Pyotr Ivanovich Lukirski

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Peter Ivanovich Lukirski ( Russian Пётр Иванович Лукирский ; born December 1 . Jul / 13. December  1894 greg. In Orenburg ; † 16th November 1954 in Leningrad ) was a Russian physicist and university teacher .

Life

Standing from left: Pjotr ​​Leonidowitsch Kapiza, Pjotr ​​Iwanowitsch Lukirski, Milita Wladimirowna Milowidowa-Kirpicheva, Jakow Grigorjewitsch Dorfman (Joffe Seminar 1915)

Lukirski was the son of a geodesist . In 1903 the family moved to Novgorod , so that Lukirski finished school at the Novgorod Boys' High School. In 1912 he began studying at the physics and mathematics faculty of the University of St. Petersburg . As a student he already worked scientifically with Abram Fjodorowitsch Joffe . In 1912 he wrote a thesis on the magneton predicted by Pierre-Ernest Weiss in 1911 . In his diploma thesis he determined the electrical conductivity of halite .

After the October Revolution , Lukirski began to work in the physical-technical department of the X-ray and Radiotechnology Institute, which soon became the Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute (LFTI) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (AN-SSSR). In 1919 he held lectures as a lecturer at the University of Petrograd . In the same year he married and had three children with his wife Yelisaveta Nikolaevna.

In 1925 Lukirski was able to determine the characteristic X-ray spectral lines of carbon , aluminum and zinc for the first time using a special method using wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy . He also examined the Compton effect . The results were published quickly. In 1933 he was elected a corresponding member of the AN-SSSR. From 1934 he headed the Chair of Electricity in the Faculty of Physics at Leningrad University . Lukirski's pupils were Abram Isaakowitsch Alichanow , Artem Alichanjan , Andrei Iwanowitsch Anselm , Lew Andrejewitsch Arzimowitsch , Leonti Nikolajewitsch Dobrezow , Alexander Pavlovich Schdanow , Wadim Evgenjewitsch Laschkarev and Georgi Nikolajewitsch Schuppe.

On April 2, 1938, Lukirski was arrested in the course of the Stalinist purges and charged with counterrevolutionary activities under Article 58 of the RSFSR Criminal Code . Despite lengthy interrogation and torture, he did not sign an admission of guilt. Despite the lack of physical evidence, he was sentenced to 5 years in a labor camp on September 2, 1938 . The interrogator of the NKVD Boschitschko was shot in 1940. Alexander Alexandrowitsch Baikow , Pyotr Leonidowitsch Kapiza , Lew Dawidowitsch Landau and Vladimir Alexandrowitsch Fock campaigned for Lukirski's release. In 1941 Lukurski worked as a geologist in a geodesy expedition under storage conditions . On August 12, 1942, Lukirski's conviction was overturned and his release from the Pechora camp was decided. Lukirski struggled to find his family in Kazan, who had been evacuated from besieged Leningrad .

From 1943 Lukirski worked in the Radium Institute of the AN-SSSR , headed by Vitaly Grigoryevich Chlopin , and taught after the German-Soviet War from 1945 as professor and head of the chair for technical electronics at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute . He worked on problems in nuclear physics and examined the processes of interaction between neutrons and matter . In 1946 he became a real member of the AN-SSSR. In 1954 he published the world's first work on nuclear fission by a K meson .

Honors, prizes

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Frenkel WJ : Трудные годы Петра Ивановича Лукирского . In: Звезда . No. 10 , 1996, pp. 179–197 ( ihst.ru [PDF; accessed on January 21, 2019]).
  2. ↑ Khramov JA : Лукирский Петр Иванович . In: Физики: Биографический справочник (Ed. AI Achijeser ) . 2nd Edition. Nauka , Moscow 1983, p. 171 .
  3. ↑ Мурин А .: Академик Пётр Иванович Лукирский (Некролог) . In: УФН . tape 55 , 1955, pp. 289-298 , doi : 10.3367 / UFNr.0055.195503a.0289 .
  4. ↑ a b Russian Academy of Sciences: Лукирский Петр Иванович (accessed January 21, 2019).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g Большая российская энциклопедия: ЛУКИ́РСКИЙ Пётр Иванович (accessed January 21, 2019).
  6. ↑ Кирпичева Милита Владимировна (accessed January 20, 2019).
  7. ↑ Assejew AL : 100 лет со дня рождения профессора Л.Н. Добрецова . In: Наука в Сибири . No. 46 , November 19, 2004 ( nsc.ru [accessed January 21, 2019]).
  8. ↑ ВОСПОМИНАНИЯ О ПЕТРЕ ИВАНОВИЧЕ ЛУКИРСКОМ (accessed January 21, 2019).
personal data
SURNAME Lukirski, Pyotr Ivanovich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Лукирский, Пётр Иванович (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian physicist and university professor
DATE OF BIRTH December 13, 1894
PLACE OF BIRTH Orenburg
DATE OF DEATH November 16, 1954
Place of death Leningrad