Pyotr Leonidowitsch Kapiza

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Pyotr Kapiza (1964)

Pyotr Kapitsa ( Russian Пётр Леонидович Капица * June 26 jul. / 8. July  1894 greg. In Kronstadt , † 8. April 1984 in Moscow ) was a Soviet physicist. His best known work was in the field of low temperature physics for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1978 . He is the father of Sergei and Andrei Kapiza .

Kapiza pendulum (function described by him in 1951)

life and work

Kapiza was born in Kronstadt as the son of the Moldovan ( Bessarabian ) military engineer Leonid Kapiza and lived in Saint Petersburg as an adolescent . His mother Olga Stebnizkaja comes from the Ukrainian noble family. During the First World War he served as a sanitary driver on the Polish Front for two years. At the Polytechnic Institute there , he finished his studies in physics in 1918. His wife and two children died in the 1918–1921 flu epidemic . At the Polytechnic Institute he was, among other things, a student of Abram Ioffe , on whose recommendation he worked from 1921 with Ernest Rutherford as a director at the Cavendish Laboratory and the Lunar Laboratories of the University of Cambridge . There he developed methods for generating the highest magnetic fields using pulsed currents in electromagnets. 1928 discovered the linear dependence of the resistance of various metals on the magnetic field at very high field strengths.

During a visit to the Soviet Union for family reasons, his passport was stripped from him in 1934, which meant that he could not return to England, but was forced to stay in the country. Kapiza then worked as director of the newly founded Academy Institute for Physical Problems , later the Kapiza Institute , in Moscow . In 1937 Kapiza discovered the superfluidity of helium-4 .

In November 1945 Kapitza had a dispute with Lavrenti Beria , the head of the secret service and head of the Soviet project to build the atomic bomb , whom he accused of arrogance and ignorance of physics and therefore complained to Stalin with a letter . In the Soviet atomic bomb project , Beria prevailed and Kapitza left the project in December.

At the age of 84, he received the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics for his fundamental inventions and discoveries in low-temperature physics .

When he died in 1984, he was the only presidium member of the Russian Academy of Sciences who was not a member of the CPSU .

Honors

Kapiza received several awards, including the Stalin Prize (1941, 1943), Faraday Medal (1942), Order of Lenin (1943, 1944, 1945, 1964, 1971, 1974), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945, 1974), Order of the Red Banner Work (1954), Cothenius Medal (1959), Lomonossow Gold Medal (1959), Rutherford Medal (1966), Helmholtz Medal (1981).

Pyotr Kapiza was an honorary doctor at more than 30 universities and a member of numerous foreign academies, including the British Royal Society (since 1929), the National Academy of Sciences (since 1946), the Leopoldina in Halle (since 1958) and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 1968) and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (since 1969). In 1970 he became an honorary member of the Leopoldina. As a member of the Presidium of the Soviet Academy of Sciences , he had an important influence on scientific life in his home country.

In 1994 the Kapiza gold medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences was donated in his memory . It is awarded every five years to a Russian and a foreign scientist for outstanding achievements in physics.

The asteroid (3437) Kapitsa was named after him.

Fonts

  • Viscosity of liquid helium below the λ point . In: Nature . tape 141 , 1938, pp. 74 , doi : 10.1038 / 141074a0 .
  • Dirk ter Haar (Ed.): Collected papers of PL Kapitza. 3 volumes. Pergamon Press, 1964-1967.
  • Experiment, theory, practice: articles and addresses. Reidel, 1980, ISBN 90-277-1061-9 .

literature

  • JW Boag, PE Rubinin, D. Shoenberg (Eds.): Kapitza in Cambridge and Moscow. Life and letters of a Russian physicist. 1990, ISBN 0-444-98753-3 .
  • David Shoenberg : Piotr Leonidovich Kapitza. July 9, 1894 - April 8, 1984. In: Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. Volume 31, 1985, p. 326.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ H. Joachim Schlichting, Bernd Rodewald: On the critical behavior of an inverted pendulum . In: Physics and Didactics . tape 14/1 , no. 38 , 1987, pp. 1-9 .
  2. ↑ PL Kapitza: Dynamic stability of a pendulum when its point of suspension vibrates . In: Soviet Phys. JETP . tape 21 , 1951, pp. 588-592 .
  3. ↑ Ilustrul savant rus de origine basarabeană, academicianul Serghei Petrovici Capiţa, împlineşte azi 80 de ani (Interview with Sergey Kapitsa son of the late Pyotr Kapitsa). (No longer available online.) MDN News Magazine , archived from the original on October 29, 2013 ; Retrieved April 21, 2009 (romanian).
  4. ↑ Всеукраїнський науково-теоретичний часопис "Історія української географії» - Тернопіль, 2008 Випуск 16 ( Memento of 22 December 2012 at the Web archive archive.today ), ISSN  1992-4224 // Ростислав Сосса. Постаті української картографії (Микола Коваль-Медзвецький, Ієронім Стебницький, Іван Стрельбиц- 52-55.
  5. ↑ Ioan James: Remarkable Physicists: From Galileo to Yukawa . Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-01706-8 , pp. 320-327 .
  6. ↑ Margaret Gardiner: A Scatter of Memories. 1988, ISBN 1-85343-043-9 , p. 240.
  7. ↑ J. Bagott: Atomic - The first was of physics and the secret history of the atom bomb: 1939-1949. Icon Books, UK 2009, ISBN 978-1-84831-082-7 .
  8. ^ Biography of Pyotr Kapiza. Retrieved June 16, 2020 .

Web links

Commons : Pjotr ​​Kapiza  - collection of images, videos and audio files
personal data
SURNAME Kapiza, Pyotr Leonidowitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Капи́ца, Пётр Леонидович (Russian); Kapitza, Peter
BRIEF DESCRIPTION soviet physicist
DATE OF BIRTH July 8, 1894
PLACE OF BIRTH Kronstadt
DATE OF DEATH April 8, 1984
Place of death Moscow