Szeklerland
As Székelyföld ( Hungarian Székelyföld , Romanian Ţinutul Secuiesc or Secuime , latin Terra Siculorum ), the area to the east of Transylvania in Romania referred to in the particular Székelys settle.
geography
The historical Szeklerland is located in the east of the Transylvanian Basin , within the Carpathian Arc and z. T. in the Eastern Carpathians in the central part of Romania . The area includes most of today's Romanian Harghita and Covasna districts , the central part of the Mureș district , smaller parts of the Alba and Cluj districts (the villages of the former Szeklerstuhl Aranyos around the municipality of Unirea ( Oberwinz )) and individual communities in the Neamț ( Bicazu Ardelean , Bicaz-Chei and Dămuc ) and Bacău ( Ghimeș-Făget ).
The cultural and political center of the Szeklerland used to be the town of Székelyudvarhely ( Odorheiu Secuiesc ) west of the Harghita Mountains. Other important places were Marosvásárhely ( Târgu Mureș ), Csíkszereda ( Miercurea Ciuc ) and Sepsiszentgyörgy ( Sfântu Gheorghe ). Today Târgu Mureș is considered the political, economic and cultural center of the Szeklers in Transylvania.
population
In the districts of Harghita, Covasna and Mureş lived a total of about 1.13 million inhabitants in 2002; 670,000 of them were Hungarians (approx. 59%, most of them Szekler) and 407,000 Romanians (36%). In the districts of Harghita and Covasna, the proportion of the Hungarian-speaking population was 84.6% and 73.8%, respectively, in Mureș 39.3%.
In 1910 there were about 777,340 inhabitants in the same area, of which 542,400 were Hungarians (about 69%, most of them Szekler) and 183,000 Romanians (23%). In the areas of Harghita and Covasna counties, the proportion of the Hungarian-speaking population was 92.7% and 87.4%, respectively, in the area of Mureş county at 48.8%.
history
blue: Szekler ,
gray: Transylvanian Saxony - royal floor according to the law of the golden charter ,
yellow: aristocratic county floor
In the medieval Kingdom of Hungary as well as in the Principality or Grand Duchy of Transylvania, the Szekler chairs - the Szekler courts and territorial bodies that had emerged by the 14th century - had extensive autonomy (similar to the seven chairs of the Transylvanian Saxons on the Königsboden ). Until 1876 there existed in the Szeklerland (apart from temporary reclassifications) the chairs (Hungarian szék ):
- Maros ( Mieresch ) - Main town Marosvásárhely
- Udvarhely ( Oderhellen ) - Main town Székelyudvarhely , with the limited autonomous branch chairs
- Keresztúr ( Cross ) - the main town of Székelykeresztúr
- Bardócz ( Bardotz ) - the main town of Bardócz (from the 17th century)
- Csik ( Tschik ) - the main town of Csíkszereda , with the largely autonomous partial chairs
- Gyergyó ( Niklasmarkt ) - the main town of Gyergyószentmiklós
- Kászon - main town Kászonújfalu ( Neudorf )
- Háromszék ( Three Chairs ) - At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, it was created as an amalgamation of chairs
- Sepsi - main town Sepsiszentgyörgy , with the Miklósvár ( Nickelsburg ) branch
- Kézdi - the main town of Kézdivásárhely
- Orbai - the main town of Kovászna
- Aranyos ( Aranyosch ) - main town Felvinc ( Oberwinz ). The chair was an exclave in Torda County .
After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise and the reintegration of Transylvania into the Kingdom of Hungary in 1867, the Szekler chairs were dissolved and reorganized into counties , which meant that they lost their autonomous status. Since the territorial reform of the Transylvanian administrative units in 1876, the Szeklerland has been divided into the counties:
- Maros-Torda with the administrative seat Marosvásárhely
- Csík with its administrative seat Csíkszereda
- Udvarhely with its administrative seat Székelyudvarhely
- Háromszék with the Sepsiszentgyörgy administrative seat
- Torda-Aranyos with the administrative seat of Torda
After the First World War , Transylvania and the Szeklerland were added to Romania in the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 . The counties passed to 1925 more than Comitate under the Romanian names:
- Mureş-Turda with the administrative seat of Târgu Mureş
- Ciuc with its administrative seat Miercurea Ciuc
- Odorhei with administrative seat Odorheiu Secuiesc
- Trei Scaune with its administrative headquarters in Sfântu Gheorghe
- Turda-Arieș with the administrative seat Turda
With the Second Vienna Arbitration Award in 1940, under German pressure , Hungary got the northern part of Transylvania with the Szeklerland back for another 4 years. In 1944 the Szeklerland was first occupied by the Red Army and the Romanians; Romania then took over the administration for these territories again. In the Paris Peace Conference of 1946 , the Hungarian-Romanian border from the pre-war period was restored.
Between 1952 and 1968 the area was based on the Soviet model as a Hungarian Autonomous Region (Romanian Regiunea Autonomă Maghiară , Hungarian Magyar Autonóm Tartomány ) within Romania. Today there is a desire among many of the local Székely to create an autonomous province again around the Protect the rights of the Magyar minority more effectively. However, these plans have so far been largely rejected by the Romanian authorities; it is feared that such autonomy could jeopardize Romania's territorial integrity.
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literature
- Béla Köpeczi (ed.): Brief history of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1990, ISBN 963-05-5667-7 , online version .
- Michael Kroner : History of the Transylvanian Saxons. Volume 1: From Settlement to the Beginning of the 21st Century. Verlag Haus der Heimat, Nuremberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-00-021583-4 .
- Walter Myß (Ed.): The Transylvanian Saxons. Dictionary. History, culture, civilization, science, economy, living space Transylvania (Transylvania). License issue. Kraft, Würzburg 1993, ISBN 3-8083-2018-4 .
- Harald Roth (ed.): The Szeklers in Transylvania. From the privileged special community to the ethnic group (= Transylvanian Archive. Vol. 40). Böhlau, Cologne et al. 2009, ISBN 978-3-412-20240-8 .
- Daniel G. Scheint: The land and people of the Székely in Transylvania. In physical, political, statistical and historical terms. Hartleben, Pesth 1833.
- Boris Kalnoky: Ancestral land: or the search for the soul of my family. Droemer HC (February 14, 2011). ISBN 978-3-426-27465-1
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ National Statistical Institute, "Populaţia după etnie" ( Memento of the original from August 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Residents by ethnicity)
- ↑ Centru de resurse pentru diversitate etnoculturala - 2002 census
- ↑ Árpád E. Varga: Hargita megye településeinek etnikai (anyanyelvi / nemzetiségi) adatai 1850-2002. Online document , (PDF; 691 kB).
- ↑ Árpád E. Varga: Kovászna megye településeinek etnikai (anyanyelvi / nemzetiségi) adatai 1850-2002. Online document , (PDF; 470 kB).
- ↑ Árpád E. Varga: Maros megye településeinek etnikai (anyanyelvi / nemzetiségi) adatai 1850-2002. Online document , (PDF; 1.2 MB).
- ^ Daniel G. Scheint: The land and people of the Szekler in Transylvania. 1833, p. 111: This Háromszék branch chair has its Privilegium de Anno 1459 and this was confirmed in 1531.
- ^ Daniel G. Scheint: The land and people of the Szekler in Transylvania. 1833, p. 112: King Stephan separated this chair from the Thorda Comitat and gave it to the Szeklers. King Ladislaus the IVth confirmed this donation.
