Old weights and measures (Prussia)

The German Teutonic Order resulted in kulmischen Tangible from 28 December 1233 for the first time in areas later in Prussia a length and a surveyor. It was a length measure that is very common in Central Europe , a foot of a good 288 mm. It was replaced by the so-called kulmische measure around 1440 . With the ordinance of September 27, 1577, the somewhat longer modified measure came into force, which was still binding around 1793. In addition, the so-called Oletzkoische measure applied from 1721 .

In practice, however, the various changes in size were not always and everywhere reproduced. An edict of 1755, for example, allowed the “aristocratic, Cologne free and casket goods” to continue to use the neo-Kulmische measure. The Oletzko measure applied to the royal farm estates, while the royal domains introduced the Magdeburg measure as early as 1755 , which became mandatory in all of Prussia from 1793.

On May 16, 1816, a new system of measurements and weights was introduced in the Kingdom of Prussia . It existed until 1872, when the North German order of measurements and weights of 1868 introduced the metric system .

Old Prussian length and area measurements

The first length and field measure were introduced in the 13th century by the German knights in their area around Kulm, later called Prussia. It was probably the Flemish measure. This is confirmed by a privilege which the Grand Master Hermann von Salza the in 1233 Kulmerland has given, in which it was said: "We arrange and place that the measure of Huben is to be maintained after the Flammischen use". So far it has not been possible to determine what level this was. It is only certain that the Flemish rod was 7 cubits. Over the years this level seems to have deteriorated further, so that in 1440 there were sharp protests at a state parliament of the Prussian estates. As a result of these protests, the size of the rod was redefined and documented for all times by appropriate markings on the Marienkirche in Kulm. Using these markings, it could later be determined that the rod was 7 cubits long and the cubit was divided into two feet. At the time, the foot was usually divided into. This measure was later referred to as the old Kulmische measure. ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}$ ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}$ ${\displaystyle -{\tfrac {1}{2}}-{\tfrac {1}{4}}-{\tfrac {1}{8}}-{\tfrac {1}{16}}-{\tfrac {1}{32}}}$

After starting in 1454 as a result of the Thirteen Years' War initially Prussia Royal share , including the cities of Gdansk, Torun and Elblag, the Polish king assumed, the remaining area of the knights after was Rider War in 1525 to the Protestant Duchy of Prussia , a fief of the Polish king. The ties with Poland-Lithuania led to conflicts, the young Duke Albrecht Friedrich von Prussia fell into depression, and the Margrave Georg Friedrich von Brandenburg-Ansbach was appointed administrator. After complaints from the Prussian estates about the length of the measure, Georg Friedrich introduced a modified length measure on September 27, 1577, in which the cubit was lengthened by two man's thumbs. In a protocol note it was also stated that the rod should be eight and a half Kulmische ells and two man's thumbs long and the rope length should be 10 rods. This measure was later referred to as the Neuchâtel measure.

After the Bruges mathematician Simon Stevin invented the decimal calculator in 1595, the rod was divided into 10 decimal feet, the decimal foot into 10 decimal inches and the decimal inch into 10 decimal lines to measure the lands. As early as 1726 there are references to the use of the decimal division.

The old-kulmischen measure

Length measurements
line				≈	2,000	mm
inch	=	12	Lines	≈	24.010	mm
foot	=	12	inch	≈	28.812	cm
Cubit	=	2	foot	≈	57.624	cm
rod	=	15th	foot	≈	4.3218	m
mile	=	27000	foot	≈	7779.240	m
Measure of measure (grain measure)
bushel	≈	2743	Parisian cubic inches	≈	54.410	liter
Volume measure (liquid measure)
Fabric	≈	69.80	Parisian cubic inches	≈	1.385	liter
Area measure
tomorrow	=	300	Square rods	≈	5603.290	square meters
Hooves	=	30th	tomorrow	≈	168098,690	square meters

The neo-kulmic measure

Length measurements
line				≈	2.032	mm
inch	=	12	Lines	≈	24,380	mm
foot	=	12	inch	≈	29.261	cm
Cubit	=	2	foot	≈	58.524	cm
rod	=	15th	foot	≈	4.3892	m
mile	=	1800	Rods	≈	7900,500	m
Measure of measure (grain measure)
bushel	≈	2640	Parisian cubic inches	≈	52,400	liter
Volume measure (liquid measure)
Fabric	≈	72	Parisian cubic inches	≈	1.428	liter
Area measure
tomorrow	=	300	Square rods	≈	5779,630	square meters
Hooves	=	30th	tomorrow	≈	173388,940	square meters

Prussian weights and measures (1693–1872)

Due to the striving for a uniform economic area, attempts were made to introduce a uniform system of measurements and weights early on in Brandenburg-Prussia .

The first reference to the introduction of uniform measures and weights is given in a Prussian patent dated March 13, 1693 in which it says: "To have the weight, measure, cubits and vessel correctly and how to draw it". The size and weight of this is not known.

The next reference comes from the year 1713. In an edict of January 16, 1713 it is instructed that equality in measure, bushel, yardstick and weight should be introduced in the entire Kurmark and that the Berlin weight should be used as a basis. From this stipulation, it was possible in the long term, i.e. H. until 1816 only hold the Berliner Elle , the Berliner Quart and the Berliner Scheffel and the measurements derived from them. The Berlin foot was abolished in 1773 in favor of the Rhineland foot. For a long time, these dimensions were also not uniform. So there was B. According to Johann Friedrich Hauschild in the Grand Duchy of Baden around 1800, 112 different cubits, 92 different surface and fruit dimensions, 65 different wood dimensions, 123 different ohm and bucket dimensions, etc. uniform measure could have been used, due to its widespread use, the French royal foot (Pied de Roi) as a reference measure, whereby this was rated with 144 lines (1 foot = 12 inches a. 12 lines). According to this agreement, the corresponding foot measurements could now be assessed and related to one another. Due to local differences, the most varied of factors have now been proposed in Prussia for converting the Rhineland foot. B. 1771 from the royal upper building department the value of 139.13 lines. This value was finally established as binding on October 28, 1773 by a directorate order for Prussia, the brands and for Pomerania. According to this definition, the Rhineland rod was 1669.56 Parisian lines long. According to a decree of the French government of 13th Brumair in the year 9 of the new French era (November 2nd, 1801) it was determined that the meter should (definitely) contain 3.078444 Parisian feet or 443.295936 Parisian lines. This determination resulted in a calculated value of 2.2558294 mm for a Parisian line. Depending on the intended use, this rod was divided into 12 parts (duodecimal) as a work rod or into 10 parts (decimal) as a field rod for measuring the land.

There was no similar comparison value for the hollow vessels . The size of these units was determined using so-called sample vessels, which were specified by the authorities at the time. There were no absolute numerical values ​​for this. It was not until 1797 that extensive measurements were carried out by Johann Albert Eytelwein on sample vessels still in Berlin for the Berliner Scheffel from 1722 and on the sample vessel for the Berliner Quart, also from 1722. It was determined by him that the Berlin bushel had a volume of 3058.9271 Rhineland cubic inches or 2758.9511 Parisian cubic inches. This corresponded to a content of 54.725 liters. For the quart , which served as the basic measure for measuring liquids, he determined a volume of 65.4145 Rhineland cubic inches or 59 Parisian cubic inches. This corresponded to a volume of 1.1703 liters.

Length measurements

Prussian yardstick and foot at the Bad Langensalza town hall .

With regard to the length dimensions, a distinction must be made between 3 different periods:

1. The Berlin measure between 1713 and 1773.

2. The Rhineland or so-called Brandenburg measure between 1773 and 1816.

3. The Prussian measure after 1816.

Regarding 1: According to the edict of January 16, 1713, the basis for the Berlin measure was the Berlin foot, for which a length of 137.3 Paris lines was determined.

Length measurements

line				≈	3.226	mm
inch	=	8th	Lines	≈	25.81	mm
foot	=	12	inch	≈	30.9725	cm
rod	=	12	foot	≈	3.717	m
Cubit	=	295.60	Paris lines	≈	66.682	cm
mile

Re 2 .: The basis of the Rhineland or Brandenburg measure was the Rhineland foot, for which a length of 139.13 Parisian lines had been determined according to a director's order of October 28, 1773.

Length dimensions, work dimensions = duodecimal division
Scruples				≈	0.182	mm
line	=	12	Scruples	≈	2.179	mm
inch	=	12	Lines	≈	26.15	mm
foot	=	12	inch	≈	31.3854	cm
rod	=	12	foot	≈	3,766	m
mile	=	2000	Rods	≈	7.532	km
Cubit	=	296.0	Paris lines	≈	66.772	cm
Length measurements, field measurements = decimal division
inch	=			≈	37.66	mm
foot	=	10	inch	≈	37.66	cm
rod	=	10	foot	≈	3,766	m
mile	=	2000	Rods	≈	7.532	km

In 1780, at the instigation of the royal mining department, it was determined that the Prussian Lachter should be 80 Rhineland inches long.

Laughing seconds				≈	0.026	mm
Laughing primes	=	10	Laughing seconds	≈	0.261	mm
Laughing duty	=	10	Laughing primes	≈	2,615	cm
eighth	=	10	Laughing duty	≈	26.15	cm
He laughs	=	8th	eighth	≈	2.092	m

1/2 Prussian rod from 1816 on the historic town hall of Münster

Re 3. With the introduction of the new measures and weights on May 16, 1816, there were no changes in length measures, with the exception of the cubit. They were now simply referred to as a Prussian measure. The corresponding paragraphs were:

§ 1. The basic measure for all Prussian states is the Prussian foot.

§ 2. This designation is to be understood as the so-called Rhineland factory footing introduced in Prussia, the Marken and Pomerania since October 28, 1773.

§ 3. It contains 139.13 lines of the Paris foot generally known in scientific negotiations.

§ 7. The Berlin cubit should henceforth contain twenty-five and a half inches. 1 cubit = 25.5 inches = 295.65 Parisian lines = 66.694 cm.

Area dimensions

The term: "Area measure" essentially summarizes the provisions and dimensions that were used to measure the lands.

A corresponding regulation can be found in an instruction issued by Elector Friedrich Wilhelm zu Brandenburg in 1667, which stipulated how the fields in Pomerania should be measured.

The instruction instructed that

300		Square rods	=	1	tomorrow
15th		tomorrow	=	1	Heel hooves
30th		tomorrow	=	1	Land hooves
45		tomorrow	=	1	Triple hooves
60		tomorrow	=	1	Gaunt hooves

should be. No information was given in the instruction about the size of the tail.

Another regulation dated February 19, 1704 instructed that public surveys should be carried out according to the Magdeburg measure.

1		tomorrow	=	180	Rhineland square rods
1		Square rod	=	144	Square feet Rhineland
30th		tomorrow	=	1	Hooves

The absolute size of this rod is also unknown. Only for the period after October 28, 1773, the length of the Rhineland rod at ≈ 3.766 m was determined as binding.

The Oletzko measure

In 1721, at a meeting of the estates in Olezko, King Friedrich Wilhelm I introduced another measure for measuring the royal domains, which was called the Oletzko measure. The basis of the Oletzkoian measure was a rod consisting of 15 feet and a length of 1848.45 Parisian lines.

Length measurements
inch				≈	23.165	mm
foot	=	12	inch	≈	27.798	cm
rod	=	15th	foot	≈	4.1697	m
mile	=	1800	Rods	≈	7505.46	m
Area measure
Square rod				≈	17.387	square meters
tomorrow	=	300	Square rods	≈	5216.12	square meters
Hooves	=	30th	tomorrow	≈	156485	square meters

The Magdeburg measure was declared binding for all measurements in the Prussian state by the surveyor's regulations of May 28, 1793 . At this point in time, 5 different rods were officially in use in Prussia.

1. The old kulmish rod
2. The neo-kulmish rod
3. The Oletzko rod
4. The Rhineland or Brandenburg rod
5. The pond digger rod.

In addition to the rods or areas mentioned above, some of the following rods and areas were in circulation in the Prussian provinces.

1. In Brandenburg and the Neumark:

The Soldinian rod with a length of 1959, 418 Paris lines.

1	rod				≈	4,420	m
1	Square rod				≈	19.5373	square meters
1	tomorrow	=	300	Square rods	≈	5861,185	square meters
1	Hooves	=	30th	tomorrow	≈	175835,500	square meters

The old Cüstrin chamber rod with a length of 2121.732 Parisian lines.

1	rod				≈	4,786	m
1	Square rod				≈	22.9083	square meters
1	tomorrow	=	300	Square rods	≈	6872,500	square meters
1	Hooves	=	30th	tomorrow	≈	206175,000	square meters

The Neumärkische large land rod with a length of 16 feet Prussian work size.

1	rod				≈	5.0216	m
1	Square rod				≈	25.2170	square meters
1	tomorrow	=	300	Square rods	≈	7565.100	square meters

2. Vorpommern:

The Pomeranian matricular rod with a length of 14 feet-10  inches Prussian work size. ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {2}{3}}}$

1	rod				≈	4.6730	m
1	Square rod				≈	21,837	square meters
1	tomorrow	=	300	Square rods	≈	6550.905	square meters

With the introduction of the new measures and weights on May 16, 1816, the following changes were made to the area measurements: According to Section 10, the Prussian morning contains 180 Prussian square rods. Hufen is no longer used in public negotiations.

Artillery measure

For the Prussian artillery measure, at least 3 different periods must be distinguished.

1. The old Prussian artillery measure for the period before 1773.
2. The Prussian artillery measure for the period between 1773 and 1816.
3. The Prussian artillery measure for the period between 1816 and 1872.

Regarding 1. There is no precise information about the size of the Prussian artillery measure for this period, since the Prussian measure was only precisely defined in 1773.

to 2. The Prussian artillery measure for this period has a special position in relation to its classification. While in the normal division the division is a duodecimal, with the artillery measure the rod is divided into feet and inches duodecimal, while the inch is divided into lines and scruples or points decimal.

Classification
Scruples				≈	0.2615	mm
line	=	10	Scruples	≈	2.6154	mm
inch	=	10	Lines	≈	26.15	mm
foot	=	12	inch	≈	31.3854	cm
rod	=	12	foot	≈	3,766	m

Re 3. With the introduction of the new order of measure and weight on May 16, 1816, the following changes occurred. While the division of the rod into 12 feet and the foot into 12 inches was retained, the division of the inch into lines and points was deleted without replacement. These smaller units were assigned to the inch as decimal places without any special designation.

Distance (Prussian mile)

Inscription of a restored milestone on the road between Eisleben and Sangerhausen . The 27 country miles to Berlin correspond to a good 200 kilometers.

The term mile was originally used to describe an ancient Roman measure of the route . This was 1,000 paces long, each measured at five Roman feet. Over the centuries, however, this dimension had changed so much that ultimately no one had an overview of the actual length of a mile.

However, in order to keep an overview with this multitude of different designations, it was proposed to establish a superordinate reference dimension to which the respective local miles could then be set in a certain ratio. The 15th part of a meridian degree was then set as the reference dimension for a mile . According to a meridian measurement between Dunkirk and Barcelona carried out by French scholars between 1793 and 1798, the longitude of the 45th parallel was 57,008.222  Toise . The 15th part was 3800.548 Toisen which, according to the French measurement of 1801, corresponded to a length of 7407.404 meters. This mile determined in this way was called the (French) geographical mile.

All mile measures that are approximately 7.5 kilometers also correspond to approximately 10,000 steps . They could be used in practice to estimate travel times . Such a mile is about two hours away on foot , and it could be covered in about an hour by stagecoach or riding horse .

Due to the uncertainty that still existed at the time with regard to the size of the earth flattening , Georg Simon Klügel (1739–1812) in Prussia did not set the 15th part of a meridian degree , but the 15th part of an equatorial degree as a reference measure. Klügel determined the 15th part of an equatorial degree with a length of 22,869.5 Parisian or 23,661 Rhineland feet. According to the French measurement of 1801, this corresponded to a length of 7428.013 meters. This mile was called the (German) geographical mile.

Due to the small differences in length, the two miles were used in the literature of the time without any special reference, which led to different information about the actual length. In 1841 the length of the (German) geographical mile was corrected by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784–1846) to the value 7420.44 meters.

Regardless of the geographical mile, it had already been determined earlier that the mile in Prussia should have a length of 2,000 Rhineland rods when surveying the country and creating maps . According to the French dimensioning of 1801, the length of this so-called Prussian country mile was 7532.484 meters. According to Article 4 of the Order of Measure and Weight for the North German Confederation , the length of the country mile was set at 7500.0000 meters.

Volume measurements

At that time, goods were in most cases not weighed but measured. The bushel was used as a guide for dry bulk goods (mainly grain) and the quart for liquids, although there were different classifications for wine and beer. As already shown, the equality for the bushel and the quart was to be brought about in Prussia as early as 1693. However, it was not until 1722 that corresponding test or standard vessels were known, so that no statement about the actual size of the bushel or quart can be made for the period between 1693 and 1722.

Capacity (for dry bulk goods, before 1816)

1	load	=	3	Wispel	≈	3940,200	liter
1	Wispel	=	2	Malter	≈	1313,400	liter
1	Malter	=	12	bushel	≈	656,700	liter
1	bushel	=	4th	quarter	≈	54.725	liter
1	quarter	=	4th	Metzen	≈	13,680	liter
1	Slut				≈	3.420	liter

The following changes were made with the new measures and weights of May 16, 1816: According to Section 11, the Berlin bushel should have 3072 Prussian cubic inches. Nine Berlin bushels are therefore 16 Prussian cubic feet. According to § 12, the Berliner Metze is a sixteenth of a bushel. It contains 192 Prussian cubic inches, or nine metzes are one cubic foot.

1 cubic inch = 17.882 cubic centimeters or 0.0179 liters (exactly = 0.01789121 liters).

1 cubic foot = 1728 cubic inches or 30.915 liters (exactly 30.91565 liters).

1	Wispel	=	24	bushel	≈	1319.760	liter
1	bushel	=	16	Metzen	≈	54.960	liter
1	Slut	=			≈	3.435	liter

Volume measure (liquid measure for wine, before 1816)

1	Fuder	=	4th	Oxhoft	≈	898,800	liter
1	Oxhoft	=	1 ½	ohm	≈	224,700	liter
1	ohm	=	2	bucket	≈	149.800	liter
1	bucket	=	2	anchor	≈	74,900	liter
1	anchor	=	32	quart	≈	37,450	liter
1	quart	=	2	Ösel	≈	1.170	liter
1	Ösel				≈	0.585	liter

The following changes were made with the new measures and weights of May 16, 1816: According to § 13, the quart is a third of the muck. So it contains 64 Prussian cubic inches or 27 quarts are a cubic foot. § 14: The bucket contains 60 Berlin quarters, an Oxhoft contains three, an ohm two, an anchor half a bucket.

1	Fuder	=	4th	Oxhoft	≈	824,400	liter
1	Oxhoft	=	1½	ohm	≈	206.100	liter
1	ohm	=	2	bucket	≈	137,400	liter
1	bucket	=	2	anchor	≈	68,700	liter
1	anchor	=	30th	quart	≈	34,350	liter
1	quart				≈	1,145	liter

Volume measure (liquid measure for beer, before 1816)

1	Building	=	9	Kupen	≈	4044,550	liter
1	Kupe	=	2	barrel	≈	449.395	liter
1	barrel	=	2	metric tons	≈	224,700	liter
1	ton	=	4th	Oehmchen	≈	112,350	liter
1	Oehmchen	=	24	quart	≈	28.085	liter
1	quart	=	2	Ösel	≈	1.170	liter
1	Ösel				≈	0.585	liter

The following changes were made with the new measures and weights of May 16, 1816: According to Section 15, the beer bin contains 100 quart.

1	Building	=	9	Kupen	≈	4122,000	liter
1	Kupe	=	2	barrel	≈	458,000	liter
1	barrel	=	2	metric tons	≈	229,000	liter
1	ton	=	100	quart	≈	114,500	liter
1	quart				≈	1,145	liter

Capacity (other capacity)

1 linseed barrel = 129.390 liters

1 ton for salt, coal, coke, etc. = 4 bushels = 219.850 liters.

Body measurements

1 cubic foot = 1728 cubic inches = 0.030916 cubic meters

1 cubic rod = 1728 cubic feet = 53.4226 cubic meters

1 fathom (so-called cubic fathom) for firewood, peat, stones = 108 cubic feet = 3.3389 cubic meters

1 manhole pipe (construction) 144 cubic feet = 4.4519 cubic meters.

Weight measurements

Similar to the length measures, several periods must also be differentiated for the weights. It was this

1. The old Berlin weight in the period up to 1816.

2. The new Prussian weight according to the measure and weight regulations of May 16, 1816.

3. The introduction of the customs weight on January 1st, 1840.

4. The introduction of the customs weight as a general Prussian trade weight on July 1, 1858.

In the periods mentioned above, there were still different regulations in some cases. So z. B. for the old Berlin weight:

1. The main reference weight or the so-called Cölln coin mark.

2. The Berlin trade weight

3. The medical weight

4. The jewel weight.

The following weight information in grams should be noted that these are French grams, as they resulted from the French measurement of November 2, 1801.

Definition of French weight: The kilogram is the weight of a quantity of distilled water in a vacuum at its greatest density, i.e. H. Measured at 4 ° according to the 100-part or at 3.5 ° according to the Reaumur's mercury thermometer, which exactly fills a space, measured according to the defined cubic decimeter.

Regarding 1. As already described for the length measurements, there were also a large number of different regulations for the weights. Due to its popularity, the origin is dated to the middle of the 12th century, the Cöllnian market weight was chosen as the reference weight . The cölln mark was divided into 256 pfennigs and these in turn into 256 pfennings, so that a cölln mark comprised 256 * 256 = 65536 pfennig parts.

Classification, as a cölln silver weight :
1	lb	=	2	mark	=	131072	Directional pfenning parts	=	467.622	G
1	mark	=	8th	Ounces	=	65536	Directional pfenning parts	=	233,811	G
1	ounce	=	2	Lot	=	8192	Directional pfenning parts	=	29.226	G
1	Lot	=	4th	Tiny bit	=	4096	Directional pfenning parts	=	14.613	G
1	Tiny bit	=	4th	Pennies	=	1024	Directional pfenning parts	=	3.653	G
1	penny	=	1 ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{8}}}$	Grän	=	256	Directional pfenning parts	=	0.913	G
1	Grän				=	227 ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {5}{9}}}$	Directional pfenning parts	=	0.81184	G
1	Richtpfenningteil							=	0.00356768	G
Classification as a Cologne gold weight:
1	mark	=	24	carat	=	65536	Directional pfenning parts	=	233,811	G
1	carat	=	12	Grän	=	2730 ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {2}{3}}}$	Directional pfenning parts	=	9,742123	G
1	Grän				=	227 ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {5}{9}}}$	Directional pfenning parts	=	0.811844	G
1	Richtpfenningteil							=	0.00356768	G

Re 2. The Berlin commercial weight has been retained according to the old Berlin normal weight and was represented by standard weights, which were kept by the Berlin magistrate. The old Berlin normal pound was 256 pfenning parts heavier than the Cölln coin pound.

Classification
1	lb	=	2	mark	=	131328	Directional pfenning parts	=	468.53588	G
1	mark	=	8th	Ounces	=	65664	Directional pfenning parts	=	234.268	G
1	ounce	=	2	Lot	=	8208	Directional pfenning parts	=	29.284	G
1	Lot	=	4th	Tiny bit	=	4104	Directional pfenning parts	=	14,642	G
1	Tiny bit	=	4th	Pennies	=	1026	Directional pfenning parts	=	3,660	G
1	penny				=	256.5	Directional pfenning parts	=	0.91511	G
1	Richtpfenngteile							=	0.00356768	G

For larger weights there was also the following classification:

Classification:
1	Hundredweight	=	5	heavy stones	=	51.525	kg
1	heavy stone	=	2	light stones	=	10.305	kg
1	light stone	=	11	Pound of Berlin trade weight	=	5.153	kg
1	Pound of Berlin trade weight				=	468,535	G

There was also the following classification as a ship weight:

Classification
1	load	=	12	Ship pound	=	1574,400	kg
1	Ship pound	=	20th	Lispund	=	131,200	kg
1	Lispund	=	14th	Pound of Berlin trade weight	=	6.559	kg
1	Pound of Berlin trade weight				=	468,535	G

to 3. Medical weight . In most of Germany, the Nuremberg medical weight was introduced in pharmacies. This was declared binding for the royal states of Prussia by a directorate order from 1786. Precise weighing determined that the pound of medical weight weighed 100,224 pennies.

Classification
1	lb	=	12	Ounces	=	100224	Directional pfenning parts	=	357,567	G
1	ounce	=	8th	Drachmas	=	8352	Directional pfenning parts	=	29.797	G
1	drachma	=	3	Scruples	=	1044	Directional pfenning parts	=	3.725	G
1	Scruples	=	20th	Gran	=	348	Directional pfenning parts	=	1.242	G
1	Gran				=	17.4	Directional pfenning parts	=	0.062075	G
1	Richtpfenningteil							=	0.00356768	G

to 4. jewel weight . The English jewel weight was made binding for the Prussian states by a directorate order in 1786. The large normal jewel weight, which was located in the Berlin calibration office, weighed 64 carats, which corresponded to exactly 3688 directional pfenning parts.

1 directional penny part = 0.00356768 g.

1 carat = 3688 * 0.00356767: 64 = 0.2055829 g.

The jewel weight was divided into: carats. ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}-{\tfrac {1}{2}}-{\tfrac {1}{8}}-{\tfrac {1}{16}}-{\tfrac {1}{32}}-{\tfrac {1}{64}}}$

The new measures and weights of May 16, 1816 resulted in the following changes:

1. § 18: The weight of a Prussian cubic foot of distilled water in a vacuum at a temperature of 15 ° of the Reaumur mercury thermometer is divided into sixty-six equal parts. One such part is a Prussian pound. Another explanation read: The weight of one Prussian cubic inch of the densest distilled water measured in a vacuum at 15 degrees Celsius is 17.863973659 g. If this weight is multiplied by 1728 (cubic inches to a cubic foot) and divided by 66, the weight of one Prussian pound is found to be 467.711310 g .

2. § 19: Half of this pound is exactly the same as the Cölln mark that has hitherto been used in Prussian coinage and is also to be used under the designation: Prussian mark for weighing the coins and the gold and silver.

Classification:
1	Hundredweight	=	110	lb	=	51448.244	G
1	lb	=	2	mark	=	467.711	G
1	mark	=	16	Lot	=	233.856	G
1	Lot	=	4th	Tiny bit	=	14.616	G
1	Tiny bit	=	4.5	Grän	=	3,654	G
1	Grän				=	0.812	g (exactly: 0.8119988o3 g)

3. § 20: the double division of the mark for gold into twenty-four carats and for silver into sixteen lots is no longer to be used officially, but the mark for all noble metals is only to be divided into two hundred and eighty-eight grains.

4. § 21: The Prussian pound according to § 18 should also serve as a Kramer weight and for this purpose be divided into thirty-two lots, but the lot into four quotes.

Classification:
1	lb	=	32	Lot	=	467.711	G
1	Lot	=	4th	Tiny bit	=	14,616	G
1	Tiny bit				=	3.653	G

5. § 22: One hundred and ten pounds is one Prussian hundredweight.

6. § 23: After stones and ship pounds should not be calculated in public negotiations. On the other hand, a Prussian shipload is said to be four thousand pounds.

7. § 25: The medical weight retains its usual classification. According to this, the medicinal pound has 12 ounces, the ounce 8 drachmas, the drachma 3 scruples, the scruple 20 grains. The weight of these parts should be determined so that the medicinal pound contains 24 Prussian lots, the ounce 2 lot, the drachma 1 Prussian quentchen.

Classification:
1	lb	=	12	Ounces	=	350.748	G
1	ounce	=	8th	Drachmas	=	29.232	G
1	drachma	=	3	Scruples	=	3,654	G
1	Scruples	=	20th	Gran	=	1.218	G
1	Gran				=	0.0608999	G

8. § 26: Jewels are also weighed according to carat and their division into . One hundred such karates should be equal to nine Prussian quints. ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}-{\tfrac {1}{2}}-{\tfrac {1}{8}}-{\tfrac {1}{16}}-{\tfrac {1}{32}}-{\tfrac {1}{64}}}$

1 quench = 3.654 g

1 carat = 3.654 * 9: 160 = 0.2055375 g.

Customs pound : After the establishment of the German Customs Association on January 1, 1834, a so-called customs weight was introduced with a royal Prussian ordinance of October 31, 1839 with effect from January 1, 1840 for public matters (customs and tax issues).

Classification:
1	Inch quintals	=	100	Inch pound
1	Inch pound	=	30th	Tariff	=	500	G

It must be noted that these are again weights in the French definition.

A law of May 17, 1856 in Prussia declared the customs weight to be the unit of the Prussian weight with effect from July 1, 1858.

Classification:
1	lb	=	30th	Lot	=	500	g (exactly by definition)
1	Lot	=	10	Tiny bit	=	16 2 ⁄ 3	G
1	Tiny bit	=	10	cent	=	1 2 ⁄ 3	G
1	cent	=	10	grain	=	1 ⁄ 6	G
1	Hundredweight	=	100	lb
1	Ship load	=	40	Hundredweight	=	2000	kg

With the introduction of the measures and weights for the North German Confederation on August 17, 1868, with effect from January 1, 1872, the Prussian independence in terms of measures and weights ceased.

literature

• Johann Albert Eytelwein: Comparisons of the measures and weights introduced in the Royal Prussian States . Friedrich Maurer, Berlin 1798.
• Johann Albert Eytelwein: Comparisons of the measures and weights currently and previously introduced in the royal Prussian states, with regard to the most excellent measures and weights in Europe. Berlin 1810.
• Johann Albert Eytelwein: Addendum to Eytelwein's comparisons of the weights and measures currently and previously introduced in the royal Prussian states. Berlin 1817.
• Tables containing the ratios for the conversion of the national dimensions and weights previously valid in Prussia into the new dimensions and weights established by the dimensions and weights for the North German Confederation. R. v. Decker, Berlin 1869.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Measures and weights for the Prussian states of May 16, 1816. In: Paul Stoepel: Prussian Law Codex: An authentic print. Volume 1: 1806-1834. 2nd Edition. Verlag der Hofdruckerei von Trowitzsch und Sohn, Frankfurt 1861, pp. 174–176.
2. ↑ Extensive treatise on the different types of kulmic measure. In: Year books of the Prussian monarchy under the government of Friedrich Wilhelm the Third. Verlag Johann Friedrich Unger, 1799, second volume, pp. 101-113, pp. 213-216, pp. 321-351; third volume, pp. 14-35.
3. ^ Johann Rudolph Fäsch: War, Engineering and Artillery Lexicon . Johann Christohh Weigeln, Nuremberg 1726, p. 205.
4. ^ Johann Friedrich Hauschild: On the history of the German measurement and coinage in the last sixty years . Joha. Christ, Frankfurt am Main 1861.
5. ↑ In the literature there are different statements about the introduction of the definitive dimension. June 22, 1799, December 10, 1799 or as used here November 2, 1801.
6. ↑ Eytelwein: Comparisons .... 1810, p. 20.
7. ↑ Eytelwein: Comparisons ... 1798, pp. 25–30.
8. ↑ Julius Johann von Rohr: Complete house keeping right . Published by Johann Christian Martini, Leipzig 1716, p. 544.
9. ↑ Johann Vladislaus von Suchodoletz : Well-founded news of the length and field measurements in the Kingdom of Prussia. Königsberg 1772, p. 11. (reader.digitale-sammlungen.de)
10. ^ Karl Christoph Albert Heinrich von Kamptz: The provincial and statutory rights in the Prussian monarchy . Volume 1, Berlin 1826, pp. 198-199.
11. ↑ August Meitzen: The soil and the agricultural conditions of the Prussian state. 3rd volume, Berlin 1871, pp. 609-610.
12. ↑ Ludwig von Baczko: Handbook of History, Earth Description and Statistics Prussia . Second part, Verlag Friedrich Nicolovius, Königsberg / Leipzig 1803, p. 129.
13. ↑ FW Dammeyer: Paperback for the officer . Published by Carl Heymann, Berlin 1838, p. 469.
14. ^ Georg Wilhelm Bartholdy: Instructions for mathematical, physical and state geography. 2nd Edition. Verlag von Wilhelm Oehmigke the Younger, Berlin 1805, p. 101.
15. ↑ Meyers Konversationslexikon. 4th edition. 5th volume, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1889, keyword: Earth.
16. ↑ Eytelwein: comparisons .... 1798, pp. 30–31.
17. ↑ Eytelwein: Comparisons ... 1798, p. 45.
18. ↑ The specified paragraphs refer to the implementation regulations for the order of measure and weight from 1816. Paul Stoepel: Prussischer Gesetz-Codex: An authentic print. Volume 1: 1806-1834. 2nd Edition. Verlag der Hofdruckerei von Trowitzsch und Sohn, Frankfurt 1861, pp. 177–178.
19. ↑ Eytelwein: Comparisons ... 1798, p. 45.
20. ↑ Eytelwein: Comparisons ... 1810, p. 112.
21. ↑ Eytelwein: Addendum to the comparisons 1817, pp. 11–12.