Old weights and measures (Russia)
Before Tsar Peter the Great , different systems of measurement existed in Russia. In the early 18th century, the English foot measurement was adopted . However, attempts were made to come close to traditional Russian dimensions. The system then applied throughout Russia until October 11, 1835, when it was replaced by the metric system of measurement .
Length measurements
Dimensions of approx. 33–37 cm are called pygms in classical Greek metrology. H. 18 finger cubits or as pygons, 20 finger cubits. In other languages, such very small cubits - in the absence of a word - are often referred to as "feet". The old Russian cubit, arschin , was certainly such a "double foot " of 36 or 40 finger widths. When the various regional dimensions were to be combined with the help of the value of the English foot, 14 thumbs were chosen and thus (like the ancient Egyptians) a cubit divided by 28 came about. The proportions of the small units of measurement are to be understood as attempts at decimalization of the 19th century.
| transcription | Cyrillic | German | definition | engl. inch | SI units * |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Totschka | точка | Point | 1 ⁄ 10 linja | 1 ⁄ 100 | = 254 µm |
| Linija | линия | line | 1 ⁄ 10 diuim | 1 ⁄ 10 | = 2.54 mm |
| Djuim | дюйм | Inch (thumb) | 1 diuim = 1 inch | 1 | = 2.54 cm |
| Werschok | вершок | sixteenth of a cubit | 1 ⁄ 4 pjad | 7 ⁄ 4 | = 4.445 cm |
| Cheetwert , Pyad | четверть, пядь | Quarter cubit, span | 1 ⁄ 4 arsin | 7th | = 17.78 cm |
| Fut * | фут (с английского) | foot | 12 diuim = 1 foot | 12 | = 30.48 cm |
| Stopa | стопа | half cubit (old "foot") | ½ arshin | 14th | = 35.56 cm |
| Arshin | аршин | Cubit | 1 ⁄ 3 bags | 28 | = 71.12 cm |
| Saschen | сажень | triple cubit | 7 fut | 28 × 3 | = 2.1336 m |
| Werst | верста | Werst | 500 bags | 28 × 1500 | = 1.0668 km |
| Milja | миля | mile | 7 Werst | 28 × 1500 × 7 | = 7.4676 km |
Area dimensions
| transcription | Cyrillic | German | definition | Size in SI units |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Djuim² | дюйм² | Square inches | 1 djuim² = 1 square inch | = 6.4516 cm² |
| Fut² | фут² | Square feet | 144 Diuim² = 1 square foot | = 929.0304 cm² ≈ 9.29 dm² |
| Arshin² | аршин² | 784 Diuim² | = 5058.0544 cm² ≈ 50.58 dm² | |
| Saschen² | сажень² | 9 arsin² = 49 fut² | = 45,522.4896 cm² ≈ 4.55 m² | |
| Dessjatine | десятина | 2400 bags² | = 10,925.3975 m² ≈ 1.1 ha | |
| Werst² | верста² | 250,000 bags² | = 1,138,062.24 m² ≈ 1.138 km² |
Until 1753 the Dessjatine was equal to 2500 square ashes, i. H. the area of a square with a side length of 1/10 werst (approx. 11,381 m²) and was divided into two Cheet values. There were also dessjatines of 80 × 40 (= 3200), 60 × 60 (= 3600), 80 × 100 (= 8000) and 100 × 100 (= 10,000) square ashes (1.457 ha, 1.639 ha, 3.642 ha and 4.552 ha ).
Room dimensions
Dry measure
| transcription | Cyrillic | German | definition | Size in SI units |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yarn net | гарнец | 1 yarn net = ½ Tschetwerka | ≈ 3.28 l | |
| Cheetwerka | четверка | 2 yarn net = ¼ Cheetwerik | ≈ 6.559 l | |
| Cheetverik | четверик | 8 yarn net | ≈ 26.238 l | |
| Pajak | паяк | 16 Garnetz = 2 Tschetwerik | ≈ 52.476 l | |
| Osmin | осьмин | 32 yarn net = 2 pajaks | ≈ 104.951 l | |
| Cheetwert | четверть | quarter | 64 yarn net = 2 osmina | ≈ 209.902 l |
| load | ласт | load | 1024 yarn net = 16 Tschetwert | ≈ 3358.432 l |
Definition: 1 yarn net = 200 cubic djuim = 200 cubic inch .
Liquid measures
| transcription | Cyrillic | German | definition | Size in SI units |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shkalik | шкалик | 1 ⁄ 200 Wedro = ½ Charka | ≈ 61 ml | |
| Charka | чарка | 1 ⁄ 100 Wedro = 1 ⁄ 10 Kruschka | ≈ 123 ml | |
| Kruschka | кружка | 1 ⁄ 10 Wedro = 1 Schtof | ≈ 1.23 l | |
| Wedro | ведро | bucket | 1 Wedro | ≈ 12.29941 l |
| anchor | анкер | anchor | 3 Wedra | ≈ 36.898 l |
| Botschka | бочка | barrel | 40 Wedra | ≈ 491.976 l |
| Butilka | бутылка | Vodka, beer bottle | 1 ⁄ 20 Wedro = 1 ⁄ 5 Tschetwert | ≈ 0.615 l |
| Wine bottle | 1 ⁄ 16 Wedro = 1 ⁄ 4 Tschetwert | ≈ 0.769 l | ||
| Schtof | штоф | Fabric | 1 ⁄ 10 Wedro = 1 Kruschka | ≈ 1.23 l |
| Cheetwert | четверть | Quarter, quart | 1 ⁄ 4 wedro | ≈ 3.0748 l |
A Wedro water weighs around 30 fun, which was also used as a definition in the 19th century. Another definition was 1 wedro = 750 cubic djuim = 750 cubic inch
Weight measurements
| transcription | Cyrillic | German | definition | Size in SI units |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dolja | доля | 44434.9 ± 0.1 µg | = 44.4349 mg | |
| Solotnik | золотник | 96 dolja = 1 ⁄ 3 lot | = 4.2667504 g ≈ 4.267 g | |
| Lot | лот | Lot | 288 Dolja = 1 ⁄ 32 Funt | = 12.7972512 g ≈ 12.80 g |
| Lana | лана | (Ounce) | 768 Dolja = 1 ⁄ 12 Funt | = 34.1260032 g ≈ 34.13 g |
| Funt | фунт | lb | 9216 Dolja | = 409.5120384 g ≈ 409.5 g |
| Pud | пуд | 40 Funt | = 16,380.481536 g ≈ 16.38 kg | |
| Korsez | 240 funt = 6 poods | = 98.282.889216 g ≈ 98.28 kg | ||
| Berkowetz | берковец | Ship pound, Berkowitz | 400 funt = 10 pud | = 163,804.81536 g ≈ 163.8 kg |
| pack | паккен | 1200 Funt = 3 Berkowetz | = 491,414.44608 g ≈ 491.4 kg |
(Source see below)
See also
Web links
- VA Belobrov: Russian systems of length measures (brief description)
- VA Belobrov: The role of Peter I in the development of the Russian system of length measures
Individual evidence
- ↑ Russian units of mass (English)