Г
The Ge ( Г and г ) is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet , the most for the velar voiced plosive [ ɡ ] used and, therefore, usually with g umschriftet is (exceptions in Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian see below) .
Allographs
The figure above on the right shows uppercase and lowercase letters in the first line , which only differ in size and are identical to the Greek capital gamma . The italic version of the capital letter is also just a slanted form of the normal capital letter. In contrast, the italic lowercase letter comes from the cursive script and has a different form in different languages:
- The form shown in the second line is
used in Russian , Ukrainian , Belarusian , Bulgarian and all non- Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet. - The form shown in the third line is
used in Serbian and Macedonian .
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pronunciation
Bulgarian
In Bulgarian is the usual pronunciation of г a voiced velar plosive [ ɡ ] . At the end of words and before voiceless consonants it is devoicing or assimilation to [ k ] .
Russian
Basic rules
In Russian is the usual pronunciation of г a voiced velar plosive [ ɡ ] . At the end of words and before voiceless consonants it is devoicing or assimilation to [ k ] . Before е (e) and и (i) (and rarely ё (jo) and only in foreign words ю (ju) , я (ja) and the soft sign ь ) г stands for the palatalized phoneme [ ɡʲ ].
special cases
- In the word его (jego) 'him; his; be 'and in the genitive - and accusative - endings -ого (-ogo) and -его (-ego) is г as [ v ] pronounced and therefore in the dictionary transcription also umschriftet so: его → JEWO .
- By dissimilation , g can become a fricative before a similar plosive :
- In the combination гк (gk) is г as unvoiced velar fricative [ x ] expressed, wherein the Palatalisierung of к (k) on the г [ X is transferred]. This occurs practically only in forms of the words мягкий (mjagki) 'soft' and лёгкий (ljogki) 'light'.
- Some speakers speak in words with the temporal suffix -гда (-gda) (for example, когда (kogda) 'when' or всегда (wsegda) 'always') has a voiced velar fricative [ ɣ ] .
- In some words of the religious sphere, the pronunciation of Russian- Church Slavonic is also used in everyday life , which in turn arose under Ruthenian influence:
- The nominative singular Бог (Bog) 'God' is pronounced [ bɔx ] (and sometimes the genitive plural благ (blag) to благо (blago) 'Heil' as [ blax ]).
- In the other case forms of Бог (BOG) 'God' and благо (blago) 'healing' is г as voiced velar fricative [ ɣ ] realized. This also applies to compounds with these components if they also have religious significance, for example благословить (blagoslowit) 'bless'.
- The initial sound of the word господь (gospod) 'Mr (d. H. God)' and its case forms is a voiced glottal fricative [ ɦ ] (ie a voiced [ h ] ).
- In some interjections is г used to a voiced h [ ɦ ] express, for example ага (aga) 'aha' or угу (ugu) 'hm (affirmative)'.
Dialectal and historical pronunciation
In the southern Russian dialects , as in Ukrainian and Belarusian (and also in Czech , Slovak and Upper Sorbian ), * g is spoken fricative .
The Russian pronunciation norm was heavily influenced in the 17th century by the Ruthenian pronunciation in what is now Ukraine and Belarus . This included the implementation of fricative pronunciation of * g as [ ɣ ] . This debate has continued to this day in the Church Slavonic of the Orthodox liturgy .
This fricative pronunciation is the basis for the traditional transcription of some Western names with г for h , which are still part of the Russian language as exonyms , for example Гамбург (Gamburg) for Hamburg , Ганновер (Gannower) for Hanover , Генрих Гейне (Genrich Gejne ) for Heinrich Heine or Георг Вильгельм Фридрих Гегель (Georg Wilgelm Fridrich Gegel) for Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel . However, these are now also plosivem [ ɡ ] spoken. In the case of words that are newly borrowed today, western h is therefore represented with х (ch) , for example хот дог (chot dog) for hot dog or Гер х ард Шрёдер (Ger ch ard Schrjoder) for Gerhard Schröder . In Russian, first names that have been known for a long time, which are traditionally transcribed with г , are also retained in modern people, for example in Гельмут Коль (Gelmut Kol) for Helmut Kohl .
Ukrainian
In Ukrainian , the has ancient Slavic According * g to a voiced h [ ɦ ] developed without the need has passed, those used for letters г to change. Therefore the Ukrainian letter г is circumscribed with h .
For in foreign and loan words , and in a few interjections occurring According to [ ɡ ] the letter ґ used.
Belarusian
Similar to the Ukrainian has * g in the Belorussian a fricative pronunciation, either as voiced h [ ɦ ] or as friction-grip g [ ɣ ] . The Belarusian letter г is therefore also transcribed with h .
Likewise, there are some words that start with [ ɡ ] are spoken (to be), but there are different than in present-day Ukrainian no special characters ґ to this debate show, so [ ɡ ] a Another possible pronunciation of the letter г is.
history
The г (left in an old font) is a direct result of the Greek letter Gamma (Γ γ) (more precisely: from the Greek uncial script , to which today's Greek capital letter Γ is based). To further origin of this letter, see C .
Glagolitic
It has been postulated that the Glagolitic letter 
(which has the form in the Croatian , angular script 
and as a form of distinction 
) originated from the Greek minuscule - gamma γ . Today, however, the majority of researchers tend to view the Glagolitic script not as a further development of another script, but as an original invention of Constantine Kyrill , which does not rule out that the latter was inspired by models known to him for individual letters, perhaps also here.
Numerical value
In the Cyrillic number system , the г , like the Greek gamma , represents the 3. In the Glagolitic system, however, the fourth letter of the alphabet has the value 4 .
Surname
In modern Slavic languages, the letter г is read when spelling as [ ɡə ] (especially Bulgarian ) or [ ɡɛ ] (including Russian ) or [ ɦɛ ] ( Ukrainian and Belarusian ).
In Church Slavonic , on the other hand, it has the traditional name "глаголи" (glagoli) , which actually means the imperative 'speak!' is. This name probably belonged to a saying that was used to remember the order of the letters (see Cyrillic alphabet ).
Character encoding
| default | Uppercase Г | Minuscule г | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode | Codepoint | U + 0413 | U + 0433 |
| Surname | CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE | |
| UTF-8 | D0 93 | D0 B3 | |
| XML / XHTML | decimal |
Г
|
г
|
| hexadecimal |
Г
|
г
|
|
