Kabardian language
| Kabardian language | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
 Turkey , Russia , Syria , Jordan , Germany   
|
|
| speaker | 1.6 million | |
| Linguistic classification |
|
|
| Official status | ||
| Official language in |
 Kabardino-Balkaria
|
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
kbd |
|
| ISO 639-3 | ||
The Kabardian language (also East Circassian ) is a Northwest Caucasian language . The approximately 1.6 million speakers of this language are Circassians . The Kabardian or East Cherkessian written language was formed from the dialect of the Circassian tribe of the Kabardines and is also the written language for the Beslenejer tribe. The Kabardines in Russia refer to their language as къэбэрдеибзэ (qăbărdeibză) or with the generic term адыгэбзэ (adəgăbză), which denotes the Circassian languages in general.
Distribution areas and number of speakers
The original homeland of the language is the area between the Kuban and Terek rivers north of the Caucasus , which today makes up the northern half of the autonomous republic of Kabardino-Balkaria and parts of the adjacent areas. The language has an official character both in Kabardino-Balkaria and in the neighboring Karachay-Cherkessia . After the Russians took power over the Kabardines at the end of the Caucasus War in 1864, numerous members of the people fled to the then Ottoman Empire and settled in Northern Anatolia, where today around two thirds of the speakers (around one million in 2005) of the Kabardians Life. In 2002 there were around 500,000 native speakers in the original language area. Some Kabardians also emigrated to other countries such as Jordan (56,000), Syria (39,000) and Germany (14,000).
classification
Together with the very closely related Adygeic and the further, now extinct Ubychic , Kabardian forms the Circassian languages (also Circasso-Ubychian ). These in turn form the language family of the Northwest Caucasian languages with Abkhazian and Abasinian . A relationship between this language family and the post-Dagestani languages in the Eastern Caucasus is discussed, but not generally recognized.
Dialects
The dialects of Kabardian are Baksan, Malka, Mozdok, Kuban, Terek and Beslenej, which some scholars consider to be an independent language. The Baksan dialect is the basis for the Kabardian written language.
alphabet
Kabardian was written in Latin script from 1923 onwards . It has been written in Cyrillic since 1936 . The Cabardian-Cyrillic alphabet consists of 54 letters.
|
А а / aː / |
Э э / a / |
Б б / b / |
В в / v / |
Г г / ɣ / |
Гу гу / ʷ | ɡʷ / |
Гъ гъ / ʁ / |
Гъу гъу / ʷ | ʁʷ / |
|
Д д / d / |
Дж дж / d͡ʒ | ɡ | ɡʲ / |
Дз дз / d͡z / |
Е е / ja | aj / |
Ё ё / jo / |
Ж ж / ʒ / |
Жь жь / ʑ / |
З з / z / |
|
И и / jə | əj / |
Й й / j / |
К к / k / |
Ку ку / ʷ | kʷ / |
Къ къ / q / |
Къу къу / ʷ | qʷ / |
Кхъ кхъ / q͡χ / |
Кхъу кхъу / ʷ | q͡χʷ / |
|
Кӏ кӏ / t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʼ / or / kʼ | kʲʼ / |
Кӏу кӏу / ʷ | kʷʼ / |
Л л / ɮ | l / |
Лъ лъ / ɬ / |
Лӏ лӏ / ɬʼ / |
М м / m / |
Н н / n / |
О о / aw | wa / |
|
П п / p / |
Пӏ пӏ / pʼ / |
Р р / r / |
С с / s / |
Т т / t / |
Тӏ тӏ / tʼ / |
У у / w | əw / |
Ф ф / f / |
|
Фӏ фӏ / fʼ / |
Х х / x / |
Ху ху / ʷ | xʷ / |
Хъ хъ / χ / |
Хъу хъу / ʷ | χʷ / |
Хь хь / ħ / |
Ц ц / t͡s / |
Цӏ цӏ / t͡sʼ / |
|
Ч ч / t͡ʃ / |
Чӏ чӏ / t͡ʃʼ / |
Ш ш / ʃ / |
Щ щ / ɕ / |
Щӏ Щӏ / ɕʼ / |
Ъ ъ / ˠ / |
Ы ы / ə / |
Ь ь / ʲ / |
|
Ю ю / ju / |
Я я / yesː / |
ӏ / ʔ / |
ӏу / ʷ | ʔʷ / |
literature
- John Colarusso: A Grammar of the Kabardian Language . University of Calgary Press, 1992, ISBN 0-919813-96-8 .
- Monika Höhlig: Contact-related language change in the Adygeic colloquial language in the Caucasus and Turkey . LINCOM Europe, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-89586-083-2
Web links
- Wolfgang Schulze : Overview of Kabardian (PDF; 203 kB)
- The Cabardian alphabet
- Phonetic Structures of Turkish Kabardian (PDF; 485 kB)
- Audio sample for Cabardian literature