Collective farms

This article deals with a large farm in the Soviet Union called a collective farm or collective farm . For further meanings of collective farms, see collective farms (explanation of terms ) , for the hip-hop farce of the same name see collective farms (hip-hop) .

The kolkhoz ( Russian колхоз = кол лективное хоз яйство pronunciation ^{? / I} : collective farm), in German also the kolkhoz , was a large agricultural enterprise in the Soviet Union , which was organized as a cooperative and whose management was carried out by the "socialist collective " of the members.

The first kolkhozes came into being after the October Revolution in 1917 on a voluntary basis; from around 1929 they became compulsory collectives of the individual peasant farms. Legally they were under collective self-administration .

The members of a collective farm were also formally the joint owners of the means of production, but not of the land that belonged to the state. But there was also strong state influence on the kolkhozes through the kolkhoz management appointed by the party . A production target was imposed on the collective farms, which they had to deliver at prices set by the state.

The counterpart to the collective farm (kolkhos) was the state farm ( sovkhos ).

In the GDR , the kolkhoz corresponded to the agricultural production cooperative (LPG), in which the land was also private property, but was used by a cooperative.

Collective farms and sovkhozes: number, farm size and share of agricultural production

year	Number of collective farms	Number of state farms	Collective farm area in ha	Sovkhoz area in ha	Collective farms share of agricultural products	State farms share of agricultural products	Households share of agricultural products
1960	44,000	7,400	6,600	26,200	44%	18%	38%
1965	36,300	11,700	6,100	24,600	41%	24%	35%
1970	33,000	15,000	6,100	20,800	40%	28%	32%
1975	28,500	18,100	6,400	18,900	37%	31%	32%
1980	25,900	21,100	6,600	17,200	35%	36%	29%
1985	26,200	22,700	6,500	16,100	36%	36%	28%
1990	29,100	23,500	5,900	15,300	36%	38%	26%

literature

• Ferdinand JM Feldbrugge , Gerard P. van den Berg, William B. Simons (eds.): Encyclopedia of Soviet Law (= Law in Eastern Europe. Vol. 28). 2nd revised edition. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht et al. 1985, ISBN 90-247-3075-9 , pp. 418-421.
• Борис Н. Topорнин: Юридическая энциклопедия. Юристъ, Москва 2001, ISBN 5-7975-0429-4 , p. 429.
• Klaus Westen: The Soviet collective farm regime (with documents). From the beginning to the 3rd model statute in 1969 . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1970.

Web links

Wiktionary: Kolkhoz  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Wiktionary: Kolkhoz  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

1. ^ Problems with privatization in agriculture Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
2. ^ Zweigert, Konrad / Hein Kötz: Introduction to comparative law in the field of private law. Vol. 1. Basics, 2nd ed., Tübingen 1984, p. 377 f.
3. ^ Statistical Yearbook of the USSR , various years, State Statistical Committee of the USSR, Moscow.