Udeheic language
| Udeheisch | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
 Russia
|
|
| speaker | 103 (2010) | |
| Linguistic classification |
|
|
| Official status | ||
| Official language in | - | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
- |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
ude |
|
The Udeheic (Udeic) language (proper name удиэ кэйэвэни ) belongs to the Manchu-Tungusic languages and, together with other Amur languages, forms an Amur subgroup of the Tungus group of these languages. The closest to the Udehei language is the Orochi language .
Udeheisch is spread over several rural areas of the Primorye and Khabarovsk regions of the Russian Federation . The number of speakers is only 103 people according to the 2010 census, taking into account those who are not ethnic Udehe . In 2002, 227 speakers still spoke the Udehei language.
distribution
The Udehe live in small groups in multinational villages along the tributaries of the Ussuri ( Chor , Bikin , Iman ), Amur ( Anjui , Chungari , Kur ) and along the rivers that flow into the Tatar Sound (Samarga, Nelma, Edinka, etc.). Most of the Udehe currently live in the villages of Gwasjugi on the Khor river (Laso district of the Khabarovsk region ) and Krasny Yar on the Bikin river (Poscharsky district of the Primorsky Krai ). There are some differences in the language of the different area groups.
Grammar and vocabulary
Vowels
| front | central | back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| closed | i iː | y yː | u uː | |
| medium | ø øː | ə əː | o oː | |
| open | æ æː | a aː | ||
Consonants
| bilabial | dental | alveolar | palatal | velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives | unvoiced | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Fricatives | s | x | ||||
| Affricates | unvoiced | t͡s | ||||
| voiced | d͡z ~ z | |||||
| Nasals | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Liquid | l | |||||
| Approximants | w | j | ||||
/ z / is an allophone of / d͡z /.
The Udehei language belongs to the languages of the suffix-agglutinative type , there are elements of amalgamation .
Primary morphemes dominate the vocabulary. There are old lexical borrowings from the Manchurian language , which in turn had a significant influence on the Mongolian and Chinese languages .
Written language
During its existence, Udeheisch was written in various scripts and reformed repeatedly. At present, the Udeheic language is written in Cyrillic, but there is no generally accepted standard. There are two stages in the history of the Udehe script:
- 1931–1937 - the Latin script ;
- since the late 1980s the modern Cyrillic script.
First written down
The first reliably known fixation of Udehe language material was carried out in 1859 by the naturalist Richard Maack , who recorded several native animal names in Cyrillic in this language. In the 1880s and 1890s, Ivan Nadarow and SN Brailowski compiled the first dictionaries in which Udehe words were also included in Cyrillic script. During the transfer, words were recorded whose phonetic appearance was very imprecisely transcribed. Since 1906, Vladimir Arsenyev has worked hard to fix the Udehei language. In his largely unpublished notes, he used the accented Cyrillic alphabet. To refer to pharyngealization , they used a double high point ⁀̇ (arc with a point on top). Experts estimate Arsenev's notes to be much more accurate than their predecessors. Also at the beginning of the 20th century, the Udehe material was collected by Pēteris Šmits and Stanisław Poniatowski. However, an established writing system among the Udehe themselves did not emerge at this time.
Latin
During the 1920s and 1930s, the process of creating written languages for previously unwritten languages continued in the USSR . In 1931 the project of the first Udehe alphabet based on Latin script was published. The author of this alphabet was ER Schneider. In the original design, the alphabet contained the following characters: Aa Bb Çç Dd Ee Әә Ff Gg Hh Ꜧꜧ Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Ww Xx Ӡӡ . In 1932 the first book in the Udehe language was published in a slightly modified version of the Udehe alphabet - "Minti oņofi" (Our Letter) - compiled by ER Schneider. He also wrote other Udeheisch books that were written down or translated in the 1930s. The Udeheic Latin alphabet was used until 1937. One possible reason for the cessation of book publication in Udehei is the fact that ER Schneider was imprisoned in the Stalinist purges in 1937/38 and died in custody.
Cyrillic
In the following years representatives of the Udehe intellectuals tried to revive the written language. Thus, in the 1940s, the writer Dschansi Kimonko developed his own version of the Udeheisch Cyrillic alphabet (much later it was used without changes by St. Petersburg publishers), but at the time it was not supported by the authorities. In the 1960s, VT Kjalundsugoj, who lives in the village of Gwasjugi , wrote a number of pieces in the Udehe language, the manuscripts of which have not survived to this day. It is noted that in the 1980s, even before the official restoration of the Udehe alphabet, some of the Udehe used both Cyrillic and Latin to write their own language.
In the late 1980s the question of restoring the Udehe alphabet was raised again. Experts have developed several variants of the Cyrillic alphabet - one in the Leningrad branch of the Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (by Orest Sunik), and the second in Khabarovsk (by MD Simonov). The second option was formally approved by the Khabarovsk Regional Executive Committee in January 1989.
The Udehe writer AA Kantschuga used his own writing system, which consists of letters from the Russian alphabet, with the addition Ң ң in his books published in the mid-2000s .
Allocation table of the different alphabet
Allocation table for the various alphabets
| IPA | Latin | "Khabarovsk" in Cyrillic |
"Leningrader" in Cyrillic |
Kantschuga in Cyrillic |
IPA | Latin | "Khabarovsk" in Cyrillic |
"Leningrader" in Cyrillic |
Kantschuga in Cyrillic |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| / a / | A a | А а | /O/ | O o | О о | |||||
| / u / | U u | У у | / ә / | Ә ә | Э э | Ә ә (Э э) | Э э | |||
| / i / | I i | И и | / e / | E e | Иэ иэ | Е е (Иэ иэ) | Е е, Иэ иэ | |||
| / æ / | Æ æ | Иа иа | Я я | / ө / | Ө ө | Ио ио | Ё ё | |||
| / y (i) / | Y (i) y (i) | Ио (и) ио (и) | Ю (й) ю (й) | / aa / | Ā ā | Ā ā, Á á | Á á | Аа аа | ||
| / oo / | Ō ō | Ō ō | Ó ó | Оо оо | / uu / | Ū ū | Ӯ ӯ | У́ у́ | Уу уу | |
| / әә / | Ә̄ ә̄ | Э̄ э̄ | Ә́ ә́ | Ээ ээ | / ii / | Ī ī | Ӣ ӣ | И́ и́ | Ии ии | |
| / ee / | Iә iә | Иэ иэ | Иә́ иә́ (Иэ́ иэ́) | Е е | / ææ / | Eæ eæ | Иа иа | Я́ я́ | Иа иа | |
| / өө / | Yө yө | Ȫ ȫ | Ё́ ё | Ё ё | / yy / | Yi yi | Ӱ̄ ӱ̄ | Ю́ ю́ | Ю ю | |
| / 'ā / | 'A' a | 'А' а | А а, Аа аа | /'O/ | 'O' o | 'О' о | О о, Оо оо | |||
| / 'ә̄ / | 'Ә' ә | 'Э' э | 'Ә' ә ('Э' э) | Э э, Ээ ээ | /Ah/ | Aha aha | Â â | - | - | |
| /Oh/ | Oho oho | Ô ô | - | - | / ūh / | Owl uhu | У̂ ŷ | - | - | |
| / ә̄h / | Әhә әhә | Э̂ э̂ | - | - | / īh / | Ihi ihi | И̂ и̂ | - | - | |
| / ai / | Ai ai, Aj aj | Аи аи | Ай ай (Аи аи) | Аи аи, Ай ай | / p / | P p | П п | |||
| / b / | B в | Б б | / t / | T t | Т т | |||||
| / d / | D d | Д д | / c / | C c | Ч ч | |||||
| / č / | C c | Ц ц | / ӡ / | Ӡ ӡ | Ӡ ӡ | З з; Д д + и, я, е, ю, ё | ||||
| / k / | K k | К к | /G/ | G g | Г г | |||||
| / γ / | G g | Ғ ғ | - | - | / f / | F f | Ф ф | |||
| / s / | S s | С с | / x / | X x | Х х | |||||
| / m / | M m | М м | / n / | N n | Н н | |||||
| / ɲ / | Ņ ņ | Њ њ | Н н + и, я, е, ю, ё | / ŋ / | Ŋ ŋ | Ӈ ӈ | Ң ң | |||
| / w / | W w | В в | W w | В в, У у | / y / | J j | Й й | Й й; я, е, ю, ё | ||
| / l / | L l | Л л | / r / | R r | Р р | |||||
| / z / | Z z | З з | ||||||||
literature
- Суник О. П. Удэгейский язык // Языки мира: Монгольские языки. Тунгусо-маньчжурские языки. Японский язык. Корейский язык. М .: Институт языкознания РАН, Academia, 1997.
- HE Snejder. Minti oņofi. Ucpedgiz, Leningrad 1932.
- Шнейдер Е. Р. Краткий удэйско-русский словарь. С приложением грамматического очерка. М.-Л .: Учпедгиз, 1936.
- Шнейдер Е. Р. Материалы по языку анюйских удэ. М .; Л., 1937.
- I. Nikolaeva, M. Tolskaya: . Mouton, Berlin / New York 2001.
- Irina Alekseevna Nikolaeva, Maria Tolskaya: A Grammar of Udihe . Mouton, de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2001, ISBN 3-11-016916-9 .
Web links
- Maxim Russo Карта языков России: удэгейский (History of the Udehei Language) on Polit.ru , March 10, 2019 (Russian)
Individual evidence
- ↑ 2010 Russian Census
- ↑ All-Russian Census 2010. Тab. 4: National composition and language skills, citizenship.
- ↑ All-Russian Census 2002.
- ↑ Nikolaeva, Tolskaya. 2001.
- ↑ a b М. Д. Симонов, В. Т. Кялундзюга: Словарь удэгейского языка (хорский диалект). Препринт 1998, 3-6, 59 (MD Simonow; WT Kjalundsjuga: Dictionary of the udeheic language (choral dialect). ) Pre-printed 1998, pp. 3–6, 59.
- ↑ ER snejder: Minti oņofi Leningrad 1932. online
- ↑ Я. П. Алькор (Кошкин): Письменность народов Севера. (Yes. P. Alkor (Koschkin): Writing systems of the northern peoples. ) Moscow 1931, pp. 12–31 ( dlib.rsl.ru )
- ↑ a b c V. Yu. Mikhalchenko: Written Languages of the World: Languages of the Russian Federation . 1000th edition. tape 2 . Academia Verlag, М. 2003, ISBN 5-87444-191-3 , pp. 502-516 and 848 .
- ↑ Е. В. Перехвальская: Удэгейский язык . In: Информационная система “Языковое разнообразие России” . Институт языкознания РАН. Archived from the original on February 12, 2017. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
- ↑ EV Perekhvalskaya: Udegei . In: Jazyk i obščestvo: ėnciklopedija . Alphabet Book, Moscow 2016, ISBN 978-5-91172-129-9 , pp. 506-513 and 872 .
