduce the Turkish alphabet, which was supplemented by the graphemes Q and Ñ . However, it was only used to a limited extent in everyday life and was mainly used on the Internet. The Cyrillic script continued to be used. Since the capture of Crimea by Russia in 2014, officials have no longer tried to enforce the Latin alphabet for the Crimean Tatar, on the contrary, the Cyrillic alphabet has been propagated again. After the annexation of Crimea by Russia, Crimean Tatar returned to the nominal status of an official language for the first time in 70 years, but this had little practical impact.

The closest relatives of the Crimean Tatars are the Dobruja Tatars and the Jewish Crimchaks and Karaites .

Crimean Tatar Latin Alphabet

Shield in Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar in Bakhchysarai
A a B b C c Ç ç D d E e F f G g
Ğ ğ H h I ı İ i J j K k L l M m
N n Ñ ​​ñ O o Ö ö P p Q q R r S s
Ş ş T t U u Ü ü V v Y y Z z

 â is not considered a separate letter.

IPA
а b c ç d e f G G H ı i j k l m n ñ O ö p q r s ş t u ü v y z
[a] [b] [ʤ] [ʧ] [d] [e] [f] [G] [ɣ] [x] [ɯ] [i], [ɪ] [ʒ] [k] [l] [m] [n] [ŋ] [O] [O] [p] [q] [r] [s] [ʃ] [t] [u] [y] [v], [w] [j] [z]

Crimean Tatar Cyrillic Alphabet

А а Б б В в Г г Гъ гъ Д д Е е Ё ё
Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Къ къ Л л М м
Н н Нъ нъ О о П п Р р С с Т т У у
Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Дж дж Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ
Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я

гъ , къ , нъ and дж are different letters.

Web links

Wikipedia in Crimean Tatar

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Wolfgang Schulze: Crimean Tatar (PDF, 192 kB), accessed on March 17, 2013