Mauthausen concentration camp
 
| ||
Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria
|
The Mauthausen concentration camp was the largest concentration camp of the National Socialists in the area of Austria , the Ostmark , and from 1942 the Alpine and Danube Reichsgaue . It was located 20 kilometers east of Linz in Mauthausen and existed from August 8, 1938 until its dissolution after the liberation of its inmates by US troops on May 5, 1945. Around 200,000 people were imprisoned in Mauthausen and its sub-camps who have lost more than 100,000. A reminder and memorial site of the Republic of Austria has been located on the site of the former concentration camp since 1947.
history
Establishment of the camp
On March 22, 1938, ten days after the “Anschluss” of Austria , the Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler announced in Linz: “The Führer has approved and ordered that the Austrian Schutzstaffel may set up two standards, one standard of the available troops with 3 storm bans and a standard of the skull associations with also three storm bans, which the latter will come to Upper Austria. "
This was only an indirect announcement of the establishment of the concentration camp, because at that time the SS death's head associations were only used in the concentration camps; but also in March 1938 Gauleiter August Eigruber announced: We Upper Austrians will receive another, special award for our achievements during the fighting. The concentration camp for traitors from all over Austria comes to Upper Austria.
Foundation of the Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke GmbH
The history of the Mauthausen concentration camp began with the establishment of a GmbH by the SS . The decisive factor for this was the expansion of power and the desired independence of the SS from the state apparatus.
On April 29, 1938, shortly after Austria was annexed to the Third Reich, the Deutsche Erd- und Steinwerke GmbH (DEST) was founded in Berlin . For the DEST it was from its inception advantageous that the head office of all concentration camps until 16 March 1942 only at the SS Main Office (SS FHA) and from 19 March 1942 at the SS Economic and Administrative Main Office (WVHA) was .
So the DEST could access cheap labor from the concentration camps from the beginning. One of the first acts of DEST was the acquisition and commissioning of quarries near Flossenbürg , Gusen and Mauthausen. This was also decisive for the establishment of concentration camps near these cities. There were important granite quarries near Mauthausen and Gusen . At that time, granite was needed in large quantities for the so-called Führerbauten, and at Mauthausen and Gusen there was also the fact that Hitler intended to make Linz a “Führer City”, for which large amounts of granite were also needed. Mauthausen and Gusen are only 15 and 12 kilometers east of Linz on the Danube.
Establishment of the warehouse
On May 16, 1938, the SS opened the Mauthausen quarry with 30 civilian workers , and on August 18, 1938 the quarries were finally handed over to the DEST. At the same time, the quarries in Gusen were also acquired by DEST on May 25, 1938 through purchase and later through expropriation and subsequently formed the center of the Mauthausen granite works with work group management in St. Georgen an der Gusen .
The first prisoners in Mauthausen were 300 Austrian and individual German police detainees in preventive detention and arrived at the concentration camp on August 8, 1938 from the Dachau concentration camp. With them came the first guards of SS death's head associations . The first commandant of the Mauthausen concentration camp was Albert Sauer .
On November 27, 1938, the first train with prisoners arrived at Mauthausen station.
Main camp Mauthausen - camp level III
The Mauthausen concentration camp was expanded into an independent camp in March 1939.
By 1945 around 200,000 people had been deported to Mauthausen and its sub- camps . They were people with over 30 nationalities. About 2.5 percent of the inmates were women. Young people and children were also arrested and murdered.
For unknown reasons, the Mauthausen concentration camp was the only Category III concentration camp in the Reich. Category III meant annihilation through work . One reason for this may be the isolated location of the warehouse at the quarries. The decree by Reinhard Heydrich (Chief of the Security Police, SD and SS-Obergruppenführer) literally states that camp level III is "... for heavily burdened, incorrigible and at the same time criminally convicted and asocial, that is, prisoners of Mauthausen who are barely educable" .
A total of 197,464 prisoners were imprisoned in the concentration camp. The last prisoner number - 139,317 - was issued on May 3, 1945, whereby the Soviet prisoners of war who were murdered by " Aktion Kugel " were not counted.
Around 120,000 prisoners perished or were murdered as a result of forced labor in the countless commandos and subcamps of the camp, more than a third of them in the nearby Gusen concentration camps .
Warehouse brothel
On Himmler's orders, the first of ten prisoner brothels was built in Mauthausen in June 1942 . Women who belonged to the prisoner category “anti-social” were forced to do this. Many of these women who were forced into prostitution came from the Ravensbrück women concentration camp . If women contracted a sexually transmitted disease , they were made available for medical trials . Pregnant women were subjected to a forced abortion .
Until the 1990s, those affected were not considered victims of Nazi rule and received no compensation.
Guards
The commandant of the Mauthausen concentration camp was initially Albert Sauer , who officially held this position from August 1, 1938 to April 1, 1939. From mid-February 1939, Franz Ziereis acted as camp commandant; he remained so until the dissolution in 1945. He was supported by an I., II. and III. Protective custody camp leader as head of the prisoner camp and the commander of the SS guards. SS-Hauptsturmführer Georg Bachmayer acted as I. Protective Custody Camp Leader from March 1940 to 1945 , SS-Obersturmführer Johann Altfuldisch as II. Protective Custody Camp Leader between 1938 and 1945 and III. Protective custody camp leader for a time SS-Hauptscharführer Anton Streitwieser, who was later promoted to officer .
On May 23, 1944, SS-Obersturmführer Otto Riemer was deposed as commandant of the prisoner camp. SS-Obersturmführer Anton Ganz became his successor. He had previously served in Mauthausen, Ternberg and Wiener Neustadt. In May 1944 there were four SS leaders, 128 SS Unterführer and a 475-strong guard under his command.
See also: Category: Personnel in Mauthausen Concentration Camp
Breakout and manhunt
On the night of February 2, 1945, about 500 Soviet officers attempted to escape from death block 20 together; almost all of them were murdered during the following three-week persecution (see also the so-called “ duty to post ” the concentration camp guards). This war crime became well known in 1994 for the film Hare Hunt - There is no mercy for sheer cowardice . Some of the eleven survivors were hidden or cared for by the population until the end of the war. In May 2001 the first memorial stone was erected in Ried in der Riedmark . On May 7, 2006, a memorial was ceremoniously handed over in Gallneukirchen , where around 20 refugees, who had already been tortured, were murdered.
Liberation 1945
Even before the war, should additional incinerators that before the demolition of the crematoria at Auschwitz-Birkenau had been dismantled, are set up. It has not been established whether this plan was delayed until the end of the war by the SS site manager himself or by prisoners.
Shortly before the liberation, prisoners were murdered in the concentration camp, the exact number of which is unknown.
In April 1945, the SS began to destroy all files referring to their crimes in the camp. This also included dismantling the gas chamber , which had been set up in the basement of the infirmary in 1941. The technical equipment of the gas chamber such as the gas filler neck, exhaust fan and doors were dismantled, but could later be secured on the camp site. The SS men then fled and the prisoners were guarded by the Volkssturm and the Vienna fire brigade .
On May 5, 1945, the camp was liberated by the advancing troops of the 11th US Armored Division of the 3rd US Army . Louis Häfliger , who was a delegate of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to accompany a food transport in the camp, played a major role in this .
The Mauthausen concentration camps and Gusen I , II and III were the penultimate to be liberated. The Stutthof concentration camp near Danzig was liberated four days later.
Mauthausen oath
“Spending many years in the camp deepened our understanding of the values of fraternization among peoples. Loyal to these ideals, we swear, in solidarity and by mutual agreement, to continue the struggle against imperialism and national hatred. Just as the world was freed from the threat of Hitler's overwhelming power through the joint effort of all peoples, so we must regard this freedom that has been won as the common good of all peoples. Peace and freedom are the guarantees of the happiness of peoples, and the building of the world on new foundations of social and national justice is the only way to peaceful cooperation between states and peoples. After freedom has been achieved and the freedom of our nations has been fought for, we want to keep the international solidarity of the camp in our memories and draw the lessons from it: We will tread a common path, the path of indivisible freedom for all peoples, the path of mutual respect, the path of working together on the great work of building a new, fair, free world for all. We will always remember the great, bloody sacrifices with which this new world was fought for from all nations. In memory of the blood shed by all peoples, in memory of the millions of brothers murdered by Nazi fascism, we vow that we will never leave this path. We want to erect the most beautiful monument that we can erect to the fallen soldiers of freedom on the secure foundations of an international community: THE WORLD OF THE FREE MAN. We address the whole world with the call: Help us with this work. Long live international solidarity! Long live freedom!"
memorial
The Austrian federal government has set up a museum in a building of the former concentration camp ; the rest of the camp and the adjoining quarry are today a memorial .
Many nations and groups of victims have created monuments and plaques on the site for their victims and for the liberation struggle. There is also a memorial from the GDR with the words of Bertolt Brecht : " O Germany, pale mother / how did your sons mess you up / that you sit among the peoples / a mockery or a fear!"
Since 2003, a newly built visitor center has also been located outside the site , designed by Herwig Mayer , Christoph Schwarz and Karl Peyrer-Heimstätt .
In the largest contemporary witness project of the kind after the Shoa Foundation by Steven Spielberg , the Mauthausen Survivor Documentation Project questioned 859 survivors from 20 nations according to the same pattern, also about the time afterwards: "How do the survivors explain their survival?" 2000 hours of interviews lie on film and MiniDisc . The memorial's visitor center shows 20 edited videos. The unevaluated material awaits the financing and translation of the mostly mother tongue surveys.
May 5th, the anniversary of the liberation of the concentration camp by the Allies, has been celebrated in Austria since 1998 as a national day of remembrance against violence and racism in memory of the victims of National Socialism .
In January 2007 hurricane Kyrill caused severe damage to some of the buildings in the former concentration camp, in particular to Barrack 1. Measures were taken to secure the damaged buildings and the restoration continued until 2009.
An archaeological project is also being carried out as part of the redesign of the memorial.
On November 27, 2007, a memorial plaque was unveiled at Mauthausen train station. The first train arrived here on November 27, 1938; In the years that followed, tens of thousands of prisoners had to walk the more than three kilometers to the camp.
With effect from January 1, 2017, the federal agency “KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen / Mauthausen Memorial” (short: KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen) was established with its own legal personality. It is intended to help anchor and preserve knowledge about the National Socialist mass crimes in the former Mauthausen concentration camp, in the former Gusen concentration camp and in all subcamps, and to promote social reflection on their causes and consequences, on references to any form of To raise awareness of racism , anti-Semitism , xenophobia and genocide and to counter them.
In 2018, a Mauthausen Memorial Research Prize will be awarded for the first time for excellent research on the history of the Mauthausen concentration camp complex and related topics. This is intended to stimulate research on the history of the National Socialist camps in Austria, with particular emphasis on promoting young talent research. The research award is endowed with € 5000 and can be split between two award winners.
Right-wing extremist activities around the memorial
In January 2006 it became public that members of the Braunauer Bulldogs football fan club had posed in front of the concentration camp memorial with the Hitler salute. Some of them were sentenced to conditional prison terms in the same year for re-activating the Nazis .
On the night of February 11-12, 2009, the evening before the commemoration of the beginning of the Austrian Civil War in 1934 , the outer wall of the memorial was smeared with right-wing extremist slogans for the first time . In February 2010, candidates from the Wels citizens' list “ Die Bunten ” posed in the area of the former extermination rooms. In March 2010, 13,000 people in a Facebook group called for the Mauthausen concentration camp to be reopened for " child molesters ". In May 2014, the memorial was the target of a neo-Nazi smear campaign for the third time . This time a 20 meter long slogan was sprayed on a wall.
On the night of May 7th to 8th 2015, the 70th day of remembrance for the end of World War II and two days before the celebrations for the 70th anniversary of the liberation, the official website of the Mauthausen Memorial was attacked and hacked . The content has been replaced by child pornography images and derogatory slogans. The Interior Ministry , which oversees the memorial, has the site that is managed by an external company, to restore the original state from the immediate network can take. Investigations have been launched against the perpetrators.
Judicial processing
In November 2018, a former security guard at the concentration camp was charged by the Berlin public prosecutor's office for aiding and abetting murder in more than 36,000 cases. According to this, Hans H. is said to have worked in the Mauthausen concentration camp between summer 1944 and spring 1945. According to the public prosecutor's office, he wanted to promote or at least facilitate the killings of the camp inmates by the main perpetrators through his guard duty. The background to the indictment is the case law of the Federal Court of Justice that a conviction for aiding and abetting murder in concentration camps does not necessarily require proof of involvement in specific killings, but that mere involvement in the killing machinery can be sufficient.
On August 9, 2019, a list of the Spanish prisoners murdered in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp was published by the Spanish Ministry of Justice.
Main camp
Establishment of the camp
_1978,_MiNr_2356.jpg)
The task of the first prisoners was to build the first four barracks and work in the quarry. A few months later the camp already had 14 barracks, and most of the prisoners were deployed in the quarry.
The camp was later divided into three parts: Camp I, II and III:
First of all, Camp I was built. These first 20 barracks were built between 1938 and 1940. Camp II consisted of barracks 21 to 24 and was built in 1941, and camp III consisted of six barracks and was built in spring 1944.
There was also the deliberately misleading so-called sick camp , which was located south of camp I. This sick camp was initially also called the “Russian camp” because it was actually built in October 1941 for Soviet prisoners of war. This part of the camp consisted of ten barracks. On March 14, 1943, 684 sick people were transferred from the special area to the “Russian camp”, which now served as a death shelter and was regularly prepared through selections or through “actions” to take in further emaciated and sick prisoners. In the spring of 1944, 9,000 prisoners were counted in the main camp, almost half of them vegetating in the medical camp without being supplied. At the end of January 1945, most of the prisoners from Auschwitz and during February “evacuated” from Groß-Rosen and Sachsenhausen came to the medical camp . The arrival of the evacuated prisoners from the Vienna camps and the Lower Danube in April made the situation even worse.
In addition to the sick camp, there was also the tent camp , which was located north of camp I. It consisted of six large and eight small military tents, was occupied in December 1944 and was part of the main camp until April 8, 1945.
There was also a detention building, which was built from 1939 to 1940 and contained 33 cells of 5.4 m² each. Then there was the so-called sick bay, a stone building in Camp II that was not completed, but the left half of which could be moved into in 1944. A third crematorium furnace was put into operation there in April 1945.
Finally, there were the laundry and kitchen barracks, which were built between 1938 and 1941. A normal barrack in the camp was 52.61 meters long and 8.22 meters wide. It was also divided into two parts: room “A” on the left and room “B” on the right. Each room consisted of two rooms, the lounge and a bedroom. Most prisoners were only allowed to stay in the bedroom, however, as the lounge was also reserved for prison officials as a bedroom.
The main camp was secured by a 2.5 meter high enclosure wall with a length of 1668 meters. The wall was crowned by a fence that was electrically charged with 380 volts. The exception was the northern part of Camp I, where there was only an electric fence at the rear of Barracks 5, 10 and 15. The sick camp had a double barbed wire fence that was charged with high voltage. The total area of camps I, II and III, together with the roll call area, was about 25,000 m², the sick camp was approximately 15,000 m² and the tent camp was 16,000 m².
Atrocities of the SS
Everyday life in the camp was designed in such a way that he "destroyed" the inmate, robbed him of his dignity and tortured him as much as possible. The prisoners had to submit to every order, and the SS men had an inexhaustible imagination when it came to “destroying” and humiliating the prisoners. The prisoners had to z. B. standing at attention for hours or jumping out of the window 10 to 20 times at night and rolling in the dirt and then washing your clothes.
During the Mauthausen typhoid - epidemics 1940-1941 each night were conducted vexatious Lauskontrollen. Often a prisoner was simply killed or drowned if he had lice. The inscription on the posters posted in the Mauthausen barracks (a large black louse on a yellow background) could hardly be more drastic: A louse - your death .
Death stairs
One of the particularly serious atrocities was the so-called death staircase, a stone staircase that connected the “Wiener Graben” quarry with the actual Mauthausen concentration camp. Several times a day, those involved in the stone gangs dragged blocks of granite up the 186 steps of the stairs 31 meters up. The "death staircase" was the site of numerous accidents and murders of prisoners, perpetrated by Kapos and the SS guards.
Inscription at the foot of the death stairs:
“At the time of the concentration camp, your today even and normal high levels were randomly lined up, unequal sized boulders of various shapes. The boulders, often half a meter high, required the greatest effort to climb. Among other things, the SS amused themselves by kicking the last rows of a descending column and slapping them with the butt so that they tumbled down the steps in a desolate heap, dragging their men in front with them. At the end of a working day, when the march into the camp began with a stone on their shoulder, the SS men who finished the day would drive stragglers with blows and kicks. Those who couldn't keep up ended up on these death stairs. "
"Parachutist wall"
The way from the head of the death stairs up to the camp leads in part just past the rock face of the quarry. A 50-meter-high, almost vertical rock wall was used by the SS to push prisoners down, where their bodies were either shattered by the impact on the stone or they drowned in the rainwater pond.
Inscription at the foot of the "parachute jumper wall":
“Many hundreds of prisoners were thrown down this steep wall in the quarry. They shattered at the foot of the wall or drowned in the deep pools of water. Often inmates who could no longer endure the agony rushed down this wall. The SS called these doomed persons 'parachutists' with a gruesome joke. The first group of Dutch Jews who came to Mauthausen in the summer of 1942 was hurled down this wall by the SS. "
Simon Wiesenthal reports:
“Jews in Mauthausen were rarely shot. The 'Wiener Graben' was intended for them. On a single day, on March 31, 1943, 1,000 Dutch Jews were thrown from a height of over 50 meters in front of Heinrich Himmler's eyes . The SS called them 'parachutists'. The brown people enjoyed themselves! "
Camp penalties
The daily routine of the camp was different from the daily routine of other concentration camps, which was mainly due to the fact that SS-Gruppenführer Theodor Eicke had his own special methods of running a camp - especially with regard to his catalog of punishments. These punishments accompanied the entire day. Eicke had previously gained "experience" in the Dachau concentration camp . He also adopted the penal ordinances issued in the Dachau concentration camp.
The official punitive measures in the Mauthausen concentration camp were administrative fines (withdrawal of food, detention ), arrest sentences, dark arrest and corporal punishment . The administrative penalties generally included detention under the supervision of an SS subordinate, a "ban on writing letters" or a ban on receiving letters, deprivation of food when fully employed and, in the worst case, admission to the concentration camp's penal company (until autumn 1943 and for almost all foreigners ), which amounted to a death sentence. The punishment company had the hardest work to do; B. Carrying the heavy granite blocks up the so-called "death stairs". This was the name of the staircase that led from the quarry up to the camp, although the condition did not correspond to that of a staircase, as they were very steep and the distance between the steps was very different. Today the 186 steps of the stairs are easier to climb as the stairs have been renovated. The arrest sentences were mostly connected with caning; the more stringent arrest was carried out in the darkroom, without the possibility of lying down or sitting. Corporal punishment primarily involved striking with an ox pizzle . The number of strikes was between 5 and 75. If there were more than 25 strikes, the prisoner , regardless of nationality, had to count out loud in German, and if he miscounted or made a mistake, he would start over. According to the regulations, the criminal act should only take place in the presence of an SS doctor, which was never the case.
On the basis of an instruction from Heinrich Himmler dated December 2, 1942, “ corporal punishment should only be used as a last resort”. As a result, you always had to report a flogging sentence to the inspection of the concentration camp , which was often far too complicated for the camp leader. From that date on, corporal punishment was very rarely used in the camp. As a further disciplinary treatment there was the so-called goal standing or penalty standing . The prisoners affected had to stand for hours, days and nights near the camp gate while they were beaten or kicked by passing SS men "for fun". One of the worst abuses or punishments was the " hanging on stakes ", which was often perpetrated in Mauthausen. The prisoner's hands were "tied behind his back with a rope about the size of a finger. The victim was then hung on the crossbar of a barrack at a height of about 2 meters using this rope, so that the body floated freely in the air. The whole body weight was on the backward bent joints. ”This torture led to great stretching pain of the muscles , to a clouding of consciousness and after 30 minutes to unconsciousness .
Crematoria
Until May 1940, the bodies of the Mauthausen prisoners were cremated in the crematoria in Steyr and Linz . The camp's own crematoria were set up in Mauthausen and Gusen from 1940, and later also in the Melk and Ebensee satellite camps. The companies Kori and J. A. Topf & Sons set up a total of three furnace systems in the main camp in Mauthausen, which were located in the basement area of the detention building and the infirmary and lastly consisted of three different types of cremation ovens. They were not in use at the same time, as the double muffle incinerator (No. 3) was not put into operation until April 1945, when the cremation furnace No. 2 had already been shut down due to a lack of heating oil. Up to eight corpses were cremated in the kilns at the same time, the ashes mostly tipped over the embankment in the so-called “ash dump” or scattered on various construction sites.
| Furnace no. | Manufacturer |
combustion chambers |
Heating means | Location in Mauthausen concentration camp | Operating period | Whereabouts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kori | 1 | Metallurgical coke | Basement of the detention building | May 5, 1940 - May 1945 | at the original site |
| 2 | Kori | 1 | Heating oil | Execution room in the basement between the detention building and the infirmary |
May 21, 1942 - 1944, was shut down by the SS due to the war-related oil shortage | Dismantled after liberation, taken to the Czech Republic by survivors , components are now stored in the Terezín Memorial . |
| 3 | Pot & Sons | 2 | Metallurgical coke | Basement of the infirmary | April 10, 1945 - May 1945 | at the original site |
Insufficient food
The catering in Mauthausen:
"In the morning: About 5 deciliters of extract soup with a little fat or 5 deciliters of mostly unsweetened black substitute coffee. Midday: 7 to 10 deciliters of turnip stew, which consisted of around 200 g of grated fodder beet, 50 g of potatoes, 20 g of fat, 20 g of meat, a little flour or nutrients and water. In the evening: 300 to 400 g brown bread and 25 g sausage or less often 25 g margarine. On Saturday evening or Sunday there was a tablespoon of jam and a tablespoon of curd cheese instead of the sausage. "
The calorie content of the food was nowhere near enough for the heavy labor the inmates had to do. The situation was better in some subcamps. However, most of the inmates were malnourished. From 1942 onwards, the sick received only half the ration of the workers.
“From hunger in the district, i. H. 'Corpses grown' in the camp hospital. If a prisoner died in the hard-to-reach upper beds, then the neighbors kept his death a secret and 'caught' for him. They may have slept with the corpse all night. My neighbor on the 20th block bred a corpse for two days. "
Labor input
The work was always 11 hours. The exception were the stonemason apprentices who worked 9 hours. The inmates were woken up at 4:45 a.m. in summer and 5:15 a.m. in winter. The same procedure then took place every morning: the inmates had to get up immediately and make their beds perfect, then quickly get dressed and queue for the toilets and the bathroom (8 toilets and 5 minutes for 250 to 600 inmates), then quickly the Arrange the locker and then queue again - this time for the meal. Then the train for the roll call took place in front of the barracks . This was always the same: in rows of twenty, arranged in rows of barracks to the right and left, the prisoners waited on the roll call square for the SS men to appear. After a report and a "hats off, hats on", the roll call was over and the camp elder called out: "Form work detail". After a short time the columns were able to march to their respective workplaces. Until the spring of 1944 there were three roll calls a day, in the morning, in the afternoon and one last time in the evening. After that there were only two, in the morning and in the evening. The prisoners who did their work in the workshops and within the main camp still had to go to roll call at noon, with the exception of the service personnel who worked in the SS accommodations and precincts. In the evening, after the prisoners returned from work, depending on the season from 6:00 p.m. or 7:00 p.m., the evening roll call took place. This roll call was always carried out precisely because the time required for it was deducted from the prisoners' free time. If it went well, the roll call lasted only 30 minutes, but sometimes also an hour or two and in special cases, such as B. an execution or escape , up to three hours. After roll call, the food was distributed. Theoretically, the prisoners were then free until 8:45 p.m., but this almost never happened because they had to queue for a long time for the toilets and washrooms. At 8:45 p.m. all inmates had to be in their respective barracks, and from 9:00 p.m. it was bed rest. However, lice, clothing or locker checks were very often ordered in the evenings in order to harass the inmates and to reduce their night 's sleep. The prisoners were often only able to sleep six hours.
leisure
The prisoners were free on Sunday afternoon. They used their free time to adjust prisoners' clothes, do mending work, darn socks (if they had any, the majority of inmates only had foot rags ), cut their hair, and shave. There were seldom performances by the prisoners' band or boxing or football tournaments on Sundays . However, few inmates had the strength to take part. From 1943 on there were also soccer teams of the individual ethnic groups in Mauthausen.
Poison gas in the Mauthausen concentration camp
Murders of prisoners using poisonous gases were committed in Hartheim between 1941 and 1944, between 1941 and 1942 with a gas truck between Mauthausen and Gusen and from 1942 to 1945 in a gas chamber on the site itself.
Camouflages
The places of execution (gallows, shooting sites, gas chambers), crematoria and brothels set up in the Mauthausen concentration camp were designated as special buildings. In official parlance, the gas chamber was camouflaged as a “disinfection facility”, and transports to the Hartheim gassing facility were designated as “Sanatorium Dachau”, “Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Ybbs an der Donau”, “Erholungsheim”, “Recreation camp” and “Sanatorium Bad” Ischl "veiled.
Gas chamber
.png)
_du_camp_de_concentration_de_Mauthausen.jpg)
The gas chamber was built in the immediate vicinity of the crematorium in the autumn of 1941 in the basement of the shell of the infirmary. The facility with which the Zyklon B gas was fed into the chamber was located in a small adjoining room . The gassings were mainly directed by the commanding officer of the crematorium, SS-Hauptscharführer Martin Roth, but other SS leaders such as the on-site doctor Eduard Krebsbach also directed such murders and operated the gas filling device. In the gas chamber, 30 to 80 people were murdered, in some cases up to 100 people. There is no consensus in research about the completion and start of the gassings, but none of the SS leaders denied the existence of a gas chamber in the post-war trials. Camp commandant Franz Ziereis stated in a questioning on May 24, 1945 about the gas chamber:
“In the Mauthausen camp, by order of the SS medical officer, Dr. Krebsbach built a gassing plant that was camouflaged as a bath room. In this camouflaged room prisoners were gassed with Zyklon B ... "
The dates of completion and commissioning are either March or May 1942. The gas chamber was initially used almost exclusively for officially ordered executions and only in the last phase of the war was it also used to murder the sick or unfit for work. The exact number of victims could not be determined, but on the basis of the available documents and the testimony of witnesses, a minimum of 3455 is named who were murdered in the Mauthausen gas chamber. In April 1945, 1200 to 1400 people were murdered in the Mauthausen gas chamber. The last gassing in a National Socialist concentration camp took place on April 28, 1945 in the Mauthausen gas chamber.
The structural features of the gas chamber have largely been preserved, but today's visitor does not find the original condition. Before the camp was liberated, the SS had technical equipment in the gas chamber, such as doors, exhaust fan and gas filler neck, dismantled and stored on the premises. They were found there by the US Army, described and illustrated in the “Taylor Report”, but were lost except for the fan. When the memorial was set up in 1948/1949, the gas chamber was reconstructed with other doors and the wall of the adjacent gas cell was rebuilt. The surviving prisoners were concerned with illustration and a worthy memorial, not with scientific documentation. Revisionists took advantage of this deficiency, denying the earlier existence of a gas chamber or speaking of a “dummy”. The building archaeological findings determined in 2009, however, confirm the information given earlier on the gas chamber.
Gassing car
In Mauthausen there was a gassing car that was manufactured by the warehouse locksmith's shop in 1941. According to witness statements, it was deployed from autumn 1941 to summer or autumn 1942. The car drove the approximately five-kilometer route to the Gusen sub-camp, during which inmates who were unable to work or who were sick and weak were murdered. According to witness statements, there were up to 40 trips, which means a casualty rate of at least 900 prisoners.
Gas chamber in Hartheim Castle
After the end of Operation T4 in August 1941, the existing facilities in Hartheim Castle and the associated staff were used seamlessly to murder and cremate inmates classified as incapacitated for Operation 14f13, which began in April 1941 . Up until the last prisoner transport on December 11, 1944, an estimated 12,000 prisoners from Mauthausen, Gusen and other concentration camps had been killed there.
Subcamp of the Mauthausen concentration camp
 
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Locations with satellite camps of the concentration camp and Mauthausen main camp |
The concentration camp had over 40 satellite camps, the largest in Gusen , Ebensee and Melk . Many of the prisoners in the subcamps had to work for the arms industry, e. B. in the construction of aircraft parts, rifles, tanks or the construction of underground tunnels for armaments production work. A large part of the satellite camps were located in Upper Austria and near Vienna. Shortly before the end of the war, over three quarters of the prisoners in the Mauthausen camp system were incarcerated in the satellite camps. Of the at least 90,000 victims of the Mauthausen camp system, around a third probably died in the main camp in Mauthausen, a third in Gusen and a third in the other satellite camps.
Gusen I, II and III
The construction of the subcamp Gusen I began in 1939, at that time under the name KL Mauthausen / Accommodation Gusen. Gusen was 4.5 kilometers west of Mauthausen. The camp was initially set up by two work details, consisting of 400 Austrian and German prisoners, who had to march from the Mauthausen concentration camp to Gusen every morning. The construction of this Gusen part of the Mauthausen / Gusen double camp system became necessary because the daily work performed by concentration camp inmates in Gusen already exceeded the daily work performed by prisoners in the DEST facility in Wiener Graben by far. In March 1940, the first barracks were ready and were immediately occupied by the members of the two work detachments. But on May 24 of the same year, 200 prisoners were transferred back to the Mauthausen concentration camp as "sick". And so the next day the remaining prisoners were registered as the first Gusen prisoners. However, on the same day, 1082 Poles from the Dachau concentration camp arrived. In Gusen the prisoners were informed that they would now be “retrained to become useful people of the Third Reich”. In the following months, another 4,000 Polish intellectuals came to Gusen for "retraining".
The Gusen I concentration camp consisted of 34 barracks, 24 of which were prisoner barracks, two workshop and warehouse barracks and six sick barracks, which were followed by four more in the winter of 1943/44. There were also two stone buildings. In the winter of 1940/41, a permanent crematorium was built in Gusen I, in which prisoners' bodies were cremated from January 29, 1941. The inmates of KL Gusen I had to work in the Gusen quarries, in tunnel construction and in the weapons industry ( Hirtenberger cartridge factory ), where they, for example, supplied parts for carbines, submachine guns or Daimler-Benz aircraft engines for the DEST cooperation partner Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG manufactured. The cover name for this production was z. B. "Georgenmühle".
The Gusen II camp was opened on March 9, 1944 . It had been built up to 16,000 prisoners, who in the mine expansion for the top-secret Air Force project " B8 Rock Crystal " for Production Line of Messerschmitt Me-262 - jet fighters had to work. Other cover names for the top secret production in Gusen II were "Esche II" or "Linz 2".
About ten months later, in December 1944, Gusen III was opened for another 262 prisoners. The prisoners from Gusen III had to work in the construction of the Lungitz large bakery and in a spare parts store for the Messerschmitt GmbH manufacturing plants in St. Georgen and Gusen.
Since the maxim of the Gusen I, II and III concentration camps was " extermination through work ", all prisoners there who were sick or weak were quickly murdered or put to death. A total of 67,677 prisoners were imprisoned in the Gusen concentration camps, of whom 31,535 were officially killed. If you add to this number z. For example, the countless prisoners who were not even registered in Gusen, were murdered in the Nazi killing center in Hartheim or transferred to the "Mauthausen medical camp" to die, or who died after the liberation, are 44,602 victims of the Gusen concentration camps. The Gusen camps were liberated by the US Army on May 5, 1945.
Part of the quarry operations were continued by the Soviet state company Granitwerke Gusen until the 1950s . The Gusen Memorial was inaugurated in 1965 and the Gusen visitor center was added in 2004. Since 2007, the Gusen audio trail has also led through the area of the former Gusen I and Gusen II concentration camps.
Melk
The Melk satellite camp in the Birago barracks was opened on April 21, 1944 for 500 prisoners and existed for exactly one year. It was housed in the buildings of the pioneer barracks above the town and had its own crematorium . Like the prisoners in the Ebensee sub-camp, the prisoners in Melk, which included many children and young people, had to dig tunnels into the mountain. The Melk sub-camp ran under the camouflage name " Quartz ", as the tunnels were mostly driven through quartz rock. The prisoners had to work in three shifts without safety precautions and with insufficient security of the tunnels. As a result, there were often fatalities, and transports from Mauthausen had to bring "prisoner supplies" on a regular basis. In the winter of 1944/45 six tunnels were then completed, all for Steyr Daimler Puch AG , which had ball bearings produced there.
5000 prisoners perished during the entire existence of the concentration camp. As in other camps, many of them were either killed with heart injections, “ shot while trying to escape ” or gassed in Hartheim Castle. As in the other camps, many of them were murdered by their guards. In mid-April 1945 the camp was cleared as the Allied troops were getting closer. The children and young people came to Mauthausen, the adults to Ebensee.
Guntramsdorf / Wiener Neudorf
The subcamp was founded on August 2, 1943 under the name "KL Wiener Neudorf". Most of it was in what is now the municipality of Guntramsdorf . The entire camp consisted of around 80 wooden barracks (including foreign and forced labor camps), 34 of which were buildings in the actual concentration camp grounds, which were surrounded by an electrically charged fence.
The construction and production of the aircraft engine plants should be accelerated with additional workers. For this reason, mainly prisoners who had experience in metalworking and construction work were requested from the Mauthausen concentration camp.
Up to 3170 concentration camp prisoners (peak in September 1944) were taken between 1943 and 1945 in the aircraft engine works, the companies Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG, Rella & Co., Hofman and Maculan, Himmelstoss and Sittner, Ing.Czernilowski and Saurerwerke Zehethofer as well Used as slave labor in smaller businesses and in agriculture in the communities of Guntramsdorf, Wiener Neudorf, Laxenburg, Achau and Vienna.
Memorials to the Mauthausen concentration camp (photo gallery)
Karbyschew -Mahnmal front of the entrance building of the Mauthausen concentration camp, on the right tower a Russian memorial tablet
Roll call area
Western Wall , 2010
Memorial The way of the artist Ewa Kaya
Memorial plaques in the crematorium, 2004
GDR memorial
Memorial of the GDR O Germany, pale mother , 2004
Memorial plaque of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Vienna , 2014
Polish memorial
Czech memorial
Pope John Paul II memorial
Memorial of Hungary
Memorial of Luxembourg
Memorial plaque for the stairs of death , Wiener Graben quarry 2010
Death stairs to the Wiener Graben quarry
The stairs of death , Wiener Graben quarry 2010
"Killed dead" - memorial plaque for the homosexual victims of National Socialism
Cemetery at the location of prisoner barracks 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20; Photo 2010
Plaque commemorating quarantine barracks 16, 17 and 18; Photo 2010
Plaque commemorating quarantine barrack 19, photo 2010
Plaque commemorating the K prisoners in Barrack 20, photo 2010
Plaque commemorating Jehovah's Witnesses (Bible Students)
Memorial plaque for Lieutenant General Karbyshev
Karbyshev monument by the sculptor Vladimir Efimovich Zigal
Memorial plaques in the Room of Names , in which the names of almost 81,000 deceased are listed
Memorial for the Gusen concentration camp
Camp cemetery in the Mauthausen Memorial
262 relatives and helpers of the Heydrich assassins were shot in the Mauthausen concentration camp during a single day - on October 24, 1942
Well-known prisoners of the Mauthausen concentration camp and its sub-camps
- Heinz Apenzeller , born 1918; † 2007, until recently on the board of the Austrian Camp Community Mauthausen (ÖLM)
- Francisco Aura Boronat , born 1918; † 2018, Catalan anti-fascist and CNT member.
- Jehuda Bacon , Israeli artist
- Otakar Batlička , Czech radio amateur, globetrotter , writer and resistance fighter
- Bruno Baum , German KPD and SED functionary
- August Baumgarte , German communist and chairman of the VVN Lower Saxony
- Józef Bednorz , Polish politician and journalist
- Georg Benjamin , German medic and resistance fighter
- Richard Bernaschek , resistance fighter and Schutzbund leader
- Friedrich August Bockius , German lawyer, politician of the German Center Party and member of the Reichstag
- Francisco Boix , Spanish republican and photographer, witness in the Nuremberg Trial, hid and thus saved many pictures of camp life
- Hanuš Bonn , Czech poet, literary critic and translator
- Jan Buzek , Polish politician
- Lucien Bunel, known as Père Jacques de Jésus , French Father (Gusen I)
- Adolf Burger , Slovak printer, author and journalist
- Edmund Bursche , Polish Protestant theologian, church historian and pastor (Gusen I)
- Paul Le Caër , French dentist and resistance fighter
- Marcel Callo , Catholic youth worker from France, beatified in 1987 (Gusen II)
- Oscar Caminneci , Italian-German equestrian and author
- Roberto Castellani , former President of ANED Prato (National Association of Former Political Deportees)
- Jean Cayrol , French poet, essayist and novelist (Gusen I)
- Josef Cebula , Polish religious priest, martyr
- Józef Cyrankiewicz , later Prime Minister of Poland
- Józef Czempiel , Polish Catholic priest and martyr, beatified
- Antoni Czortek , Polish boxer
- Franz Dahlem , German politician
- Theodor Decker , German trade unionist
- Melvine Deutsch , see Anna Friessnegg - Ludwig Friessnegg - Anna Manzer - Edi Stecher
- Stanisław Dobosiewicz , Polish writer (Gusen I)
- Joseph E. Drexel , German publisher
- Heinrich Dürmayer , Chairman of the International Committee
- Władysław Dworaczek , Polish educator
- Witold Dzierżykraj-Morawski , a colonel in the Polish army, posthumously promoted to the rank of general
- Peter Edel , German graphic artist and writer
- Edith Eger , Hungarian-American psychotherapist and writer
- Jenő Elefant , Transylvanian painter of Classical Modernism
- Adam Englert , master tailor (ladies' tailor) from Sommerau (Eschau) . Inmate number 725. Born on December 16, 1876 in Sommerau, murdered on September 8, 1941. A memorial plaque in the cemetery in Sommerau commemorates him.
- Hanuš Fantl , Czech poet
- Adolf Fierla , Polish poet and writer
- Leopold Figl , later Austrian Chancellor and ÖVP co-founder
- Stefan Filipkiewicz , Polish painter (Gusen I)
- Noach Flug , Polish economist and diplomat
- Roman Frister , Polish journalist
- Manuel Garcia-Barrado , Spanish Republican , head of the Mauthausen Memorial
- Frederick Geussenhainer , physician, German resistance fighter of the Hamburg White Rose
- Edward Godlewski , Colonel in the Polish Armed Forces and one of the leaders of the Polish Home Army
- Gusztáv Gratz , Hungarian publicist, journalist, politician, historian, economist
- Johann Gruber , Austrian resistance fighter (Gusen I)
- Stanisław Grzesiuk , Polish poet and singer, author of Five Years of Concentration Camp (Gusen)
- Adam Grzybowski , Polish political prisoner
- Israel Gutman , Polish historian
- Alfred Haag , German KPD deputy
- Hans von Hammerstein-Equord , Austrian writer and politician
- Rudolf Hartmann , German writer and communist politician
- Sebastian Haselsberger , Austrian Catholic priest, shot on April 4, 1944 "while on the run"
- Wilhelm Heckmann , German concert and entertainment musician
- Otto Heller , Austrian KPÖ theorist, writer, journalist and resistance fighter
- Otto Hirsch , German lawyer and politician
- Felix Hurdes , Austrian lawyer, politician and co-founder of the ÖVP
- Harry Hüttel , resistance fighter, communist and political leader of the Red Aid Berlin Prenzlauer Berg
- Iakovos Kambanellis , Greek writer (wrote a novel about Mauthausen as well as the poetry template for the Mauthausen songs by Mikis Theodorakis )
- Dmitri Mikhailovich Karbyshev , Lieutenant General of the Red Army
- Iwan Katz , German politician
- Jerzy Kaźmirkiewicz , Polish scientist
- Wilhelm Kling , German politician
- Heinrich Kodré , Austrian officer and resistance fighter
- Gottfried Könzgen , German worker secretary of the KAB
- August Kraft , Country Director of Jehovah's Witnesses in Austria
- Lovro Kuhar , stage name Prežihov Voranc, Slovenian writer and politician
- Leo Kuhn
- Erich Kuttner , Austrian resistance fighter
- Włodzimierz Laskowski , Polish Catholic priest and martyr, beatified (Gusen)
- Jan Łęga , Polish politician and cultural worker
- Hermann Lein , Austrian resistance fighter
- Bruno Max Leuschner , German union leader
- Gábor Ligeti , brother of György Ligeti
- Hans Maršálek , Austrian resistance fighter and camp clerk
- Heinrich Maier , Austrian Roman Catholic priest, educator, philosopher and resistance fighter
- Luigi Massignan , Italian psychiatrist
- Franz Josef Messner , Austrian resistance fighter
- Curt Mezger , German-Jewish entrepreneur and head of the Milbertshofen Jewish camp in Munich.
- Conny Hannes Meyer (doubtful), Austrian writer and director
- Walter Munke , German writer, journalist and resistance fighter
- Antonín Novotný , Czech communist , President of Czechoslovakia from 1957 to 1968
- Miklós Nyiszli , Romanian-Hungarian physician and book author
- Leopold Obermayer , Swiss lawyer
- Jan Stanisław Olbrycht , Polish lawyer and university professor
- David Olère , Polish artist
- Wiktor Ormicki , Polish geographer and university professor (Gusen I)
- Rajmund Pajer , Slovenian-Italian youth
- František Pecháček , Czechoslovak gymnast
- Peter van Pels , best known as Anne Frank's roommate
- Otto Peltzer , German journalist, athlete and trainer
- Mario Piccioli , President of ANED (National Association of Former Political Deportees in Nazi Concentration Camps) , Florence
- Karol Piegza , Polish writer, teacher and folklorist
- Hans Pollnow , German psychiatrist
- Martin Pötzinger , German Jehovah's Witness, later a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses
- Kazimierz Prószyński , Polish photographer and inventor of one of the first film cameras
- Gustaw Przeczek , Polish writer and teacher
- Heinrich Rau , German politician
- Jacques Renouvin , French resistance fighter
- Kazimierz Rusinek , Polish Minister for Labor and Social Affairs 1945–1952
- Hans Seigewasser , German politician
- Ota Šik , Czech-Swiss painter and economist
- Henryk Sławik , Polish politician, diplomat and social worker who saved more than 5000 Jews during the war (Gusen I)
- Ludwig Soswinski , Austrian lawyer, communist
- Stanisław Staszewski , Polish poet and writer, father of the musician Kazik Staszewski
- Rudi Steffens , German communist (KPD) and KJVD functionary
- Gustav Steinbrecher , SPD politician from Brunswick
- Josef Streit , German politician
- Mike Staner , Polish writer
- Karol Śliwka , Polish politician
- Italo Tibaldi , Italian writer and historian
- Grzegorz Timofiejew , Polish poet (Gusen I)
- Josef Teufl , regional chairman of the illegal KPÖ Upper Austria
- Eduard Urx , editor of Rudé právo
- Andrzej Wantuła , Polish Lutheran theologian and Bishop of the Evangelical Augsburg Church in Poland (Gusen I)
- Heinrich Weber (trade unionist) (1885–1944), German trade unionist
- Lois Weinberger , protagonist of the democratic-catholic resistance, later federal minister, deputy mayor of Vienna and city councilor; Co-founder of the ÖVP, the ÖAAB and the ÖGB
- Edgar Weil , German dramaturge, husband of the writer Grete Weil
- Johann Baptist Welsch , German homosexual travesty artist from Cologne
- Simon Wiesenthal , Austrian architect, publicist and writer
- Otto Wiesner , German writer
- Othmar Wundsam , Wehrmacht soldier , Austrian resistance fighter ("enemy favoring" of the parachute agent Josef Zettler )
- Leon Zelman , Polish-Austrian publicist
On March 6, 2017, a study by B. Fuchslehner et al. presented as a preliminary result identifying 157 prisoners (including 3 women) of African origin. Photos of only 3 people exist, including of Jose Carlos Gray Key from Barcelona (his parents came from Equatorial Guinea ), who fought for the republic in the Spanish Civil War and was then a member of the French Resistance. From 1942 onwards in Mauthausen concentration camp he was assigned to the camp commandant's servant and survived.
See also
- Amicale de Mauthausen , friendship association of the deportees, relatives and friends of Mauthausen
- Aribert Heim , camp doctor
- A Letter To The Stars
- List of memorials for the victims of National Socialism
- Mauthausen main trial
- Austrian memorial service
literature
- Hans Maršálek : Mauthausen warns! Fight behind barbed wire. Facts, documents and reports about the largest Hitler extermination camp in Austria. Edited by the Mauthausen Committee of the Federal Association of Austrian Concentration Camps and Those Politically Persecuted. Vienna 1950.
- Hans Maršálek: The history of the Mauthausen concentration camp. Documentation. 4th edition. 2006, ISBN 3-7035-1235-0 .
- Austrian camp community Mauthausen, Hans Maršálek, Kurt Hacker (eds.): Short story of the Mauthausen concentration camp and its three largest sub-camps Gusen, Ebensee, Melk . Vienna 1995.
- Austrian camp community Mauthausen (Ed.): Mauthausen . Vienna 1996.
- Bertrand Perz : The Mauthausen Memorial from 1945 to the present . Studienverlag, Innsbruck 2006, ISBN 3-7065-4025-8 .
- Bertrand Perz, Christian Dürr, Ralf Lechner (eds.): Managed violence: The area of activity of the administrative leader in the Mauthausen concentration camp 1941 to 1944 (= Mauthausen studies. 8). Federal Ministry of the Interior, Vienna 2013, ISBN 978-3-9502824-2-9 .
- Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps . Volume 4: Flossenbürg, Mauthausen, Ravensbrück . CH Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 978-3-406-52964-1 .
- Siegfried Haider , Gerhard Marckhgott: Upper Austrian memorials for concentration camp victims. Upper Austrian Provincial Archives , Linz 2001, ISBN 3-900313-69-5 .
- Mauthausen Committee research project: Subcamps of the Mauthausen concentration camp as perceived by the local population . Contemporary witness reports, project study, 2002 ( mkoe.at PDF).
- Hans Maršálek, Josef Kohl: Signpost through Mauthausen. Published by the Association of Austrian Resistance Fighters and Victims of Fascism.
- Christian Dürr: Am Strang - The Austrian Defendants in the Dachau Mauthausen Trials , Bahoe Books, Vienna 2019, ISBN 978-3-903022-82-9 .
- Stanisław Grzesiuk: Five years of concentration camps (= Mauthausen memories. 4). New Academic Press, 2020, ISBN 978-3-7003-2167-5 (unabridged translation of the censored Polish original Pięć lat kacetu. 1958).
The Mauthausen Studies and Mauthausen Memories series are published by the Mauthausen Memorial.
Graphic novel
- Jordi Peidro: Mauthausen. Bahoe Books, Vienna 2018 and Federal Agency for Civic Education, FRG 2019.
- Pedro J. Colombo, Aintzane Landa, Salva Rubio: The photographer from Mauthausen. Bahoe Books, Vienna 2019.
Web links
- Website of the Mauthausen Memorial
- Search: Find out a concentration camp inmate, his path and his history on monumemt-mauthausen.org, a website of the French association Amicale de Mauthausen .
- Mauthausen Committee Austria
- Entry on Mauthausen concentration camp in the Austria Forum (in the AEIOU Austria Lexicon )
- Salzburg Mauthausen Project ( Memento from January 11, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- Mauthausen project
- Photo report of the memorial and memorial day
- Rainer Hoffschildt: Rosa Winkel prisoners in Mauthausen concentration camp . (PDF; 154 kB) In: Lambda-Nachrichten , June 2001.
- Mauthausen Survivors Research Project on the website of the University of Vienna (English).
- Bibliography on Mauthausen concentration camp in the forum OoeGeschichte.at
Individual evidence
- ^ Karl Vocelka : History of Austria. Culture-society-politics. 7th edition. Verlag Styria, Graz / Vienna / Cologne 2002, ISBN 3-453-21622-9 , p. 313.
- ↑ Hans Maršálek: The history of the concentration camp Mauthausen. Documentation. 4th edition. 2006, ISBN 3-7035-1235-0 , p. 14.
- ^ Roman Sandgruber: The Nazi concentration camps. Mauthausen and its sub-camps. In: Upper Austrian news. May 10, 2008, p. 6. Context XXI: The development of Upper Austria under National Socialism - some key data ( Memento of the original from July 8, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Rudolf A. Haunschmied , Jan-Ruth Mills, Siegi Witzany-Durda: St. Georgen-Gusen-Mauthausen - Concentration Camp Mauthausen Reconsidered . BoD, Norderstedt 2008, ISBN 978-3-8334-7440-8 , p. 80 ff.
- ↑ Helga Amesberger , Katrin Auer, Brigitte Halbmayr : Sexualized violence. Female experiences in Nazi concentration camps. Vienna 2004.
- ↑ Baris Alakus, Katharina Kniefacz, Robert Vorberg: Forced Sex Labor in National Socialist Concentration Camps. Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-85476-205-4 .
- ↑ a b c Ernst Klee : The personal dictionary on the Third Reich - Who was what before and after 1945. 2nd edition, Frankfurt am Main June 2007, ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8 .
- ^ Hans Maršálek , The history of the Mauthausen concentration camp. Documentation. 3rd edition, Vienna / Linz 1995, p. 193.
- ↑ To: Szabolcz Szita ( Memento of the original from January 13, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Gallneukirchen - Memorial for Peace. Documentation of the ceremonial handover on May 7, 2006. (PDF) City of Gallneukirchen, May 2006, accessed on May 22, 2020 .
- ↑ Gernot Fohler: Memory of "Mühlviertel Hare Hunt". In: mein district.at. January 21, 2015, accessed May 22, 2020 .
- ↑ The move of the crematoria . In: Der Spiegel . No. 42 , 2004 ( online ).
- ^ Relocation of the Auschwitz crematoria to Mauthausen. dieuniversitaet-online.at; accessed on January 30, 2013.
- ↑ Bertrand Perz, Florian Freund : killings by poison gas in the Mauthausen concentration camp. In: Günther Morsch, Bertrand Perz: New studies on National Socialist mass killings by poison gas. Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-940938-99-2 , pp. 258 f.
- ↑ Comrade Heinrich Dürmayer read on May 16, 1945 for the International Committee on behalf of all former political prisoners of Mauthausen the following “Mauthausen oath”. In: kzverband-ooe.at. KZ-Verband / VdA OÖ, December 21, 2007, accessed on May 22, 2020 .
- ^ Chris van Uffelen : Museum architecture. Ullman, Potsdam 2010, ISBN 978-3-8331-6058-5 , pp. 150-153.
- ↑ Storm damage in the Mauthausen Memorial. In: bda.gv.at. Federal Monuments Office, May 16, 2008, accessed on May 22, 2020 (BDA on the damage caused by hurricane "Kyrill").
- ^ Page no longer available , search in web archives: Archaeological traces in the former Mauthausen concentration camp Online newspaper of the University of Vienna, April 21, 2010
- ^ Claudia Theune: Mauthausen concentration camp: Archeology and contemporary history. Website of the University of Vienna, accessed on June 6, 2018 .
- ↑ Federal law on the establishment of the federal agency “Mauthausen / Mauthausen Memorial” (Memorial Law - GStG) of August 1, 2016, Federal Law Gazette I No. 74/2016
- ^ First Mauthausen Memorial Research Award. In: orf.at. March 6, 2018, accessed May 22, 2020 .
- ^ FC Braunau. Fan club with Hitler salute causes excitement. In: ooev1.orf.at. April 11, 2012, accessed May 22, 2020 .
- ↑ Mild punishments for the Hitler salute in Mauthausen. In: derstandard.at. November 20, 2006, accessed May 22, 2020 .
- ^ Nazi slogans on the wall around the Mauthausen Memorial. In: hagalil.com. Press release of the Mauthausen Committee Germany, February 19, 2009, accessed on May 22, 2020 .
- ↑ Fischer condemns graffiti. In: derstandard.at. February 19, 2009, accessed on May 22, 2020 (Statement by the Austrian Federal President Heinz Fischer).
- ^ Nazi T-shirts in Mauthausen: Excitement about Welser "Bunte". In: nachrichten.at. February 9, 2020, accessed May 22, 2020 .
- ^ Kurier, March 3, 2010, p. 17.
- ^ Mauthausen: Large-scale neo-Nazi slogan on the wall of the concentration camp memorial. In: derstandard.at. May 10, 2014, accessed May 22, 2020 .
- ^ Hacker attack on Mauthausen memorial page. In: ooe.orf.at. May 18, 2015, accessed May 22, 2020 .
- ^ Website of the Mauthausen Memorial hacked. In: kleinezeitung.at. May 18, 2015, accessed May 22, 2020 .
- ^ Website of the Mauthausen Memorial hacked. In: derstandard.at. May 18, 2015, accessed May 22, 2020 .
- ^ Website of the Mauthausen Memorial hacked. In: diepresse.com. May 18, 2015, accessed May 22, 2020 .
- ↑ Former concentration camp security guard: 95-year-old indicted for aiding and abetting murder in 36,000 cases . In: Spiegel Online . November 23, 2018 ( online [accessed November 23, 2018]).
- ↑ BGH 3 StR 49/16 - September 20, 2016 (LG Lüneburg) hrr-strafrecht.de. Retrieved November 23, 2018 .
- ↑ Annuncio de notificación de 6 de agosto de 2019 en procedimiento Listado de españoles fallecidos en los campos de concentración de Mauthausen y Gusen. (PDF, 1.3 MB).
- ^ Michel Fabrèguet: Development and change in the functions of the Mauthausen concentration camp 1938-1945. (PDF; 132 kB) In: Remember.at. Archive Museum Mauthausen (M5 / 13), accessed on May 22, 2020 .
- ↑ Simon Wiesenthal: Because they knew what they were doing . Deuticke, 1995, ISBN 3-216-30114-1 .
- ↑ a b Crematoria facilities ( Memento from September 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) mauthausen-memorial.at; accessed on January 30, 2013.
- ↑ a b The Mauthausen crematoria ( Memento of the original dated October 31, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 305 kB) topfundsoehne.de; accessed on January 30, 2013.
- ^ Bertrand Perz, Christian Dürr, Ralf Lechner, Robert Vorberg: The Mauthausen crematoria. Catalog for the exhibition at the Mauthausen Memorial . Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-9502183-8-1 .
- ↑ a b c d e Perz / Dürr / Lechner / Vorberg 2008, pp. 28–29.
- ↑ a b c d e Perz / Dürr / Lechner / Vorberg 2008, p. 44.
- ↑ a b Perz / Dürr / Lechner / Vorberg 2008, pp. 50–51.
- ↑ Perz / Dürr / Lechner / Vorberg 2008, p. 46.
- ↑ a b c d e Perz / Dürr / Lechner / Vorberg 2008, pp. 62–63.
- ↑ a b "Nutrition" on the Mauthausen Memorial website ( Memento from February 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ A b c d Hans Maršálek: The gassing campaigns in the Mauthausen concentration camp - gas chamber, gas truck, Hartheim gassing facility, cover name documentation. Vienna 1988.
- ↑ a b Bertrand Perz, Florian Freund: killings by poison gas in the Mauthausen concentration camp. In: Günther Morsch, Bertrand Perz: New studies on National Socialist mass killings by poison gas. Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-940938-99-2 , p. 256.
- ↑ Bertrand Perz, Florian Freund: killings by poison gas in the Mauthausen concentration camp. In: Günther Morsch, Bertrand Perz: New studies on National Socialist mass killings by poison gas. Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-940938-99-2 , pp. 258 f.
- ^ Christian Dürr: The gas chamber in the Mauthausen concentration camp. An overview of the findings of decades of research . In: Mauthausen Memorial / Mauthausen Memorial (Ed.): Mauthausen Memorial 2016. Nazi perpetrators in the post-war period . new academic press, Vienna 2017, ISBN 978-3-7003-2049-4 , p. 131-134 ( online ).
- ↑ The subcamps. In: Mauthausen Concentration Camp Memorial. Retrieved June 30, 2020 .
- ^ Rudolf A. Haunschmied, Jan-Ruth Mills, Siegi Witzany-Durda: St. Georgen-Gusen-Mauthausen - Concentration Camp Mauthausen Reconsidered . BoD, Norderstedt 2008, ISBN 978-3-8334-7440-8 , p. 127 ff.
- ^ Stanislaw Dobosiewicz: Mauthausen / Gusen - Oboz Zaglady . Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodoewj, Warszawa 1977, pp. 422-423.
- ↑ Website of the Gusen visitor center
- ↑ Communication from Upper Austria. Network against Racism and Right-Wing Extremism, August 9, 2007.
- ↑ Magdalena Miedl: Mauthausen concentration camp: Graphic novel about the savior of images. In: orf.at. October 13, 2019, accessed January 28, 2020 .
- ↑ otto-pfeifer.de (private local history researcher)
- ↑ KPÖ Upper Austria: 1945: The murder of the "Wels group". KPÖ Upper Austria, April 29, 2015, accessed on January 28, 2020 .
- ^ Africans in the Mauthausen concentration camp. In: science.orf.at. March 6, 2017, accessed May 22, 2020 .
- ↑ Barbara Fuchslehner, Karin Röhrling: Project report. Africans in Mauthausen Concentration Camp: partial evaluation of the data sheets in the archive of the Mauthausen Memorial (Vienna, Ministry of the Interior). (PDF) In: m-media.or.at. September 2, 2016, accessed May 22, 2020 .
- ↑ The 400 entries range from monthly numbers of prisoners and guards to visits by Nazi VIPs and the presence of special units such as the Eichmann Command before the occupation of Hungary . Construction of the camp, construction of external camps, the commissioning of a crematorium ( Kori ovens ), the increasing shortage of food, clothing and everyday items, the delivery of Zyklon B as a bureaucratic routine. In the introduction: origin, tradition and meaning of the document, comment.
- ↑ Publications. In: mauthausen-memorial.org. Accessed June 1, 2020 .
Coordinates: 48 ° 15 '24.1 " N , 14 ° 30' 6.3" E