Orenburg

The title of this article is ambiguous. Further meanings are listed under Orenburg (disambiguation) .

city Orenburg Оренбург flag coat of arms Federal district Volga Oblast Orenburg Urban district Orenburg mayor Vladimir Ilyinych Founded 1743 Earlier names Chkalov (1938–1957) City since 1743 surface 300  km² population 548,331 inhabitants (as of Oct. 14, 2010) Population density 1828 inhabitants / km² Height of the center 150  m Time zone UTC + 5 Telephone code (+7) 3532 Post Code 460xxx License Plate 56 OKATO 53 401 Website www.orenburg.ru Geographical location Coordinates 51 ° 46 ′  N , 55 ° 6 ′  E Coordinates: 51 ° 46 ′ 0 ″  N , 55 ° 6 ′ 0 ″  E

Location in the western part of Russia

Location in the Orenburg Oblast

List of cities in Russia

Orenburg ( Russian Оренбу́рг , Kazakh Орынбор / Orynbor ) is the capital of Orenburg Oblast in the Volga Federal District , European Russia , with 548,331 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010). Orenburg is 1230 km southeast of Moscow , not far from the border with Kazakhstan . From 1920 to 1925 the territory of the entire present oblast belonged to the Kyrgyz ASSR with Orenburg as its capital. From 1938 to 1957, the city and oblast were named Tschkalow (Russian Чка́лов ) in honor of the Soviet pilot Valeri Pavlovich Tschkalow of the same name .

geography

Orenburg is located southwest of the southern foothills of the Ural Mountains . The city is about 150 meters above sea level at the confluence of the Sakmara in the Urals , which flows through Orenburg and forms part of the border between Europe and Asia .

history

The city of Orenburg was founded in 1743 as a Russian outpost on the border with Central Asia , which was then undeveloped . Just one year later, the city became the administrative center of the newly created Orenburg governorate . Before that, there were two unsuccessful attempts to found a fortress in the Urals - including in Orsk . Orsk was originally called Orenburg when it was founded in 1735 because it was located at the confluence of the Or and Ural rivers . Later it was decided to build a fortress on the site of today's Orenburg.

The name was carried over to this new location, although the current city of Orenburg has nothing to do with the river Or . Another explanation of the city's name may have something to do with the German word ears , as the fortress was intended to watch over the nearby steppe. This explanation is popular with many residents of the city of Orenburg, but it must be considered a legend. In any case, the second part of the name (- burg ) comes from German.

Orenburg was a city and a fortress in one. The settled Orenburg Cossacks should create a Russian settlement belt between the Tatars and Kazakhs and secure the influence of the Russian Empire on the Small Horde , which has been prevalent since 1731 . Between October 1773 and March 1774 Orenburg resisted the siege during the Pugachev uprising .

Half of the city burned down due to a war and a major fire at the end of the 18th century, but until 1750 it formed the absolute eastern border of the known area. In Baroque style more then famous churches in the city were built by several tsars were visited. The city gained great importance as a cattle trading center, mainly for sheep.

Orenburg Cossacks

In the 19th century, various military governors tried to bring culture and life into the city, which had lost its outpost character due to the further advance of the Cossacks to the east. In 1838 a mosque that still exists today was built, and in 1895 another large church in the typical Russian New Byzantine style (see: Islam in Russia ).

This was followed by the October Revolution of 1917 and the civil war in which communists and Tatars, led by Blücher, came to power over the city on January 31, 1918 and defeated an alliance of Orenburg Cossacks, Kazakhs and Bashkirs . On July 3, 1918, the city was occupied by the White Guards of Commander Dutow , who led the part of the army of Admiral Kolchak , one of the main leaders of the whites, who had been assigned to Orenburg . It was not until January 22, 1919, that the Red Army succeeded in recapturing the city and in September 1919 finally destroying General Dutow's Orenburg Army .

Orenburg was the capital of the Alash Orda state from 1917 to 1920 and the surrounding region became an administrative unit of the Kazakh autonomous region. From 1920 to 1925, Orenburg was the capital of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , a forerunner of today's Kazakhstan (until the 1920s, there was no clear distinction in Russian between Kazaks and Kyrgyz : the Kazaks were called Kyrgyz Ka (i) ssak or simply Kirghiz , the Kirghiz among others as Kara-Kirghiz or Mountain Kirghiz ).

In the 1930s, 20 of 21 churches were torn down by the Soviets, and the city lost a large part of its historical building fabric. It regained importance in the Second World War , when numerous companies were evacuated from the western part of the Soviet Union to Orenburg after the German attack in the summer of 1941. This triggered a major industrialization spurt in the city, which continued in the period that followed and is still noticeable today. The population doubled between the 1930s and 1960s. In Orenburg there was a prisoner of war camp 369 , Čkalow , for German prisoners of war from World War II .

On September 14, 1954, the Soviet Army carried out a maneuver with a use of an atom bomb on the Tozkoye military training area (Russian То́цкое - То́цкий полиго́н ) 215 km from Orenburg . At 9:53 a.m., a Tu-4 bomber dropped an atomic bomb with an explosive force of 40 kilotons on the area of ​​the military training area. The aim of the "experiment" was to examine the stability of material and people in a battle under the conditions of a nuclear war .

The death toll from this maneuver is still unknown. Even today, the number of diseases of some types of cancer in Orenburg is twice as high as among the victims of the Chernobyl reactor disaster .

Attempts have only been made since 1990 to restore the remaining historical buildings, and some beautiful streets are already testimony to this. For the first time, some buildings were built in the traditional style of the former old town center.

Population development

year	Residents
1897	72,425
1939	171,726
1959	267,317
1970	344.266
1979	458.747
1989	546.501
2002	549.361
2010	548.331
2017	564,443

Note: census data

Attractions

Most of the buildings worth seeing can be found in the historic city center. Some of the attractions there are the old Ural Bridge, which is only open to pedestrians, with an ensemble of buildings from the 18th and 19th centuries in the background and the nearby monument on the border between Europe and Asia, the town hall, the art hall, the city museum, churches and academies. The city's most important commercial street, the several kilometers long boulevard-like Sovetskaya Street, with the City Museum at one end, leads away from the Ural River. At the beginning of 2007, the city's theater was reopened after reconstruction. For a Western European, the city's weekly market is well worth seeing. Outside the city center there are a few other attractions, including the neo-classical St. Nikolai Cathedral on Chkalov Street and the "National Village", a park where every ethnic group represented in Orenburg area (Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Armenians, Kazakhs, Russian-Germans etc.) represents their cultural identity in the form of architecture, cuisine and regular events.

Orenburg, Old Ural Bridge

Playhouse in Orenburg

Other noteworthy structures

• Orenburg transmission mast: 200 m high guyed tubular steel mast, which is equipped on two levels with cross members that lead from the mast body to the guy ropes.

economy

Outside the city center, Orenburg is characterized by industry (especially mechanical engineering, food, textiles and gas extraction).

Worldwide, helium is only extracted from helium-rich natural gas at 3 locations . Cryor in Orenburg supplies cryogenic liquid helium to the Messer Group , which operates 3 filling warehouses in Europe.

traffic

Street

Orenburg is located at the intersection of two major roads in the Southern Urals, which lead from Samara to Orsk (branch of the M5 Ural ) and from Ufa to Oral in neighboring Kazakhstan ( R240 ). The R239 highway , which connects the city with Kazan , ends here .

Local public transport is based exclusively on a system of trolley buses and other city bus routes.

rail

The railway connection between Moscow and the Siberian metropolises Novosibirsk and Barnaul runs through Orenburg . The Trans-Aral Railway begins in Orenburg and crosses the Russian-Kazakh border in a southerly direction after approx. 150 km and continues to the Uzbek capital Tashkent . In doing so, it follows the Syr Darya River over long distances . In Arys it is connected to the Turkestan-Siberian Railway branching off to the east .

air traffic

The city has a small international airport Orenburg Tsentralny a regular service in several other Russian cities, as well as occasional international flights to Tajikistan and Germany , mainly from the region coming German Russians and Russian Mennonite be used.

pipeline

The 2,750 km long “Soyuz” natural gas pipeline to Uzhhorod begins in Orenburg , the construction of which was carried out over several decades by the Comecon states. The planning and construction of the approximately 550 km long section of the GDR , the Druzhba route , was, like the sections of the other states, only delegated by the former USSR to the “ socialist brother countries ” and paid for by later supplying natural gas free of charge.

Further educational institutions

• Faculty of the State Academy of Petroleum and Gas
• Branch of the Military University of Air Defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
• Branch of the Moscow State Trade University
• Branch of the Moscow State Legal Academy
• Branch of the First Moscow Law Institute
• Branch of the Institute for Entrepreneurship and Law in Moscow
• Branch of the Institute for Railway Engineers in Samara
• Institute for Economy and Culture
• Art institute
• Orenburg State Agricultural University
• Orenburg State Medical University
• State Pedagogical University of Orenburg
• Orenburg State University
• Municipal Higher College Orenburg for natural sciences and humanities
• Cross-regional institute for management
• Zollkolleg

Sports

The city ​​is represented in football by the FK Orenburg club and in ice hockey by the Gazprom-OGU Orenburg club . In table tennis , Gazprom Fakel Orenburg won the European Champions League 2011/12 and 2012/13 with the German Dimitrij Ovtcharov , the Belarusian Vladimir Samsonow and the Russian Alexei Smirnow after finishing second in 2010/11 . The ice hockey and table tennis clubs are financed by Gazprom .

Town twinning

Orenburg lists the following twin cities :

• Blagnac , France
• Burgas , Bulgaria
• Orlando , United States
• Khujand , Tajikistan
• Legnica , Poland

sons and daughters of the town

• Georg Gustav von Freymann adH Nursie (1789 – unknown), Baltic nobleman and major general in the Imperial Russian Army
• Nikolai Koslow (1814–1889), military doctor
• Pawel Blaramberg (1841–1907), composer
• Yevgraf Fjodorow (1853–1919), crystallographer and mineralogist
• Lew Sosnowski (1886–1937), journalist and revolutionary
• Axel Berg (1893–1979), scientist and naval officer
• Pjotr ​​Lukirski (1894–1954), physicist and university professor
• Georgi Malenkow (1902–1988), politician
• Anatoly Nikolajew (1902–1977), chemist and university professor
• Lyudmila Keldysch (1904–1976), mathematician
• Nikolai Efimov (1910–1982), mathematician
• Alexander Schmorell (1917–1943), co-founder of the “ White Rose ” resistance group ; as Alexander of Munich saint of the Russian Orthodox Church
• Vladimir Karpov (1922-2010), writer
• Alexander Skrinski (* 1936), physicist
• Sem Simkin (1937–2010), deep-sea fisherman, poet and post-poet of East Prussian poetry
• Georgi Martynjuk (1940-2014), actor
• Lev Alburt (* 1945), Russian-American chess player
• Yuri Syomin (* 1947), soccer player and coach
• Vladimir Chernyshev (born 1948), boxer
• Witali Kweder (* 1949), solid-state physicist
• Konstantin Efetov (* 1950), physicist
• Nadeschda Radsewitsch (* 1953), volleyball player and Olympic champion
• Jelena Afanassjewa (* 1975), politician
• Dmitri Jurjewitsch Sitak (* 1983), tennis player
• Roman Valiyev (* 1984), triple jumper
• Anna Avdejewa (* 1985), shot putter
• Denis Istomin (* 1986), Uzbek tennis player of Russian origin
• Nikolai Kowaljow (* 1986), saber fencer
• Artem Sitak (* 1986), Russian-New Zealand tennis player
• Elina Tissen (* 1986), German professional boxer and world champion of the WIBF, GBU and GBC associations
• Yevgeny Lutsenko (born 1987), football player
• Maria Kamenewa (* 1999), swimmer

Climate table

Orenburg
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.     26th   -10 -18     21st   -9 -18     22nd   -2 -10     25th   13 2     29   23 9     40   27 13     37   29 16     33   27 13     34   20th 8th     38   9 1     37   0 -6     32   -6 -13 Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm Source: Roshydromet , wetterkontor.de

Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Orenburg Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) −9.8 −8.7 −1.5 12.7 22.6 26.6 28.8 26.8 20.4 9.3 0.1 −6.0 O 10.2 Min. Temperature (° C) −17.9 −17.7 −9.8 1.5 8.5 13.1 15.6 13.2 7.8 0.5 −6.0 −13.2 O −0.3 Precipitation ( mm ) 26th 21st 22nd 25th 29 40 37 33 34 38 37 32 Σ 374 Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 2.5 4.2 5.1 7.5 9.9 10.2 10.6 9.2 7.1 4.1 2.1 2.0 O 6.2 Rainy days ( d ) 8th 5 6th 5 5 6th 7th 6th 7th 8th 8th 8th Σ 79 Humidity ( % ) 80 80 82 70 55 53 55 55 60 72 81 83 O 68.8 Source: Roshydromet , wetterkontor.de

literature

• Pjotr ​​Rytschkow (1712–1777), Orenburgische Topographie , Leipzig and Weimar 1983 Part 1 Part 2

Web links

Commons : Orenburg  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Orenburg.ru
• Orenburgregion.de
• Orenburg on mojgorod.ru

swell

1. ↑ under: Глава города Оренбурга ; accessed on March 26, 2020
2. ↑ ^{a b} Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
3. ↑ Maschke, Erich (ed.): On the history of the German prisoners of war of the Second World War. Ernst and Werner Gieseking publishing house, Bielefeld 1962-1977.
4. ↑ The Sunday Times (UK), June 24, 2001, quoted at nuclearfiles.org
5. ↑ Orenburg website (Russian)
6. ↑ Orenburg State Medical University. Retrieved April 9, 2018 (Russian). 
7. ↑ Бларамберг, Павел Иванович . In: Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона - Enziklopeditscheski slowar Brokgausa i Jefrona . tape 4 [7]: Битбург – Босха. Brockhaus-Efron, Saint Petersburg 1891, p. 73 (Russian, full text [ Wikisource ] PDF ).
8. ↑ Nadezhda Radzevich in the database of Sports-Reference (English)
9. ↑ Evgeni Lutsenko , transfermarkt.com
10. ↑ Каменева Мария , news.sportbox.ru
11. ↑ Mariia Kameneva ( memento from April 26, 2018 in the Internet Archive ), baku2015.com