Udish language
| Udish | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
Azerbaijan | |
| speaker | approx. 5,700 | |
| Linguistic classification |
||
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
cau |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
udi |
|
Udisch (own name: udin muz ) belongs to the Lesgic languages within the ( north-east Caucasian languages ) after Dagestani languages. Today it is spoken by about 4,200 people in Azerbaijan , in all countries there are about 5,700 speakers.
History and linguistic situation
Alwanic is considered the older level of Udic .
Udische is one of the oldest known languages in the region. While the Muslim Uden (also: Udinen ) have been absorbed by the Azerbaijanis in the course of the last centuries , the Christian part of the people has preserved its language and culture. The Uden in the Heretia region in Georgia were largely absorbed by the Georgian people in the course of the Middle Ages . It was not until the 20th century that Christian Udines from Azerbaijan founded the village of Zinobiani (temporarily renamed "Oktomberi") in Georgia. The Christian Uden in Azerbaijan now use Azerbaijani and in Russian Dagestan earlier Armenian and today Russian as a written language .
The Udic language is threatened with extinction as it is under strong assimilation pressure from Azerbaijani .
Language area
According to sociolinguistic Comments from A. Schiefner in 1862 the Udische was mainly in the inhabited entirely by Uden villages waiting ashes and Nidsch spoken, both located in the north of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan. In four other villages - Sultan-Nucha, Jorly, Mirsa Beglü and Jangi Kend - all of which belonged to the Armenian Apostolic Church, Udish had been supplanted by Tatar ( Azerbaijani ).
At the beginning of the 20th century, three completely Uudish-speaking villages were mentioned: Wartaschen and Nij in Azerbaijan and Zinobiani in eastern Georgia. Zinobiani was founded in the years from 1920 to 1922 by refugees from Wartaschen under the leadership of Zinobi Silikashvili (1890–1938) and was later renamed Oktomberi. After the two traditional Udish-speaking villages, Udish was divided into the dialects Wartaschen and Nij.
Up to 1988 the Udish was spoken by about 3000 people in Wartaschen, while the rest spoke Tatisch or Armenian in the completely Christian place . The Wartashen Uden had Armenian names and belonged to the Armenian Apostolic Church . In the wake of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict , they were expelled, like almost the entire village, under the leadership of the local leaders of the Azerbaijan National Front, and found a new home in Armenia . That is why the Wartaschen dialect in Azerbaijan has very few speakers. The village was given the completely new name Oğuz , where, according to unofficial estimates, around 6 to 8 Uden-speaking families or up to 50 Uden should live in addition to the newly settled Azerbaijanis.
As a result of the flight in the 1920s and the expulsion at the end of the 1980s, the Wartashen Uden in particular became a Uden diaspora in Georgia, Russia and Armenia. In Oktomberi, Georgia, the number of speakers is estimated at around 200 people in 2005, while according to the Armenian ethnologist Hranush Charatjan , who was born in Jagir in Azerbaijan in 1952, around 200 Uden also live in Armenia, mainly in the Lori province .
Today, Nij is the last center of the Udic language. Around 2005 Udish was spoken by around 4,000 people in Nij. To a certain extent, Udisch is still taught here, for which teaching materials have also been created. In 1992 the Azerbaijani authorities began to be interested in the Uden in Nij, as they can be seen as remnants of the Alwans who, according to Azerbaijani, should also have inhabited Nagorno-Karabakh and thus serve as an argument against the Armenian character of that region.
Linguistic characteristics
Udische is an ergative language . The verbs are mostly compound, i. H. from a functional verb and a nominal base. The verb becomes u. a. marked the person .
Writing
For the Alwanische from which the Udische emerged that on was Mesrop Mashtots declining, 52 different letters containing Alwanische alphabet used, as in the manuscript Matenadaran MS 7117 from the 15th century - discovered in 1937 in Echmiadzin and kept in Yerevan Matenadaran -Institut - and is documented by some inscriptions found in the 1950s from the 3rd to 9th centuries near the northern Azerbaijani city of Mingetschaur . In the 1990s, the Georgian historian Zaza Aliksidze found some palimpsests on ancient Christian Alwan texts from the 7th century in St. Catherine's Monastery on Sinai in Egypt . With the deciphering of these first known, related Alwan texts, a continuity of Alwan with Udic could be proven.
In the 1930s, the Soviet authorities tried to establish a Latin alphabet for Udi, but the attempt was soon abandoned.
In 1974, Voroshil Gukasjan finally created a Cyrillic alphabet of the Udic language, which, according to his Udish-Azerbaijani-Russian dictionary, contained the following letters: А а, Аъ аъ, Аь аь, Б б, В в, Г г, Гъ гъ, Гь гь, Д д, Дж дж, ДжӀ джӀ, Дз дз, Е е, Ж ж, ЖӀ жӀ, З з, И и, Й й, К к, Ҝ ҝ, КӀ кӀ, Къ къ, Л л, М м, Н н, О о, Оь оь, П п, ПӀ пӀ, Р р, С с, Т т, ТӀ тӀ, У у, Уь, Уь, Ф ф, Х х, Хъ хъ, Ц ц, Ц 'ц', ЦӀ цӀ , Ч ч, Ч 'ч', ЧӀ чӀ, Чъ чъ, Ш ш, ШӀ шӀ, Ы ы . This alphabet was also used in the 1996 text collection Nana oččal ( Нана очъал ).
In the mid-1990s, a new Udic alphabet based on Azerbaijan was created in Azerbaijan. A textbook and two text collections by Georgy Kechaari were published in this alphabet and also used in a school in the Azerbaijani village of Nic :
| A a | B b | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | Ə ə | F f | G g | Ğ ğ | H h |
| X x | I ı | İ i | Ҝ ҝ | J j | K k | Q q | L l | M m | N n | O o |
| Ö ö | P p | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t | U u | Ü ü | V v | Y y | Z z |
| Ц ц | Цı цı | Eъ eъ | Tı tı | Əъ əъ | Kъ kъ | Pı pı | Xъ xъ | Şı şı | Öъ öъ | Çı çı |
| Çъ çъ | Ć ć | Jı jı | Zı zı | Uъ uъ | Oъ oъ | İъ iъ | Dz dz |
In Astrakhan in 2007, Vladimir Dabakowym published a collection of udic folklore in the following alphabet: A a, Ă ă, Ә ә, B b, C c, Ĉ ĉ, Ç ç, Ç 'ç', Č č, Ć ć, D d, E e, Ĕ ĕ, F f, G g, Ğ ğ, H h, I ı, İ i, Ĭ ĭ, J j, Ĵ ĵ, K k, K 'k', L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, Ŏ ŏ, P p, P 'p', Q q, Q 'q', R r, S s, Ś ś, S 's', Ŝ ŝ, Ş ş, T t, T' t ', U u, Ü ü, Ŭ ŭ, V v, X x, Y y, Z z, Ź ź.
In Russia, in 2013, the udic textbook Nanay muz ( Нанай муз ) was published in Cyrillic script, a modified version of Gukasjan's alphabet:
| А а | Аь аь | Аъ аъ | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Д д | Дз дз | Дж дж |
| Джъ джъ | Е е | Ж ж | Жъ жъ | З з | И и | Иъ иъ | Й й | К к | К 'к' | Къ къ |
| Л л | М м | Н н | О о | Оь оь | Оъ оъ | П п | П 'п' | Р р | С с | Т т |
| Т 'т' | У у | Уь уь | Уъ уъ | Ф ф | Х х | Хъ хъ | Ц ц | Ц 'ц' | Ч ч | Чъ чъ |
| Ч 'ч' | Ч'ъ ч'ъ | Ш ш | Шъ шъ | Ы ы | Э э | Эъ эъ | Ю ю | Я я |
literature
- Adolf Dirr : Introduction to the study of the Caucasian languages . Zentralantiquariat der DDR, Leipzig 1978, pp. 334–342 (reprint of the Leipzig edition 1928).
- Wolfgang Schulze : The language of the Uden in North Azerbajdžan. Studies on synchrony and diachrony of a Southeast Caucasian language . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1982, ISBN 3-447-02291-4 (additional dissertation, University of Bonn 1981).
- Vl. Pančvidze: uduri enis gramat'ik'uli analizi, mecniereba, tbilisi. Tbilisi 1974.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Published in: Christopher Moseley (Hrsg.): Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. Routledge, London / New York 2007, pp. 211-280. (on-line)
- ↑ UNESCO Interactive Atlas of Endangered Languages of the World (English)
- ↑ a b c d e Manana Tandaschwili : Das Udische - Geschichte der Uden. Tbilisi / Frankfurt a. M., 2006.
- ↑ a b c d Wolfgang Schulze: Towards a History of Udi. International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics 1, 2005, pp. 55-91.
- ↑ Tatul Hakobyan: Muslim Kurds and Christian Udis - The Karabakh war has displaced them from their homeland ( Memento of December 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Hetq Online, November 13, 2006.
- ↑ YA Aydınov and YES Keçaari. Tıetıir . Baku, 1996
- ↑ Удинский алфавит