John Demjanjuk

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Passport photo from Demjanjuk's SS ID card (1943)

John Demjanjuk ( Ukrainian Іван Миколайович Дем'янюк , scientific. Transliteration Ivan Mykolajovyč Demjanjuk * 3. April 1920 in Dubowi Macharynzi as Ivan Mykolajowytsch Demjanjuk , Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , † 17 March 2012 in Bad Feilnbach ) was during the Second World War, a Ukrainian Red Army soldier . After his capture by the German Wehrmacht in 1942, he served as a volunteer . He was one of the auxiliary troops of the SS who provided personnel for the operation of the concentration camps .

From 1952 Demjanjuk lived in the USA . From there he was transferred to Israel in 1986 and sentenced to death for alleged crimes in the Treblinka extermination camp . In 1993 that judgment was overturned by the Israeli Court of Appeals because Demjanjuk was mistaken, and he returned to the United States. In 2009 Demjanjuk was extradited to Germany and tried there for his work in the Sobibor extermination camp as the first and so far only non-German subordinate recipient of NS orders. On May 12, 2011, the Munich District Court II imposed a total of five years in prison for complicity in the murder of 28,060 people. No specific act could be attributed to Demjanjuk individually, but the court already regarded his service in Sobibor in 1943 as sufficient for a conviction, since Demjanjuk was "part of the extermination machine" there. The verdict was not final : Demjanjuk died ten months later before about by him and by the prosecution against the judgment pickled revision was decided.

Life

Until the end of the war

After completing four years of schooling, Demjanjuk worked as a tractor driver in a collective farm . In 1940 he was drafted into the Red Army . In May 1942, he fell in the battle of Kerch in German captivity . Demjanjuk was sent to a prisoner-of-war camp near Chełm , where he was presumably recruited as a so-called volunteer . He received military training in the Trawniki forced labor camp and was then sworn in by the SS . His first task was to guard Jewish forced laborers in agriculture. Shortly afterwards Demjanjuk was probably working in the Majdanek concentration camp . What exactly he was doing there is not clear. On March 27, 1943, he was presumably posted to the Sobibor extermination camp , where he served as one of around 130 volunteers under the command of 20 to 30 Germans and is said to have been deployed to secure the extermination camp from the outside. At the beginning of October 1943 he was transferred to the Flossenbürg concentration camp in Bavaria . Before the end of the war , Demjanjuk probably served a short time in the Russian Liberation Army , the so-called Vlasov Army, which was fighting on the German side .

After the war

In May 1945 Demjanjuk presented himself in the camp for displaced persons in Landshut . In July 1947 he was a truck driver for the US Truck Company 1049 in Regensburg and married the Ukrainian Wera, whom he had met in a DP camp . He came to Ulm via Bad Reichenhall and Feldafing on September 14, 1949, where, according to the birth register, his daughter was born on April 7, 1950 in the Sedank barracks used as a DP camp. In October 1950 Demjanjuk tried to emigrate to the USA via the resettlement center in Ludwigsburg, but returned to Ulm on suspicion that he was suffering from tuberculosis . On January 29, 1952, the family finally left for the USA via Bremerhaven. There Demjanjuk changed his first name from Iwan to John. In November 1958, he received US citizenship . He lived with his wife first in Indiana , later in Seven Hills , Cuyahoga County , Ohio , where he worked as a production assistant at Ford Motor Company .

In 1975 the Soviet government sent US senators a list of 70 names of alleged Nazi collaborators who had emigrated to America , one of the names being the Demjanjuks.

In the summer of 1976, a Ukrainian magazine published in New York published the testimony of Ignat Danilchenko, a convicted Sobibor guard, that he had served in Sobibor with Demjanjuk. In 1977, the US authorities obtained a copy of his ID card, on which his locations are recorded. In addition, the investigators found a transfer list that confirms that Demjanjuk had been posted to the Sobibor office on March 27, 1943. Around the same time, survivors of the Treblinka extermination camp reported in Israel, who believed they recognized the guard, notorious as " Ivan the Terrible " , in photos of John Demjanjuk . These statements formed the basis for the later extradition and trial in Israel. Demjanjuk was stripped of his US citizenship on June 23, 1981 , because he had given false information about his service when he entered 1952.

Trial in Israel

The Defendant Demjanjuk (April 25, 1988)

In October 1983, Israel submitted an extradition request to the United States, which was granted on January 27, 1986. The trial began in Jerusalem on February 25, 1987 . The trial became an international media event. At the trial Demjanjuk testified that he had been a simple prisoner of war for years. In view of the conditions in the camp at Chelm, it was not believed that he could have survived there for so long. The district court therefore followed the testimony of five survivors from Treblinka and two statements made by SS members that were not entirely clear. There was no doubt that Demjanjuk was the notorious Treblinka mass murderer "Ivan the Terrible" and sentenced him to death on April 25, 1988 under the Law on the Punishment of Nazis and Nazi Aides .

Demjanjuk appealed the judgment. During research made possible by the dissolution of the Soviet Union , investigators found statements from 37 Treblinka guards convicted in the USSR. From these it emerged that the surname of "Ivan the Terrible" in the Treblinka camp should not have been Demjanjuk, but Martschenko . In addition, it turned out that the United States Department of Justice assumed Office of Special Investigations had withheld (OSI) before the expatriation documents which indicate that it is in "Ivan the Terrible" not about John Demjanjuk, but Ivan Marchenko act. On July 29, 1993, the Israeli Supreme Court unanimously acquitted Demjanjuk. The judges had “reasonable doubts” as to whether John Demjanjuk was working as “Ivan the Terrible” in Treblinka. Demjanjuk came back to the US after seven years of pre-trial detention, although the court thought he was a Sobibor overseer - but he was neither charged nor extradited for that. In 1998 he got his US citizenship back.

US process and deportation order

In 2001, another trial against Demjanjuk began in the USA, in which OSI chief investigator Edward Stutman convinced the court that Demjanjuk had served as a guard in various concentration camps during World War II. On April 30, 2004, a US court ruled to revoke Demjanjuk's US citizenship again.

In December 2005 he was ordered to be deported to Ukraine, which Demjanjuk opposed. On March 24, 2009, the immigration authorities announced that they had contacted the German government in order to obtain the documents required for extradition to Germany. The Munich I public prosecutor's office accused Demjanjuk of complicity in the murder of 29,000 people in the Sobibor extermination camp.

Demjanjuk's American lawyers tried to prevent deportation to Germany in early April 2009. At the end of the legal battle, a postponement of extradition to Germany by John Paul Stevens , judge at the US Supreme Court , was rejected in May 2009.

Investigations in Italy and Poland

Demjanjuk had been suspected of having committed atrocities against prisoners in the Risiera di San Sabbia concentration camp in 1943 as a member of the units transferred to Trieste under the leadership of Odilo Globocnik . However, the Trieste Regional Court closed the investigation by decision of April 29, 1992 for lack of evidence.

Demjanjuk was also investigated in Poland for the killing of Polish citizens by Ukrainian guards in the extermination camps of the General Government , particularly in Treblinka . Due to a lack of evidence, these proceedings were also temporarily suspended by the Polish Institute for National Remembrance / IPN / District Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish People in Lodz on December 19, 2007 (file number S 14/04 / Zv).

Trial in Germany

Preparations

The central office of the state justice administrations for the investigation of National Socialist crimes conducted a preliminary investigation against Demjanjuk . She then saw it as proven that between March and September 1943 he had participated as a supervisor in the Sobibor camp in the murder of “at least 29,000 people”, including 1,939 Germans. The names of the victims were determined from the transport lists. As far as the Central Office was aware, there was no statement that Demjanjuk had murdered prisoners himself. However, Sobibor was purely an extermination camp , and guards were deployed in all areas.

In November 2008, the central office handed over the files to the public prosecutor's office in Munich. In a decision of December 9, 2008, the Federal Court of Justice determined that the Regional Court of Munich II be the competent court.

In February 2009, the Bavarian State Criminal Police Office confirmed that the Demjanjuk SS ID card archived in the USA matched a number of other existing ID cards of this type. The Munich Public Prosecutor I then applied for an international arrest warrant against Demjanjuk on March 11, 2009 in order to obtain extradition to Germany.

On May 12, 2009 Demjanjuk arrived in Munich in a hospital plane from the USA. He was transferred to the sick department of the Munich correctional facility , where he was given the arrest warrant. Demjanjuk was declared liable after several medical examinations. He has been in custody ever since . At the beginning of July 2009 it was announced that Demjanjuk had been classified by doctors as capable of negotiating, but that the duration of the negotiations could not exceed 90 minutes twice a day.

A constitutional complaint by Demjanjuk was not accepted for decision by the second chamber of the Second Senate of the Federal Constitutional Court . Demjanjuk saw his rights as being violated by extradition from the United States, but failed to adequately explain. Demjanjuk criticized the evasion of extradition procedure law , for which, however, according to the Federal Constitutional Court, no German jurisdiction was recognizable.

In April 2009, in the Netherlands, relatives of the victims formed a group that appeared as joint plaintiffs at the trial in Germany .

On July 13, 2009, the Munich I Public Prosecutor brought charges against John Demjanjuk for complicity in murder in at least 27,900 cases.

Demjanjuk's lawyer Ulrich Busch announced in October 2009 that he would lodge a constitutional complaint against the planned hearing at the Munich II district court in order to get Demjanjuk released. Demjanjuk had served more than seven years imprisonment in Israel, a higher sentence is not to be expected in Germany, since the Israeli imprisonment must be taken into account. This eliminates the German claim to punishment.

Comments before the start of the process

Christiaan F. Rüter , editor of the annotated collection of judgments on Justice and Nazi Crimes , expressed concerns about the indictment, because it was “completely a mystery to him how anyone who is familiar with German jurisprudence can think that one […] Demjanjuk this evidence. ”Rüter described the trial as a trial against“ the smallest of the little fish ”and was convinced:“ Nobody would care about Demjanjuk if it hadn't been for the smell that he was 'Ivan the Terrible' - the it is demonstrably not. "

The Central Council of Jews in Germany welcomed Demjanjuk's extradition and the trial. The then President Charlotte Knobloch emphasized that the process also had a high symbolic value. "Especially for survivors of the Shoah , it is unbearable to see how suspected Nazi war criminals , who knew no mercy for their victims, demand pity for themselves or even equate extradition with torture."

The co-plaintiff's representative , Cornelius Nestler, professor of criminal law at the University of Cologne , announced in November 2009 that at least 35 co-plaintiffs would be admitted, more than in the first German Auschwitz trial 1963–1965 in Frankfurt am Main. Four of the admitted joint plaintiffs were survivors of the Sobibor extermination camp and others were relatives of victims. Preliminary investigations were initiated against a witness charged on suspicion of complicity in murder. The witness Samuel K., who worked as a train guard in the Belzec extermination camp from 1941 to 1943, was, like Demjanjuk, one of the Trawnikis whom the SS recruited as assistants for the mass murder in occupied Eastern Europe and was “urgently suspected of aiding and abetting the cruel murder of at least To have done 434,000 people ”.

Trial course and conviction

The main hearing, chaired by Judge Ralph Alt, began on November 30, 2009 and was a legal novelty because, for the first time in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany, a non-German subordinate recipient of NS orders for aiding and abetting murder without the charge of direct involvement in an act of killing before a German court was standing. Numerous witnesses gave testimony in the trial, which was initially scheduled for 35 days and was repeatedly extended.

The testimony of the expert Dieter Pohl from the Institute for Contemporary History on January 13, 2010 was of great importance for the procedure . According to Pohl, very little is known about the behavior of the Trawniki men. However, the foreign helpers were consistently involved in the mass murder of the Jews. They were also used as craftsmen and for kitchen services. If they had to flee, Trawnikis would have had to face the death penalty. However, some of those arrested were only punished with arrest or concentration camp detention. In one case, two Trawnikis and five prisoners tried to escape together. A prisoner and both Trawnikis were captured and killed by the Nazis.

The Jewish survivors and participants in the Sobibor prisoner uprising , Thomas Blatt and Philip Bialowitz , were questioned as witnesses for the prosecution on January 19, 2010. The two witnesses and at the same time co-plaintiffs in the trial were labor prisoners in the Sobibor extermination camp at the time when Demjanjuk is said to have also served as a guard there. They reported on their experiences in Sobibor, e.g. B. that the Trawniki drove the prisoners with bayonets into the gas chambers and with their strong presence prevented any escape attempts by the prisoners. However, they could not remember Demjanjuk as a security guard.

On February 2, 2010, the former chief investigator of the Central Office of the State Judicial Administrations to Solve National Socialist Crimes, Thomas Walther, was questioned. According to Walther, the iron principle in German criminal procedural law that a specific act must be investigated requires adaptation, in the special case of the industrial mass killing of the Nazis. Death factories like Sobibor were a unique situation. That is why he came to the conclusion "that I do not have to keep such an individual evidence in such a facility".

The expert Anton Dallmayer was questioned on April 14, 2010 by the Bavarian State Criminal Police Office about the ID card, which was considered one of the central pieces of evidence in the trial that Demjanjuk had served in Sobibor. Dallmayer had previously compared the ID card assigned to Demjanjuk with three other documents from Trawnikis, which the Americans had also given him. In comparison with the three other documents, the Demjanjuk ID card can be assessed as "authentic". However, it cannot be ruled out that all four ID cards are forgeries.

On February 22, 2011, defense attorney Ulrich Busch read a statement from his client, who had remained silent throughout the entire process. In it Demjanjuk announced a hunger strike if a 1,400-page file of the Russian secret service, which is supposed to prove his innocence, is not admitted as evidence of the defense. Demjanjuk went on to explain that he had survived the famine under Stalin , the German prisoner-of-war period in which three and a half million prisoners died, and then survived the death row in Israel in fear of death. “Now, at the end of my life, Germany - the nation that cruelly and mercilessly murdered millions of innocent people - is trying to wipe out my dignity, my soul, my spirit and my life with a political show trial and an attempt to kill me, a Ukrainian farmer , to be found guilty of the crimes committed by Germans during World War II. "

The court completed the taking of evidence on March 17, 2011.

In his plea on March 22, 2011, public prosecutor Hans-Joachim Lutz called for a total sentence of six years ' imprisonment and saw it as proven that Demjanjuk had participated in the murder of at least 27,900 Jews in 1943. In the opinion of the public prosecutor's office, the allegations are valid even without individual evidence. Each guilt is individual, but the purpose of the punishment is also atonement and to ensure a certain satisfaction for the victims. As a mitigating measure, Lutz accepted that Demjanjuk himself was a victim of the Germans and was obliged to guard against his will. He was an assistant with no area of ​​responsibility of his own. However, there was no need for orders because in his opinion it was possible to escape.

On April 13 and 14, 2011, the joint plaintiffs made their pleadings. They told of the fate of their families and their end in Sobibor. In his closing lecture, in which he analyzed the case historically and legally, the joint plaintiff's lawyer, Cornelius Nestler , refrained from filing a criminal complaint, since each of the joint plaintiffs had put forward their own expectations of the sentence.

Demjanjuk's defense attorney, Ulrich Busch, pleaded for an acquittal and compensation for Demjanjuk in early May 2011 . Busch criticized the fact that witnesses and files had not been taken into account in favor of Demjanjuk. The accused had never been to the Nazi extermination camp in Sobibor, and there was no evidence of this. And if Demjanjuk had been there as an auxiliary guard, then as a prisoner of war he had no other choice. Demjanjuk had already become a victim of justice when he was innocently imprisoned in Israel for a mix-up for eight and a half years - including five years on death row - and has therefore already paid enough.

On May 12, 2011 Demjanjuk was sentenced to five years imprisonment for complicity in the murder of 28,060 people. The court considered it proven that he had been trained as a prisoner of war to become one of about 5,000 foreign volunteers of the SS and then served as a guard in the Sobibor extermination camp from late March to mid-September 1943. Even if no specific act of killing could be personally attributed to him, Demjanjuk was "part of the extermination machine" there. The number of victims is calculated based on the transport lists of the deportation trains during the time Demjanjuk is said to have served in Sobibor. Demjanjuk should not have participated in these obvious crimes but should have tried to escape. He would have had to accept the associated risk.

During the trial, Demjanjuk did not comment on the allegations, but only described himself as a victim of the Germans in three written statements. About a dozen of the more than 30 joint plaintiffs from the Netherlands, some of whom had lost their entire families in Sobibor, were present at the verdict.

When the sentence was pronounced, the warrant was overturned and Demjanjuk was released. After two years of pre-trial detention, their continuation is no longer proportionate for the 91-year-old. There is no risk of fleeing because the accused is stateless and therefore cannot leave Germany. Demjanjuk then lived in a nursing home in Bad Feilnbach until his death.

The verdict against Demjanjuk did not become final after both the prosecutor and the defense appealed. The Federal Court of Justice did not come to a decision on this until Demjanjuk's death. It could not be done retrospectively because the death of the accused represents a procedural obstacle in German criminal law that only allows the proceedings to be discontinued .

A civil action brought by Demjanjuk for violation of his personal rights through inadmissible press coverage was legally dismissed by judgment of the BGH on May 23, 2017.

With a ruling of September 20, 2016, the BGH confirmed the conviction of SS-Unterscharführer Oskar Gröning for “functional aiding and abetting” to murder, without Gröning - like Demjanjuk - having been directly involved in individual murder acts during his work in Auschwitz . The joint plaintiffs welcomed this as an "important correction of the earlier case law".

In 2015, a private collection with more than 300 photos from the possession of SS-Untersturmführer Johann Niemann was discovered. Niemann documented his entire career in the SS in two albums and further single photos, from the Esterwegen concentration camp to the crimes of so-called “ euthanasia ” to “ Aktion Reinhard ” in Belzec and Sobibor. The pictures also show Iwan Demjanjuk on the camp site in Sobibor for the first time.

Demjanjuk in novel, film and theater

Demjanjuk's trial in Israel is said to have been the basis for the film Music Box (1989) by film director and screenwriter Constantin Costa-Gavras . The same process served the American writer Philip Roth as material for his 1993 novel Operation Shylock. A commitment .

Demjanjuk's life was portrayed in the documentary The Case of Ivan Demjanjuk . The documentary filmmakers Frank Gutermuth , Sebastian Kuhn and Wolfgang Schoen went to locations in Demjanjuk's life story and conducted a series of interviews with, among others, the Dutch professor of criminal law Christiaan F. Rüter, the Sobibor survivor Thomas Blatt and Kurt Schrimm , the head of the headquarters Office for the investigation of National Socialist crimes. The film was commissioned and broadcast by the association of public broadcasters ARD on the occasion of the Munich trial against Demjanjuk.

In March 2010 at the Theater Heidelberg in 2004, first performed in Canada piece The Demjanjuk processes of Jonathan Garfinkel listed updated for the first time in German language and the author.

In 2019, the five-part mini - series The Devil lives next door was presented on the streaming service Netflix .

See also

literature

  • Matthias Janson: Hitler's Hiwis. Ivan Demjanjuk and the Trawniki men . KVV Konkret, Hamburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-930786-58-9 .
  • Dr. Ulrich Busch: Demjanjuk the scapegoat - final lecture by the defense in the criminal proceedings against John Demjanjuk before the Munich Regional Court . Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2011, ISBN 978-3-86991-361-2 .
  • Angelika Benz: The executioner: The trial against John (Iwan) Demjanjuk in Munich . Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86331-011-0 .
  • Wim Boevink: ID card 1393: Demjanjuk en het laatste grote naziproces. Report van een verslaggever . Uitgeverij Verbum, Laren (Netherlands) 2011, ISBN 978-90-74274-57-9 .
  • Heinrich Wefing: The Demjanjuk case: the last major Nazi trial . CHBeck Verlag, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-406-60583-3 .
  • Rainer Volk: The last judgment. The media and the Demjanjuk trial . Oldenbourg, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-486-71698-6 .
  • Serial No. 924 . In: Christiaan F. Rüter , Dick De Mildt (ed.): Justice and Nazi crimes . tape 49 . Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-598-24608-1 ( online - judgment of the Regional Court Munich II).
  • Lawrence Douglas: The right wrong man.John Demjanjuk and the last great Nazi war crimes trial . Princeton University Press, Princeton 2016, ISBN 978-0-691-12570-1 .
  • Lawrence Douglas: Late Correction. The trials against John Demjanjuk , Göttingen: Wallstein 2020 (contributions to the history of the 20th century; 28), ISBN 978-3-8353-3595-0 .

Web links

Commons : John Demjanjuk  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: John Demjanjuk  - on the news

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e The wrong Ivan? in the FAZ on May 11, 2009
  2. ↑ a b After 66 years of the past caught up in the Basler Zeitung on May 12, 2009
  3. ↑ Did necessity make him a murderer of the SS? on stern.de from July 13, 2009
  4. ↑ The indigenous peoples of the »Final Solution« in Die Zeit of April 23, 2009, No. 18
  5. ↑ a b c Klaus Hillenbrand: The henchman of death in the taz from April 8, 2009
  6. ↑ Thomas "Toivi" sheet : Sobibór - the forgotten uprising. Münster / Hamburg, 2004. page 139. On Sobibor cf. also: Jules Schelvis : Sobibór extermination camp, Münster / Hamburg, 2003
  7. ↑ a b c d e murder according to the rules . In: Der Spiegel . No. 12 , 2009, p. 150 ( online ).
  8. ↑ Demjanjuk in court - Who is the man who is not Ivan? FAZ, November 30, 2009
  9. ↑ Late conviction of a “volunteer”? in the FAZ of July 3, 2009
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g The nightmare of Jules Schelvis in the star of March 18, 2009
  11. ↑ Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung , November 12 and 22, 2008.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f Holocaust: Murderous Eyes . In: Der Spiegel . No. 31 , 1993, pp. 103-105 ( online ).
  13. ↑ False Guilt in Die Zeit No. 44 of October 23, 1992
  14. ↑ The terrible thing about Ivan . In: Der Spiegel . No. 39 , 1993, p. 180-181 ( online ).
  15. ↑ PDF (02-3529)
  16. ↑ US 'Nazi guard' faces deportation - BBC News, December 22, 2006
  17. ↑ First steps towards Demjanjuk expulsion , Reuters, March 25, 2009
  18. ↑ The chief judge denies Demjanjuk postponement of deportation Spiegel Online, May 7, 2009
  19. ^ LG Munich II, judgment of May 12, 2011 , JuNSV vol XLIX, serial number 924, p. 377.
  20. ^ LG Munich II, judgment of May 12, 2011 , JuNSV vol XLIX, serial number 924, p. 376.
  21. ↑ a b German prosecutors obtain arrest warrant against Demjanjuk , Spiegel Online, March 11, 2009
  22. ↑ Michael Martens: With chance and meticulousness in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung v. May 13, 2009, p. 2.
  23. ↑ Alleged mass murderer Demjanjuk faces indictment in Germany Spiegel Online, November 10, 2008
  24. ^ Decision of the 2nd Criminal Senate of December 9, 2008 - 2 ARs 536/08, 2 AR 309/08
  25. ^ Federal Supreme Court decision of December 9, 2008 press release
  26. ↑ cf. Fischer, Sebastian Fischer; Neumann, Conny; Meyer, Cordula: Demjanjuk landed in Munich on Spiegel Online , May 12, 2009
  27. ^ Nazi Trial: Doctors declare John Demjanjuk liable. In: welt.de . May 13, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2018 .
  28. ↑ http://www.n-tv.de/politik/Demjanjuk-fit-genug-article395750.html
  29. ↑ Decision of June 17, 2009 - 2 BvR 1076/09
  30. ↑ FAZ.net: Demjanjuk's deportation right , July 8, 2009
  31. ↑ Demjanjuk's postponement of extradition rejected . ( Memento of May 18, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) RP Online, April 10, 2009.
  32. ↑ Demjanjuk accused of being a Nazi assistant . Spiegel Online, July 13, 2009
  33. ↑ derstandard.at . See. Zeit.de .
  34. ↑ cf. also http://www.rp-online.de/panorama/deutschland/Ein-Ausweis-soll-Demjanjuk-ueberfuehren_aid_707439.html ( Memento from September 10, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) RP-Online, November 30, 2009 and Georg Bönisch, Jan Friedmann, Cordula Meyer, Klaus Wiegrefe : The last contingent . In: Der Spiegel . No. 15 , 2009, p. 54-55 ( Online - Apr. 6, 2009 ).
  35. ↑ Archive link ( Memento from May 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  36. ↑ http://www.nestler.uni-koeln.de/
  37. ↑ Spiegel Online: Preliminary investigations against witnesses in the Demjanjuk case
  38. ↑ a b Expert charges defendant Demjanjuk taz, January 14, 2010
  39. ↑ a b “What's going on? I'm not Hitler! ” Focus, January 13, 2010
  40. ^ Right to Attack Focus, March 23, 2010
  41. ↑ "We heard the screams from the gas chambers" SZ, January 19, 2010
  42. ↑ Demjanjuk's conviction possible without proof of individual offense? Die Welt, February 3, 2010
  43. ^ Zoff about the SZ ID card , April 14, 2010
  44. ↑ War criminal trial: Demjanjuk threatens hunger strike Focus, February 22, 2011
  45. ↑ Demjanjuk threatens hunger strike sueddeutsche.de, February 22, 2011
  46. ↑ https://www.n-tv.de/ticker/Gericht-schliesst-Beweisaufnahme-gegen-Demjanjuk-article2877096.html
  47. ^ Prosecutor demands prison sentence for Demjanjuk Welt Online, March 22, 2011
  48. ↑ Relatives of murdered Jews demand punishment from Demjanjuk Märkische Oderzeitung, April 13, 2011
  49. ↑ http://www.nebenklage-sobibor.de/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/SKMBT_C20311041510150.pdf Closing lecture Professor Dr. Cornelius Nestler, representative of the joint plaintiffs
  50. ^ Trial against John Demjanjuk: Defense demands acquittal sueddeutsche.de, May 3, 2011
  51. ^ Judgment of the LG Munich II of May 12, 2011 - 1 Ks 115 Js 12496/08
  52. ↑ Demjanjuk sentenced to five years in prison, FAZ, May 12, 2011
  53. ^ Nazi war crimes: court sentenced Demjanjuk to five years in prison Spiegel Online, May 12, 2011
  54. ↑ Despite conviction: Demjanjuk is released from custody Spiegel Online, May 12, 2011, accessed on May 12, 2011.
  55. ↑ Focus: concentration camp guard Demjanjuk moved to nursing home May 13, 2011
  56. ^ Nazi war criminal Demjanjuk Until death without regrets Spiegel Online, March 17, 2012
  57. ^ Sabine Dobel: John Demjanjuk: Nazi henchman dies in old people's home . In: stern.de . March 17, 2012.
  58. ↑ Martin Heger : Those who die earlier are innocent longer , lto.de of March 23, 2012 ; Decision of the Federal Court of Justice of June 8, 1999, 4 StR 595/97, hrr-strafrecht.de
  59. ↑ Judgment of the BGH of May 23, 2017, Az.VI ZR 261/16, NJW-Spezial 2017, 583
  60. ↑ BGH, decision of September 20, 2016 - 3 StR 49/16
  61. ^ BGH confirms judgment for aiding and abetting Nazi mass murder , Die Zeit , November 28, 2016
  62. ↑ Photos from Sobibor. The Niemann Collection on Holocaust and National Socialism , ed. from Bildungswerk Stanisław Hantz eV and the Ludwigsburg Research Center of the University of Stuttgart, Metropol-Verlag Berlin, 2020, ISBN 978-3-86331-506-1 .
  63. ^ Philip Roth: Operation Shylock. A confession . 1993. German translation: Operation Shylock. A commitment . Translated by Jörg Trobitius, Hanser, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-446-17693-4 .
  64. ↑ The Devil Lives Next Door on Netflix , accessed January 22, 2020.
personal data
SURNAME Demjanjuk, John
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Demjanjuk, Iwan Mykolajowytsch (transcription of the maiden name from Ukrainian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Ukrainian concentration camp guard
DATE OF BIRTH April 3, 1920
PLACE OF BIRTH Dubowi Macharynzi near Kosjatyn , today Ukraine
DATE OF DEATH March 17, 2012
Place of death Bad Feilnbach