Magyars in Romania

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

According to the official census of 2002 , around 1,435,000 Magyars (= Hungarians) lived in Romania . In 2012, their number fell to 1.2 million, with Hungarians still being the largest minority in Romania. The largest group among the Magyars in Romania is the Szekler (about 600,000 people or 40% of the Romanian Hungarians).

history

In the Danube principalities and in the Kingdom of Romania until the First World War

In the Danube principalities - d. H. in the Principality of Wallachia and in the Principality of Moldova - there were relatively few Hungarians. Some of them worked as merchants and craftsmen in the larger cities - especially in Bucharest . The Tschangos in Moldova were a specialty . Their origin is still unclear today; According to various theories, it is either a Szekler who emigrated from Transylvania or a successor to Magyarized Cumans . You speak (or spoke) a Hungarian dialect. They are seen by nationalistic Romanians as foreign speaking Romanians. Their number was estimated at 40,000 in Moldova at the beginning of the 19th century, and 100,000 in 1845. The Tschangos were linguistically assimilated by the Romanian majority population in a process that began at the latest in the 19th century ; on the other hand, they preserved some traditions and partly also their Roman Catholic faith.

In the second half of the 19th century, many Szeklers emigrated from Transylvania to Moldova and Romania, where they mostly assimilated quickly.

Another small group of Hungarians were the Szeklers of the Bukovina . The starting point was the Madéfalva ( Siculeni ) massacre in January 1764, in which around 400 Szekler insurgents were killed; thousands of survivors fled to the Vltava. After an amnesty and the beginning of the Austrian rule over the Bukovina (1785) the Moldavian Szeklern were allowed at the suggestion of Count Andreas Hadik von Futak to settle in the Bukovina, where they founded five villages: Hadikfalva ( Dorneşti ), Istensegíts ( Țibeni ) , Fogadjisten ( Iacobeşti ), Józseffalva ( Vornicenii Mici ) and Andrásfalva ( Măneuți ). The number of these Hungarian settlers grew steadily and reached around 16,000 in the period between the world wars. An increasing lack of land led to the emigration of some of them. With the Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1919, the Szeklers of Bukovina became Romanian citizens. After the Second Vienna Arbitration Award in 1940, tensions between the Romanian majority society and the Hungarians of Romania increased. In 1941, after the conquest of Yugoslavia , Hungary was granted the Serbian province of Batschka . After an agreement between Hungary and Romania, almost all Hungarians were emigrated from Bukovina and resettled in the Batschka, from where they again had to flee to Hungary in 1944.

In what is now the northwestern parts of the country until the First World War

The Hungarians in the Hungarian Kingdom (1890)

A fundamentally different situation existed in what is now the north-western parts of Romania, ie in Transylvania , in the Banat , in the Kreisch area , in the Sathmar region and in Maramuresh . These areas belonged since 10/11. Century until 1918 to the Kingdom of Hungary , the Principality of Transylvania and Austria . For a long time, the Hungarian population made up the majority of the population, at least in large sub-areas, whereby the settlement history, the population distribution at different times and in different areas as well as the rights derived from it have been an ever-present topic in the nationalistic dispute between Hungary and Germany since the 19th century Romanians represent.

Up until the end of the First World War , the Hungarians - and partly also the Germans living here - made up the leading political classes in Transylvania and the neighboring regions. In the Principality of Transylvania, this was also institutionally manifested through the composition of the state parliaments (only Hungarians, Szekler and Transylvanian Saxons were allowed to participate). The Romanians living here were unable to participate in any significant political activity. The established division of the land between Hungarian nobles, Szeklers and Transylvanian Saxons only allowed most Romanians to work on their estates as servants or later as farm workers. Pronounced economic inequalities led to social tensions, which at irregular intervals escalated into unrest and uprisings (e.g. during the uprising under Horea in Transylvania in 1784). The Josephinian reforms at the end of the 18th century, which marked the end of serfdom, brought some relief . The multi-ethnic Habsburg state allowed nationally oriented movements to a limited extent.

During the revolution of 1848/1849 , nationally-minded Hungarian forces tried to detach Hungary, which was part of Austria, from the Habsburg empire. The areas they claimed also included Transylvania and the other northwestern regions of present-day Romania. Most Romanians feared a Hungarian state more than the Habsburg Empire and sided with the Austrian emperor during the fighting; the best-known Romanian-Transylvanian leader of the time was Avram Iancu , who successfully defied the Hungarian revolutionary troops in the Apuseni Mountains with partisan tactics. He is revered as a national hero in Romania today.

The Austro-Hungarian compromise in 1867 brought the Hungarian state back to life under the rule of the Austrian emperor. In the decades that followed, a planned Magyarization began in all areas of Hungary inhabited by non-Hungarians, including the regions populated by Romanians. The aim was to create a unified Hungarian nation-state, if possible without ethnic differentiation.

In August 1916 Romania joined the First World War on the side of the Entente, in order to incorporate Transylvania and the areas adjoining it to the north and west into its own kingdom. After initially limited military success, the campaign ended catastrophically for the Romanian army: in the course of the Romanian campaign in 1916/17 , German and Austro-Hungarian troops drove the Romanians out of Transylvania and also occupied Wallachia and Dobruja . Only the Moldova remained under Romanian control with the help of the Russian allies. After the tsarist empire collapsed in the course of the October Revolution , Romania was forced to conclude peace ( Peace of Bucharest ). The loss of territory in Romania, however, was limited; only smaller areas on the south and east sides of the Carpathian Mountains were annexed by Austria-Hungary. In addition, the defeat of Germany and Austria-Hungary in autumn 1918 fundamentally changed the situation.

In the interwar period

The victory of the allied French and British enabled the Romanian government, despite its own military defeat, to achieve most of its own war aims at the negotiating table. In fact, Transylvania came to Romania in December 1918. Just a few months later, Romanian troops were fighting in the Hungarian-Romanian War against the Soviet Republic under Béla Kun , which wanted to preserve the territorial integrity of the collapsing Hungarian state. In August 1919 the Romanian army succeeded in occupying large parts of Hungary including the capital Budapest , which further improved Romania's negotiating position for the parallel negotiations in Paris . In the Treaty of Trianon , Romania finally received parts of the Banat , the Kreisch area , the Sathmar region and the Maramures from Hungary in addition to Transylvania .

Due to the enormous territorial expansion of Romania, numerous non-Romanians became citizens of the country. The largest minority among them were the Hungarians, most of whom (1.326 million) lived in the newly added areas. The proportion of Hungarians in the total population was around 10%. Mainly in the east of Transylvania lived in closed settlement areas, surrounded by the Romanian majority, the Szeklers , a Hungarian tribe whose task it had been to guard and defend the eastern Carpathian border for the Hungarian kings since the 12th century. For centuries, the Szeklers belonged to the three privileged “nations” of Transylvania - alongside the Hungarian nobility and the Transylvanian Saxons - and had a self-governing system that was comparable to that of the Transylvanian Saxons. While the Hungarians in Western Transylvania and in Maramures lived mostly in smaller groups in the midst of a predominantly Romanian-speaking environment, there were contiguous Hungarian settlement areas with predominantly Hungarian cities ( Timișoara , Arad , Oradea , Satu Mare ), which consisted of strategic and for traffic reasons Romania had been assigned.

Most Hungarians - both inside and outside the rest of Hungary - perceived the Trianon Treaty as a grave injustice and shame. The aim of regaining the lost territories became the official policy of Hungary. The majority of the Hungarians in Romania also rejected the territorial changes that had occurred. The reason for this was, among other things, the loss of the privileged position that had existed for centuries, which was replaced by a disadvantage in many situations; a land reform changed property relations at the expense of the Hungarians. These found themselves increasingly exposed to measures intended to promote their assimilation into the Romanian majority.

The Second Vienna Award and the Second World War

The territories ceded by Romania to Hungary by the Second Vienna Arbitration Award (orange)

At the beginning of the Second World War , the German Reich expanded its sphere of influence in a targeted manner to southeast Europe. Hungary hoped for help from Germany in regaining the lost territories. Ultimately, both Hungary and Romania were economically and politically dependent on the German Reich; this in turn hoped for help from Romania and Hungary in the upcoming war against the Soviet Union . Romania and Hungary accepted the Second Vienna Arbitration Award , in which in August 1940 Germany and Italy awarded the north and east of Transylvania , the Maramures, the Sathmar region and part of the Kreischgebiet Hungary. The proportion of Hungarians and Romanians in the ceded area was about the same; Historians from both countries claimed a slight majority of their compatriots in respective statistics. During the advance of the Hungarian troops, there were massacres against Romanians in some places. B. in Treznea and in Ip . There were riots against Hungary in the territories that remained Romanian. Both countries exerted pressure on the remaining minority, which each caused around 200,000 people to flee to the other part of Transylvania.

Both Hungary and Romania - which in the meantime was ruled as a military dictatorship by Marshal Ion Antonescu - eventually took part in the war against the Soviet Union, but remained hostile to one another. Antonescu tried in vain to get Hitler to return the territories ceded to Hungary during the war . In the autumn of 1944, in some places in northern Transylvania and in Maramuresh, Hungarian troops again attacked Romanian residents while they were retreating from the Red Army .

The post-war period and the rule of the Communist Party

The Babes Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca

On August 23, 1944 , bourgeois and left-wing forces overthrew the military dictator Ion Antonescu; Romania changed fronts during the war and fought on the side of the Soviet Union from then on . Two weeks later - on September 7, 1944 - Romania declared war on neighboring Hungary. The territories assigned to Hungary in 1940 were conquered by the Red Army and Romanian troops at the end of 1944, administered by Romania again from March 1945 and officially reassigned to Romania at the Paris Peace Conference in 1946 . In the transition period there were attacks by Romanian troops on ethnic Hungarians.

In the post-war period and under the rapidly establishing rule of the Communist Party , the Hungarians of Romania were granted full civil rights; In practice phases of extensive equality alternated with sections of indirect discrimination against the Hungarian minority. A few Hungarians were also represented in the top leadership of the Romanian Communist Party, which was initially numerically very weak (e.g. Ludovic Csupor ), but never reached the highest positions.

From 1952 to 1960 there was a Hungarian Autonomous Region ( Regiunea Autonomă Maghiară ), which essentially comprised today's Covasna and Harghita counties and the eastern part of Mureş County . In 1960 the territorial extension of the autonomous region was changed; Covasna was separated in the south and a similarly large area was annexed to the north-west, although this reduced the proportion of the Hungarian population. In the region, the official use of the Hungarian language and z. B. the use of Hungarian place names on street signs is allowed. Beyond that, however, the status of autonomy had only symbolic or propaganda value.

During the Hungarian popular uprising in 1956 , Romania provided the Soviet troops stationed in the country with the logistical support they needed to invade Hungary. The survey in the neighboring country was followed with sympathy by large parts of the Hungarian minority in Romania; then the course of the Romanian leadership against the Hungarians tightened.

In 1959, the Hungarian-speaking Bolyai University in Cluj was merged with the Romanian- speaking Babeş University to form Babeş Bolyai University , and the Hungarian-speaking portion was systematically reduced in the following years. In 1968 Nicolae Ceaușescu eliminated the Hungarian Autonomous Region by reintroducing the original centralized district division. Ethnic Romanians were deliberately settled in originally purely or predominantly Hungarian places. Hungarian pupils - like children from other recognized minorities - could in principle receive schooling in their mother tongue; by a limited number of Hungarian teachers and classes, this principle was more and more often targeted, particularly in areas with a mixed population, from the 1970s onwards. Hungarian activists who publicly discussed this problem were intimidated and in some cases murdered. In the regions mainly inhabited by Hungarians, the party leadership deliberately appointed ethnic Romanians as mayors or factory directors; the mixed-language signage z. B. on place-name signs was given up in many cases in favor of a purely Romanian one.

In the 1980s, Ceaușescu intensified its nationalist course and with it the pressure on the Hungarian population. Demands by the Hungarian government to improve the situation of the ethnic Hungarians in Romania were rejected by Ceauşescu as interference in the internal affairs of his country. With the advancing democratization of Hungary at the end of the 1980s, there was an open rift between the two countries, when Hungarian politicians also publicly expressed their interest in the Hungarian minority of Romania and tolerated demonstrations in Budapest. From 1988, Ceaușescu also pushed the program to systematize the villages , which, although affecting the whole country, was viewed by the Hungarian minority as being deliberately directed against itself. At the same time, a dispute between historians from both countries, accompanied by nationalistic undertones, was fought over the history of the settlement of Transylvania.

In the first half of 1988 about 20,000 ethnic Hungarians fled Romania; Ceaușescu then tightened the border regime. In vain did he urge the Soviet head of state Mikhail Gorbachev to take military action against the reform government in Hungary if necessary. The wave of refugees from the country increased again in 1989.

Towards the end of Ceaușescu's rule, tensions between ethnic Romanians and Hungarians decreased because most members of all ethnic groups wanted the dictatorship to end. Symbolic of this are the facts that the outbreak of the revolution in December 1989 was related to the attempted reprimanding of the Hungarian pastor László Tőkés and that it broke out in the city of Timișoara , where numerous Hungarians and members of other nationalities lived alongside Romanians.

Since the 1989 revolution

After the fall of Ceauşescu, the Hungarians of Romania had the opportunity to form their own organizations to represent the interests of the minority politically. The Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (Hungarian Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség , RMDSZ, Rum. Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România , UDMR) was founded on December 25, 1989, and has since participated in all parliamentary elections and has been a junior partner in several coalition governments .

However, just a few months after the victory of the revolution and during the difficult economic transition, ethnic tensions increased again, mostly hidden, but in some cases leading to serious riots. Five people died in street battles in March 1990 in the city of Târgu Mureș , the starting point of which was attacks by Romanians on the UDMR headquarters . Several hundred were injured.

Since then, there have been practically no more open violent confrontations. Latent tensions are repeatedly expressed in discussions about the status of the predominantly Hungarian regions of Romania, especially the Szeklerland . Many Hungarians want the area in the middle of Romania to be autonomous. The UDMR does not take this point of view aggressively, since practically all Romanian politicians and also Romanian society insist on the concept of the unified, centrally organized nation-state. Every movement of autonomy, but also demands for other collective rights, are thus perceived as a threat to Romania's territorial integrity.

In 1990, Romania's first post-communist parliament set December 1st as a national holiday. This was taken as a provocation by many Hungarians because December 1, 1918, the day of the unification of Transylvania with Romania, is seen by them as the day of the breakaway from Hungary.

The situation eased somewhat in the mid-1990s when, after President Ion Iliescu was voted out of office, bourgeois politicians in Bucharest made some concessions to the minorities, e. B. in education or with place-name signs. The UDMR's comparatively conciliatory stance has led to growing opposition within the Hungarian minority in recent years. The Hungarian Citizens' Party ( Partidul Civic Maghiar-Magyar Polgári Párt , PCM-MPP) was founded in 2008 and urges the Szeklerland to gain autonomy quickly. In the 2008 local elections, however, the Hungarian Citizens' Party did not manage to replace the UDMR as the strongest force in the areas inhabited by Hungary. She did not run in the parliamentary elections in 2008 in order to avoid that the UDMR fails because of the five percent threshold and that the Hungarian minority is no longer represented in the Romanian parliament.

Furthermore, there is the “National Council of Hungarians in Transylvania” as a non-partisan interest group, whose chairman is Pastor László Tőkés , who has now been appointed bishop .

At the 2002 census, 1.432 million citizens of Romania stated to be Hungarians. The number of these has increased only slightly since the end of the First World War, whereas the group of Romanians grew more strongly in the same period. Accordingly, the proportion of Hungarians in the total population fell from around 7.9% to 6.6%. In addition to assimilation processes, this is also due to a lower birth rate among Hungarians compared to ethnic Romanians. In 2012, their number fell to 1.2 million, with Hungarians still being the largest minority in Romania.

Demography (2002)

Hungary in Romania by district (2002)
Hungary in Romania by municipality (2002)
Hungary in Izvoru Crișului ( Körösfő ).
circle Hungary Hungarian mother tongue
number percent number percent
Harghita 275,841 84.61 278.128 85.3
Covasna 164.055 73.81 166,481 74.9
Mureș 227,673 39.26 230,727 39.8
Satu Mare 129.998 35.22 143,597 38.9
Bihor 155,554 25.92 161,520 26.9
Sălaj 57,318 23.07 57,555 23.2
Cluj 122.131 17.37 120,794 17.2
Arad 49,399 9.06 48,318 10.5
Maramureș 46,250 9.06 44,956 8.8
Brașov 51,470 8.75 51,108 8.7
Timiș 51,421 7.59 48,238 7.1
Bistrița-Năsăud 18,394 5.89 17,227 5.5
Alba 20,682 5.4 20,055 5.2
Hunedoara 25,321 5.2 22,947 4.7
Sibiu 15,478 3.67 14,242 3.4
Caraș-Severin 5,859 1.76 5,200 1.6
Bucharest 5,834 0.31 5,029 0.3
Bacau 4,528 0.64 5,346 0.8


Political parties

Personalities

Web links

Commons : Magyars in Romania  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  69. ^ Josef Wolf: German minorities in Southeast Europe in transition: The censuses 1990–1992. Institute for Danube Swabian History and Regional Studies, Tübingen 1994. pp. 120–130.
  70. ↑ adz.ro , General German newspaper for Romania : The Germans and Hungarians reached historic lows , August 29 2012th